Far, far away, neither your hand nor your gaze can reach you,
Silence, silence.
Here he is, Volkhov, gray-haired and mysterious, nearby,
Novgorod region.
Everything here is somehow wrong - the forests, the swamps, the fields,
There's no way to get used to it.
From the Varangians the boats, the Novgorod ushkuyniks will
The river rolls in waves,
The old man lives here, and centuries fly by in moments
Can you hear the rustle of time?
Either the wind in the branches, or the voices of a generation
Only the blue sky over Volkhov stretched into the distance,
The clouds are floating
The branches of the oak trees whisper, a bird's voice is heard in the distance,
The river rolls in waves
The Novgorod region covers the lands around ancient Veliky Novgorod, spreading from it to the south and east. In the Middle Ages, Veliky Novgorod owned the entire route along the Volkhov, the banks of the Neva and the Gulf of Finland, the shores of Ladoga; the territory of Novgorod land extended to the north to the White Sea, and to the east to the Urals.
A symbol of world recognition of the value of the history and culture of Veliky Novgorod was the inclusion in 1992 of 37 monuments and ensembles - unique creations of Russian architects of the 11th - 19th centuries - on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Novgorod land is a unique historical region where famous writers and poets found creative inspiration: G. R. Derzhavin, A. S. Pushkin, N. A. Nekrasov, F. M. Dostoevsky; this is the birthplace of composers S. V. Rachmaninov, A. S. Arensky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, and the famous traveler N. N. Miklouho-Maclay.
Columbuses of their native land
37 monuments and ensembles of Veliky Novgorod are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List
The Novgorod region is an unexplored country, a beautiful land, a wondrous land. Here everyone can be Columbus and make amazing discoveries. On the outskirts of the village of Sittsevo, in the Moshensky district of the Novgorod region, there is a memorial stone. The inscription on it reads: “There are such boring people for whom everything new is old. And we are such that everything old is new to us. And our country is such that no matter how much you open it, you will never discover everything in it. Everything in it is new to us, everything is marvelous, everything is a mystery and, therefore, we are the real “Columbusians” of our land.” These words belong to children's writer Vitaly Bianchi.
Mister wonderful Novgorod
Veliky Novgorod is a city unique in its beauty, history, and centuries-old traditions. Novgorod is an integral part of Russia, its history, culture, and a symbol of national pride. From here, from the Novgorod region, Russian statehood began; here our ancestors learned the first lessons of democracy, gathering for the famous “Novgorod Assembly”. The ancient trade route “From the Varangians to the Greeks” ran through the Novgorod land. Rurik began to rule here, and this is where the fame of the epic Sadko, the first national hero Alexander Nevsky, and the statesman Yaroslav the Wise came from. The people who inhabited the Novgorod region were, without any doubt, highly educated. Thousands of birch bark letters promissory notes, accounts, everyday correspondence were preserved by the Novgorod land. Not one of the ancient Russian cities has preserved so much ancient wall painting. It’s not for nothing that Novgorod is called Russian Florence. Today Novgorod has become a province, but not an ordinary one It has not become a city without memory Every meter of land is here “History of the Russian State”.Historical center of Novgorod, Novgorod Kremlin , the oldest fortification in Rus'. An amazing panorama opens from the walls of the Kremlin Volkhova.
Inside the Kremlin there is a grandiose Monument to the Millennium of Russia, the sculptural composition of which reflects the most important events in the history of the Russian State.
Winter patterns
In winter, Veliky Novgorod is incredibly beautiful: white houses, white trees, white clean snow underfoot, and a bottomless blue sky above your head.- White pine and white spruce
The snow showered with white colors,
The blizzard sang a white song to them,
The wind read a white tale to them.
Believe the white picture, reader,
The white artist painted her,
The white line is not yesterday, but now
The poet wrote a white fairy tale
Vladimir Babin
Pearls of Russian nature
In addition to Veliky Novgorod, in the Novgorod region there are such wonderful magnificent historical places of the city as Miracle , Borovichi , Staraya Russa .Valdai Upland this is also the Novgorod region. Valdai is “little Switzerland”, located between St. Petersburg and Moscow on the shores of Lake Valdai, 140 km southeast of Veliky Novgorod. Mighty ship pines, dark green spruces, graceful birches and tremulous aspens on the picturesque hills of Valdai create landscapes of extraordinary beauty, which are complemented by numerous rivers and crystal clear lakes. This territory makes up Valdai National Park . In the Valdai forests there are more than 50 species of animals, 140 species of birds, 700 species of plants. There are 70 lakes and 20 rivers in the park, in which pike, bream, whitefish, pike perch, catfish, smelt and even eel are found. Novgorod nature is amazing, beautiful in its lyricism and simplicity at the same time, as if created for delicate and transparent watercolors. Valdai State National Park is among the natural attractions. The main decorations of the reserve Valdai Lake and Lake Seliger, to which the title was traditionally assigned "Pearls of Russian nature".
Anyone who has ever visited Korostyny , will remember this unique natural landscape for a long time. Here the shore of Lake Ilmen rises with a steep ledge. Experts call it the Ilmen Clint. Limestones with fossilized mollusk shells come to the surface, below which lie multi-colored clays. Novgorodians have long used red shell rock in the construction of stone buildings. From the shore of the lake you can spend hours admiring the endlessly changing state of the water and sky. In summer, the lake becomes shallow, a haze rises above the warmed shallow water, and herring gulls glisten in the haze. Sky and water merge into one. You are completely immersed in the gray-blue element, and an amazing feeling of the infinity of the universe arises.
On the border of the Novgorod and Pskov lands along the left bank of the Lovat, a unique, little-known corner of nature with an ancient Russian name has been preserved Rdeysko-Polistovsky region . It got its name from lakes Rdeiskoe and Polisto. In 1994, on the territory of the Kholmsky and Poddorsky districts of the Novgorod region, the Rdeisky nature reserve was created with the aim of preserving and studying the unique array of sphagnum bogs in the southern taiga of the European part of Russia, rare endangered species of plants and animals.
75% of the region's territory is covered with forests
Forests The Novgorod region represents unique natural complexes. Natural spruce and pine forests, broad-leaved forests, and oak forests have been preserved here. Almost the entire territory of this region is covered with forests, approximately 75% of its area. The forests of the Novgorod region are rich in mushrooms, berries, and medicinal plants. The fauna of the Novgorod region is diverse: foxes, moose, stoats, hares, brown bears, lynxes, wolves, wild boars, squirrels, muskrats, martens, minks, raccoon dogs; of birds: ducks, geese, black grouse, hazel grouse, wood grouse; There are more than 30 species of fish in the Lake Ilmen basin. During winter hunting in the Novgorod region, hunting for wild boar, elk, bear, beaver, otter and lynx is permitted.The soul rests in the forest. At least for a while you are freed from the constant worries of life. There you see, feel and think differently. Our simple and modest Russian nature is especially conducive to contemplation, helps us evaluate our life in a new way, and discern the main thing in it. In our age of decay and turmoil, this is very important, since fatigue, irritation and anger accumulate. Any city entertainment enhances this state. In order for the soul to remain alive and vibrant, communication with nature is simply necessary: listen to the ringing of a stream, the sound of the wind, the chirping of birds.
Secrets of Peredolsky Pogost
In the north-west of the Novgorod region, on the territory of the modern Batetsky district, above the bend of the Luga River there is a small settlement. Local residents still remember the ancient name of this tract "Town" . But few people know that here, between the villages of Podgorye and Zapolye, 1000 years ago there was a real city, the name of which was not preserved by either chronicles or other sources. Novgorod Scribe books XV-XVI centuries. call this place "Peredolsky Pogost". The territory adjacent to it was called "Lugoi Volost". It abounds in ancient Russian archaeological monuments - mounds, hills, villages of the X-XIV centuries. The Peredolsk settlement itself consists of a fortress (“town”), located on a hill with very steep slopes and in ancient times fenced with a rampart and a ditch. Among the archaeological finds are Arabic silver coins, items made of imported Syrian and Western European glass, bronze and silver jewelry, bone combs with carved patterns, and numerous household items. Many remains of local craft production, such as blacksmithing and jewelry, were also discovered here.
Russian churchyards In these rural corners, lost on the map of Russia, as in a mirror, the history of the fatherland has been reflected for centuries We are in the upper reaches of the Luga River. A sharp bend in the river ends at an old linden park located on the bank. At the very tops of centuries-old linden trees, storks are bubbling invitingly - it’s time for spring weddings. And behind the willow branches flash the colorful scarves of old village women, pottering in their vegetable gardens The majestic ancient hill mounds surrounding the Peredolsky churchyard remind us of the first pages of Russian history. The further history of these places is reflected in chronicles, in scribe books, in legends, traditions and the destinies of people whose homeland was Peredolsky Pogost. At different times, the Pushkins, Pushchins, Prince Timofey Shakhovskoy, and the Muravyovs had estates on the lands of the Peredolsky churchyard. Many secrets of the Peredolsky churchyard have not yet been revealed and call for further research.
Vitoslavlitsy
What else is surprising about the Russian north? Wooden buildings. Many golden hands of masters lived on the shores of Lake Ilmen, on Ladoga, Onega Their creations are collected in one place in Museum of Wooden Architecture of the Russian North Vitoslavlitsy . Here are the huts of ordinary residents, and outbuildings, and churches, and wells with cranes. All buildings are unique and each one is made with love. In each house there sits an old woman, dressed according to the traditions of the Novgorod region, friendly and talkative, and here a scene is played out telling about life in ancient times. The hostess shows her hut, her yard, her vegetable garden, and explains the purpose of all the items. And you walk around, study the simple structure of life, figure out how a huge family managed to fit here, look at the beds, try on the bast shoes - in a word, you feel as if it’s the 16th century.Staraya Russa
Staraya Russa is one of the oldest Russian cities, which arose around 1100 on the Great Waterway “From the Varangians to the Greeks.” This city is located on the banks of the Polist and Porusya rivers. The first mention of it was found in the Novgorod Chronicle of 1167. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that already in the second half of the 12th century Russa was a well-organized city with cobbled streets, wooden buildings and well-developed crafts. The finds confirm the assumption that the ancient city developed thanks to salt production. Under Peter I, valuable oak wood was harvested in the city for the local shipyard. The fate of many famous compatriots is connected with the city of Staraya Russa. Here it is Museum of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in the house, which he considered the place of his spiritual and moral peace. He always put off reading his favorite and interesting books until his arrival in Russa, where the solitude he desired was relatively rarely disturbed by idle visitors.
Legends of the Novgorod region
The memory of the people is amazing. Like pearls, it contains legends about such a distant past that you won’t even guess when it happened. An interesting historical event is intertwined in them with a beautiful and mysterious fiction. The past of Veliky Novgorod is a tense life, seething with passions, daring, and boundless scope. Thousands of poetic legends envelop the past of the city and every corner of the Novgorod region. The first, still vague, like a myth, legends about Rus'. Beautiful art original architecture, opening up a world of completely new architectural impressions. Developed, extremely original literature, rich applied art. All this Mister Veliky Novgorod. The main feature of this region is that it is the historical and cultural heir of Northern Rus', and more precisely of the Novgorod Republic with the city of Novgorod in the center, whose possessions covered almost the entire Russian North. The beauty of nature and the charm of history do not let go of the Novgorod land.Forests in the Novgorod region are predominantly mixed and taiga, in which coniferous trees such as pine and spruce grow. Almost half of the territory is occupied by forests, which are distinguished by a wide variety of tree species. There are no huge reservoirs in the region, but over 50 rivers flow here, which flow into one of the large lakes called Ilmen. Another of the largest lakes in the region can be called Velje, on whose territory there are islands of amazing beauty. Nature is characterized by a temperate climate, a large number of protected areas and unique vegetation!
Flora of the Novgorod region
This region is predominantly mixed forests, although there is also a taiga zone. There are few coniferous forests. Rare plants here are linden and oak. There are much more spruce and broadleaf species such as maple, ash or elm. There are also shrubs: honeysuckle, currant, raspberry and hazel. This region offers a wide variety of herbs and berries. Among the most common are ungulates, strawberries, and lilies of the valley.
The territory is also inhabited by pine forests. Lichens are found in low-lying areas. After the cutting down of coniferous forests in some areas, their place was firmly taken by small-leaved forests, the representatives of which are birch, alder and aspen. These trees occupy a fairly large area and inhabit most of the regions of the region.
Mushrooms in the region include milk mushrooms, saffron milk caps and boletuses. The porcini mushroom is much less common here. The marshy areas are rich in medicinal herbs: raspberries, rose hips, mint, blueberries, celandine. In some areas, caraway, dandelion, heather and fireweed grow. All these plants have good healing properties and are therefore valuable.
About 15 species of plants are especially valuable, for example, bathwort, iris, fern, bellflower and lungwort. In Novgorod, nature conservation has a special place. For example, there is Valdai National Park on the territory.
Fauna of the Novgorod region
The forest inhabitants of the Novgorod region are marten, squirrel, and rodents. Among the birds here you can often find woodpeckers, bullfinches, tits, wood grouse, as well as hazel grouse and nuthatches. The brown hare and field mouse most often live in the meadows. Ferrets, foxes, and weasels are also not uncommon. As a rule, these inhabitants live in burrows.
Field birds are also common in these areas: larks, harriers, partridges. Among the birds, the region is also inhabited by waterfowl, for example, geese and ducks. The marshes are inhabited by waders, lapwings and cranes. Sometimes you can find frogs, snakes, and lizards. Moles and shrews live in the low-lying part of the forest. Under the trees there are foxes, stoats and hare, as well as elk. Large animals such as brown bear or lynx and wolves also live in the forests. Several decades ago, the area was inhabited by beavers. Most often, brown beavers live in the region. At first they were brought only to some areas of the Novgorod region, but over time the beavers settled throughout the region.
There are also rare species of animals that are listed in the Red Book. These are flying squirrels, roe deer, sika deer and mink. Each of these representatives is a kind of uniqueness. Their number in the region amounts to only a few hundred.
Climate of the Novgorod region
The climate in the Novgorod region is moderate, close to maritime. Excessive humidity prevails in the region. It is noteworthy that there are white nights here from May to July. The average air temperature is +5 degrees. In summer the temperature reaches from +15 to +19 degrees, it is usually not very hot. Winter is mild and moderately cold, the average temperature in January is from -10 to -18 degrees. Autumn in this region is quite cool and lasts longer than expected; as a rule, the autumn months are cloudy and rainy. Spring is also distinguished by its duration and delights with its warmth.
The Novgorod region is located in the north-west of the European part of Russia. It is located in the north-west of the Russian (East European) Plain, within the Priilmenskaya Lowland and the northern spurs of the Valdai Upland. It is part of the Northwestern Federal District. The administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod. Other large cities are Borovichi, Staraya Russa. The region extends from west to east for 385 km, and from north to south - 250 km, bordering on the Pskov, Tver, Leningrad and Vologda regions. The region's territory is 55.3 thousand square meters. km.
Due to the region's convenient geographical location, it has good connections with Moscow and St. Petersburg. Navigation on the Volkhov and Meta rivers and lakes Ilmen and Valdai. An electrified railway and the St. Petersburg - Moscow highway pass through the territory of the Novgorod region.
Geological structure
In engineering and geological terms, the Novgorod region is located in the western part of the Russian Platform, on the territory of the Baltic region (this is a second-order region).
Most of the territory of the Baltic region is occupied by lacustrine-glacial lowlands and marine abrasive and accumulative plains; uplands have a limited distribution.
The geological structure of the territory is characterized by a gentle bedding directly under the complex of loose Quaternary sediments of Devonian rocks.
The complex of pre-Quaternary deposits is represented by rocks of the following stratigraphic-lithological types (from bottom to top):
- Sargaevsky horizon - limestones, dolomites, marls, clays.
- Daugava horizon - limestones, dolomites, marls, clays.
- Snezhsky horizon - clays and siltstones, interlayers of marls, sandstones, rarely limestones and dolomites.
- Prilovatskaya suite - sands, sandstones, silts, siltstones, clays with interlayers of marls.
- Smotinsko-Lovatsky suite - limestones, dolomites, marls with interlayers of clays and siltstones.
- Livensky horizon - siltstones, siltstones, clays with interlayers of marls, dolomites, sands and sandstones.
- Zadonsky horizon - limestones, dolomites, marls, with interlayers of clays, siltstones and sandstones.
- Yelets horizon - siltstones, siltstones, clays with interlayers of marls, dolomites, sands and sandstones.
- Lebedyansky horizon - limestones, dolomites, marls, with interlayers of calcareous clays and sandstones.
- Dankovsky horizon - clays, marls, dolomites, with interlayers of limestones, siltstones, sands and sandstones.
From above, the Paleozoic complex of sediments is covered by a layer of loose Quaternary sediments. Quaternary deposits are ubiquitous. Their structure and thickness largely depend on the topography of the underlying surface, formed during a long stage of continental development and then transformed by the processes of glacial gouging and erosion.
The Quaternary strata is composed of continental formations of various genetic types with a horizontal or close to it bedding. Significant facies variability determines their complex relationships. The most consistent are moraine and water-glacial formations of different ages, which regularly replace each other in the section. Modern and ancient alluvial deposits occur at different stratigraphic levels, cutting the underlying formations to different depths.
The main features of the relief of most of the territory were formed in the Pleistocene as a result of glacial gouging and accumulation, as well as the erosion-accumulation activity of melted glacial waters. The glacial relief is partially transformed by fluvial, aeolian and some other processes. Depending on the main factors of relief formation and confinement to the area of a particular glaciation, glacial, fluvioglacial, lake-glacial groups, types and forms of relief of Valdai, Moscow and Dnieper age, as well as Pliocene-Early Pleistocene erosion-denudation, Valdai and modern fluvial and aeolian are distinguished relief.
Quaternary deposits of the following stratigraphic-lithological types lie on the surface:
- modern alluvial,
- modern swamps (biogenic),
- modern lake,
- Upper Quaternary fluvioglacial (Valdai time),
- Upper Quaternary lacustrine-glacial (Valdai time).
The main genetic types of rocks occurring on the surface include moraine boulder loams and sandy loams, sands brought by glacial flows, clays deposited on the bottom of post-glacial lakes, boulder-free cover loams, as well as a variety of alluvial deposits and peat bogs.
In accordance with the tectonic scheme, the territory of the region is located on the ancient Precambrian Russian platform. According to the engineering-geological zoning scheme, the study area is part of the Baltic region. The Russian platform is a vast geological structure, the structure of which involves two mega-complexes of sediments: the lower one, which forms a highly dislocated basement, and the upper one, which is a horizontal sedimentary cover.
The foundation of the platform is heterogeneous in terms of the time of its formation; most of it completed its development in the Middle Proterozoic.
The formation of the sedimentary cover occurred over a number of tectonic, sedimentary and geomorphological cycles, and a number of structural levels are distinguished in its structure: Baikalian, Caledonian, Hercynian. From the surface, the ancient sedimentary cover is covered by a thickness of loose Pliocene-Quaternary sediments that make up the Upper Alpine structural level. The Upper Alpine structural floor is composed of rocks associated in their formation with the activity of cover glaciers and their melt waters.
There are five glaciations on the Russian Platform: Oka, Dnieper, Moscow, Kalinin and Ostashkovo. The first of them belongs to the Early Pleistocene in age, the second and third - to the middle (Central Russian horizon), and the fourth and fifth - to the late Pleistocene (Valdai superhorizon). Within the distribution of the last two glaciations - the Kalinin and Ostashkovo - the deposits of the glacial complex lie almost everywhere on the surface, and the relief forms are almost not changed by subsequent geological processes.
The structure of the thickness of glacial deposits of different ages is the same: at the base of the section there are fluvioglacial and lacustrine-glacial deposits of the stage of glacier advance, higher along the section follows the bottom moraine and the section is completed by fluvioglacial and lacustrine-glacial deposits of the stage of glacier retreat. Glacial strata of different ages either directly overlap each other or are separated by interglacial deposits, a complex of formations typical of continental sedimentation in a temperate humid climate: alluvial, lake, swamp, etc.
The composition of the moraine is very significantly influenced by the relief and geological structure of the glacier bed: in the Novgorod region, the glacier moved along Devonian red sandstones and the moraine became enriched with sand particles and acquired a rusty-red color.
Glaciation of the platform led not only to the formation of specific genetic types of sediments, directly or indirectly related to the formation of glaciers, but also significantly changed the properties of older rocks that were under the static and dynamic influence of the ice sheet. Continental glaciation caused a significant increase in the density and bearing capacity of soils.
Repeated transgressions of the northern and southern seas also played a major role in the formation of the engineering-geological conditions of the platform in the Pleistocene. Transgression deposits are represented by sediments of different composition: moraine-like loams, clays, and coarse coastal-marine sediments.
According to the map of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation (OSR - 97), seismicity is 5 points on the MSK -64 scale. According to SNiP 22-01-95, the territory is classified as moderately dangerous in terms of seismicity.
Hydrogeological conditions of the Novgorod region
Hydrogeological conditions are closely related to the geological structure. The structural position determines the thickness of the sedimentary cover, the completeness of the geological section, the inclination of horizons, the composition and water abundance of rocks.
Faults penetrating into the sedimentary cover contribute to the formation of zones of increased fracturing, increase water permeability, and promote water exchange. A distinctive feature of the structure of the sedimentary strata is the horizontal or slightly inclined towards the artesian basins occurrence of alternating water-permeable and weakly permeable rocks of various lithological compositions, which determined the complex system of strata, pore, fissure, karst waters that make up the aquifer complexes, their hydrodynamic and hydrochemical zoning.
Based on the nature and intensity of water exchange processes, the characteristics of the chemical composition and mineralization of groundwater in a vertical section, three hydrodynamic and associated hydrochemical zones are distinguished. The zone of intense water exchange covers aquifers and complexes that are under the active drainage influence of the hydrographic network, influenced by modern climatic conditions and topography and containing predominantly fresh water. The thickness of the zone is 200 - 400 m.
A zone of slow water exchange is identified in the most submerged parts of artesian basins. It is characterized by a weak drainage effect of river valleys, very low speeds of groundwater movement due to the attenuation of rock fracturing with depth and a stable groundwater regime. The transition to a zone of very slow metabolism is gradual. Faults provide a complex relationship between different zones and the mixing of waters of different chemical compositions.
The feeding of most of the identified aquifer complexes, which lie at depths of up to 200 - 400 m and are located in the zone of free water exchange, occurs mainly due to the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation and overflow from the overlying and underlying aquifer complexes. The waters of this zone are often drained by modern and ancient river valleys. Of all the identified aquifer complexes, only the waters of Quaternary, Neogene, and Paleogene deposits are found only in the zone of free water exchange.
Aquifer complexes of Quaternary pore-stratal waters (Q), directly influenced by anthropogenic sources of impact, are ubiquitous. They contain groundwater and pressure water. The Quaternary strata are composed mainly of glacial formations, which are characterized by alternating moraine and intermoraine strata. Morainic strata are represented by boulder sandy loams, loams, and sands. In the most complete sections there are up to three or four moraine horizons. They serve as relative aquicludes. The water-bearing rocks are usually intermoraine, above-moraine or sub-moraine fluvioglacial or alluvial sands of various grain sizes with a greater or lesser content of silt-clay impurities, gravel-pebble material with interlayers and lenses of sandy loam, loam and clay. They form aquifers hydraulically connected to each other, constituting a single complex with a thickness of 5 - 15 to 80 - 100 m or more. Rock filtration coefficients range from thousandths to 36 - 37 m/day. The depth of groundwater is up to 10 - 12, less often 25 - 30 m. In low areas they come to the surface. Piezometric levels are installed at depths of up to 30 - 33 m from the earth's surface.
Quaternary waters are widely used to supply water to rural settlements.
The region's groundwater is divided into perched water, groundwater (I aquifer) and artesian water (II aquifer).
Groundwater of the I aquifer type of pore, unconfined (soil) is confined to floodplain alluvial soils, swamp sediments, aquaglacial deposits of the zone of marginal glacial plateaus, interlayers and lenses of sands, sandy loams in the thickness of the moraine.
Groundwater of the II aquifer type, porous-fractured-stratal, pressure, is confined to sand layers in the thickness of the Upper Devonian clays of the Lower Voronezh subhorizon.
The type of groundwater regime is interfluve and riverine. The method of groundwater recharge is predominantly infiltration, and therefore the level is subject to seasonal and annual fluctuations. A subordinate role is played by the flow of water from sediments lying hypsometrically higher and the feeding of underlying aquifers by pressure water (the latter occurs in river valleys). Groundwater in alluvial floodplain deposits is fed by flood waters in the spring. Groundwater is discharged into river valleys or directly into stream beds. Within the interfluve spaces, groundwater partially flows into sediments that lie hypsometrically lower. In the annual course of groundwater levels, two maxima (flood) and two minima (low water) are observed. The size of long-term fluctuations in groundwater levels in watershed spaces in sandy-loamy deposits varies, on average, from 1.5 to 2.0 m. The sharpest seasonal fluctuations in groundwater levels are observed in areas with a riverine regime.
In terms of chemical composition, groundwater is predominantly sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium-sodium, hydrocarbonate-sulfate calcium-sodium, slightly mineralized and fresh, from very soft to very hard, the pH reaction of the environment is neutral and alkaline.
Surface waters of the Novgorod region
The region is characterized by a developed hydrographic network; 503 large and small rivers flow through its territory, and there are 664 lakes. Surface waters are distributed unevenly throughout the region.
Large rivers: Volkhov, Msta, Lovat, Shelon, Polist.
Lake Ilmen is the largest body of water in the region. The length of the lake, at an average water level, reaches 48 km, and its width reaches 35 km. The average length of the coastline is 176 km.
Valdai Lake is the deepest lake in the region; individual depressions in its southern part reach a depth of 55-60 m.
Swamps of the region occupy 14 - 15% of the area. To the south of Lake Ilmen, the swampiness of the territory reaches 30 - 35%.
The rivers are fed primarily by snow. Its share reaches 74% of the annual flow. The share of rain and ground nutrition is 12% and 14%, respectively.
Maximum annual water flows on streams and rivers, as a rule, are observed during the flood period, but in some years, on small watercourses, the maximum flow rates of rain floods can exceed the values of snow maximums. Current speeds during high flood periods can reach 1.0 - 1.5 m/s.
The spring increase in levels usually begins on April 5-10. The early dates of the onset of floods are 15-20 days ahead of the average, and the late ones are 10-15 days behind.
The rivers in the territory are characterized by single-peak floods. The level rise occurs quickly and intensively; its duration is on average one third of the total duration of the flood, which is, on average, about a month. During the period of snowmelt in spring and during heavy rainfall (high rain floods) in the warm season, flooding of low floodplains, as a rule, swampy lowlands, is a typical phenomenon.
The spring flood gives way to a period of low water levels - summer-autumn low water. The lower levels are quite stable during this period, and a number of streams dry up completely.
The summer-autumn low-water period is almost annually disrupted by rain floods, the number and magnitude of which vary from year to year. In years with rainy summer-autumn seasons, there are from 3 to 7-8 floods, and in dry years no significant increases in level are observed.
Winter low water is usually stable. In some years, winter floods are observed. By origin, floods can be mixed - from melting snow and liquid precipitation - and purely snow (during the thaw period). In a number of streams, the flow completely stops as a result of freezing.
The rivers of the region are characterized by uneven flow throughout the year. River basins are characterized by significant forest cover (40 - 90%), mainly relatively small swampiness (on average 10%) and lake content (up to 8%) and are characterized by relatively low flow regulation: the share of spring flow is 60 - 70%, summer-autumn -20%, winter - 6%.
The maximum values of spring runoff modules range on average from 55 to 160 l/s km 2 .
In summer and winter, the water content of rivers decreases greatly. The minimum flow is closely related to underground flow, which determines its magnitude and distribution pattern. The summer-autumn period accounts for 28 - 35% of the annual runoff, and the winter low water period accounts for 15 - 29%.
Minimum flow modules are 1-2 l/s km2. The lack of flow in the region was noted only on small rivers (with a catchment area of less than 50 km2), which dry up in summer and freeze in winter.
The thermal regime of rivers is determined mainly by climatic conditions, as well as by the heat exchange occurring between the atmosphere, water and soil of the river bed. The annual course of river water temperature in general repeats the annual course of air temperature, but the difference between them is that fluctuations in water temperature occur more smoothly and lag somewhat in time. Warming up of water in rivers begins in early spring even when there is ice cover, but a rapid increase in water temperature occurs after the rivers are cleared of ice.
A steady transition of water temperature beyond 0.2°C is usually observed in mid-April. By the end of the first ten days of May the temperature reaches 10°C. The highest temperatures are usually observed in July, reaching an average of 20°C. In September-October, there is a decrease in water temperature by 6-7° per month. On average, at the beginning of the second ten days of November there is a temperature transition of 0.2°C.
The first ice formations - salo and zaberegi - usually appear in the first ten days of November. With early cooling, ice formations are observed already in the second - third ten days of October, with late cooling - in the last ten days of November - first ten days of December. Often the first ice formations are destroyed as a result of rising temperatures and their appearance is observed again. Ice phenomena on rivers begin 3-5 days after the air temperature passes through 0°C; in some years, depending on the intensity of the decrease in air temperature, the duration of this period varies from 0 to 15 days. Autumn ice drift is not observed annually and not on all rivers, but mainly on medium and large ones.
Continuous ice cover is formed, as a rule, by the accretion of banks. The greatest intensity of ice thickness growth is observed at the beginning of freeze-up. The average rate of ice growth during this period is 0.8-1.0 cm/day, and the maximum is up to 4 cm/day. Subsequently, the intensity of growth gradually decreases. Some streams freeze completely almost every year, the rest freeze only in severe or light winters. Most of the rivers crossed by the route are characterized by the presence of stable freeze-up, the average duration of which is 120-170 days.
The destruction of the ice cover begins with the onset of positive average daily air temperatures. 10-20 days before the opening, gullies and edges appear on the rivers. Compared to freezing, the opening occurs more quickly and on average begins in mid-April. In some years, the opening of rivers occurs 10-20 days earlier than average or 10-15 days later. Spring ice drift on medium and small rivers is not observed every year; on the smallest rivers and streams the ice melts on the spot.
Large rivers of the Novgorod region:
Lovat is a river in the Vitebsk region of Belarus, Pskov and Novgorod regions of Russia. Length 530 km, basin area 21.9 thousand. km 2, average water flow at the mouth is 169 m 3 /s. The average long-term water flow in the Lovat River 1.5 km downstream of Velikiye Luki is 20.9 m 3 /s, the average for 2001 is 18.4 m 3 /s, the average for 2002 is 17.8 m 3 / s, the maximum water flow in the river in 2002 was 86.8 m 3 /s, the minimum was 2.02 m 3 /s.
The Lovat River belongs to the Baltic Sea basin. On the river are the cities of Velikiye Luki, Kholm and the urban-type settlement of Parfino. The river flows from Lake Lovatets near the border of Russia and Belarus, flows into Lake Ilmen, forming, together with the Pola River, a delta with an area of about 400 km 2. Large tributaries: Nasva River, Loknya River, Redya River, Polist River (left); Kunya River (right).
In the upper reaches of the Lovat River it passes through several lakes (Zavesno, Zadratye, Mezha, Sosno, Chernyavskoye, Sesito, Tsastvo); The river bed is winding, there are many wetlands and oxbow lakes (especially after Velikiye Luki). The width is 10 - 15 m. After the mouth of the Nasva River, the river flows in a wooded valley with high and sometimes steep banks. In the middle course, the river forms numerous rifts and rapids (the main ones are in the area of the mouth of the Loknya River and below the city of Kholm). The width is about 50 - 60 meters, after the confluence of the Kunya - more than 100 m.
In the Priilmenskaya lowland, the banks of the river decrease. 22 km from the mouth of the river Lovat is connected by a channel to Pola. In spring, flooded meadows lying in the common river delta between countless branches are flooded to a depth of 2 - 3 m.
Navigable in the lower reaches (70 km). In the upper and middle reaches it is popular among water tourists. In ancient times, the “Path from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along the Lovat River; it was important for communication between Kiev and Veliky Novgorod.
Polist is a river in the north-west of the European part of the Russian Federation, in the Pskov and Novgorod regions, a left tributary of the Lovat River. Length - 176 km, basin area - 3630 km 2, water flow - 22 m 3 /sec. The largest tributaries are the Belka River, the Snezha River (left); Porusya River (right). The largest settlement on the river is the city of Staraya Russa.
The Polist River flows from Lake Polisto in the eastern part of the Pskov region. It flows to the northeast along its entire length. For the first kilometers, the Polist River winds through swampy banks, the width of the river is 10 - 20 meters.
In the middle reaches, starting from the village of Karabinets, the character of the river changes. The banks rise, become covered with forest, the speed of the current sharply accelerates, stones, riffles and rapids appear in the riverbed. The river retains this character for about 80 kilometers until it confluences on the left with the Belka and Snezha rivers. The most serious rapid on the river is located near the village of Braklovitsa.
In the lower reaches the river calms down, the current is very weak, the banks are treeless, the width of the river is 30 - 40 meters. Within the city limits of Staraya Russa, the Polist River receives its largest tributary on the right - the Porus River. The Polist River flows into the Lovat River in the Priilmenskaya Lowland several kilometers above the confluence of the Lovat River and Ilmen.
Shelon is a river in the Pskov and Novgorod regions of Russia. Length - 248 km, basin area - 9710 km 2. The average water flow 59 km from the mouth is 43.6 m 3 /s. The average long-term water flow in the Shelon River near the city of Shimsk is 65.8 m 3 /s. Belongs to the Baltic Sea basin. On the river are the cities of Porkhov, Soltsy, as well as large villages - Dedovichi and Shimsk. Large tributaries - Mshaga, Sitnya, Udokha, Uza, Sudoma, Ilzna (left), Lemenka, Lyuta, Shilinka, Polonka, Belka, Severa (right).
Mineral springs are often found in the river basin. The river is navigable in the lower reaches, from the city of Soltsy to the mouth. The Shelon River begins in large swamps located near the border with the Novgorod region to the southeast of the village of Dedovichi near the village of Novaya Sloboda.
The first meters are a small stream; beyond the mouth of the right tributary of the Severa River, the channel widens due to the support of a dam located just above Dedovichi. Behind the village, next to which a large left tributary of the Sudoma River flows into the Shelon River, the width of the river is about 30 meters. Further, the Shelon River flows along the plain, sometimes accelerating on small rocky rapids (there are more than 40 rapids on the Shelon River), the banks are low, the depth is small - 1.5 - 2 m.
Beyond the confluence of the right tributary of the Belka into the Shelon River is the Kholomki estate - the former estate of the rector of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, prof. A.G. Gagarin.
In front of the city of Porkhov and behind it, the banks of the river rise and are covered with pine forests. The width of the river in the city of Porkhov is about 40 meters, however, actively collecting water from many rivers flowing from the Sudomskaya and Luga uplands to the west of Ilmen, Shelon is rapidly expanding and in the city of Soltsy its width is already about 70 meters, in Shimsk - about 300 meters, and near the mouth it spreads over several kilometers. Between the border of the Novgorod region and Soltsy there is a series of small rapids on the river. Below Soltsov the river calms down and becomes accessible to ships.
The Shelon River flows into Lake Ilmen in its western part, forming a delta with an area of 10 km 2.
Surface waters in the territory under consideration are characterized by a high content of organic substances, which is usually assessed by such group indicators as color (in degrees of the platinum-cobalt scale), bichromate and permanganate oxidizability. Their numerical values for slope waters in the territory under consideration are characterized by the following data: color 30-60 degrees, permanganate oxidability 10-25 mg O2/dm 3, dichromate oxidability 20-45 mg O2/dm 3. Therefore, natural “pollution” of river waters in terms of the content of dissolved organic substances can be observed. This phenomenon is most typical for small rivers with significant swampiness in the catchment area (about 10-20%).
The content of nutrients in the river waters of this territory, formed as a result of natural processes of mineralization of plant residues and entry with precipitation, is very small and is mainly characterized by the following values (mg/dm 3): nitrates 0.1 - 0.3, nitrites 0.004 - 0.05, phosphates 0.005-0.01. The highest content in the biogenic composition of surface waters is characterized by iron and silicon compounds, which corresponds to the natural geochemical conditions of the area. At the same time, the maximum concentrations of iron in the waters of heavily swamped catchments and swamps can reach 1-6 mg/dm 3 due to highly soluble divalent iron salts.
The oxygen regime of rivers is characterized as satisfactory. During the year, the dissolved oxygen content is predominantly 6-10 mg/dm3. In this case, the relative oxygen content, as a rule, does not decrease below 70% saturation.
The pH value of surface waters fluctuates in the annual cycle within the range of 6.5-7.5, which characterizes them as practically neutral.
Assessment of the chemical quality of river waters based on indicators characterizing the drinking and technical properties of water can be supplemented with information on water hardness. During the flood period, very soft waters (0.2-1.0 mmol/dm 3) predominate in most of the territory. During the transition period from high water to summer low water, with an increase in the proportion of soil and groundwater, the hardness of river waters increases slightly, and they pass into the category of soft waters - up to 3.0 mmol/dm 3. During periods of summer and winter low water, water hardness increases to 4.0 - 5.0 mmol/dm 3, which corresponds to gradations of moderately hard water.
Climate of the Novgorod region
The Novgorod region is located in a zone of temperate continental climate, which is formed under the influence of Atlantic sea air masses and is characterized by high humidity, relatively warm winters and cool summers. Precipitation falls 200-500 mm more than can evaporate, up to 800 mm per year. Seasons: Spring, summer and autumn are rainy. Maximum precipitation occurs in summer (38%), slightly less in autumn (27%). The average temperature in January is 7 degrees below zero, in July +14 degrees. The growing season is 120-130 days.
The coldest month is January, its average temperature is 8.7 ºС below zero. The winter period is characterized by thaws, during which the temperature during the day rises to 4 - 7ºС below zero, which causes intensive melting of snow, and sometimes its almost complete disappearance.
The snow cover is not very thick. In open field areas, the maximum ten-day snow depth is 20 - 25 cm. Its stable occurrence lasts 117 days.
The warmest month is July, with a monthly temperature of 17ºC. On some clear days the air temperature rises to 32 - 34ºС. The summer months are characterized by long days and long periods of sunshine.
The wind regime is characterized by the predominance of north-western wind directions in the warm period and south-western and southern wind directions in the cold season.
Soil cover of the Novgorod region
The territory of the Novgorod region is located in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, entirely located in the subzone of soddy-podzolic soils of the southern taiga (G.V. Dobrovolsky, S.I. Urusevskaya, 1984). According to the soil-geographical zoning scheme, the Novgorod region is classified as the Baltic province of soddy-podzolic weakly humus soils of the southern taiga subzone.
The relief of the territory is formed under the influence of glacier activity, water-glacial flows, sea, lake, and river waters.
Soil-forming rocks are represented by Quaternary deposits of various genesis and composition, mainly of glacial and water-glacial origin.
Significant territories are covered with forests, large areas are occupied by swamps, mainly upland ones.
The studied area is a low, flat glaciolacustrine and ancient alluvial plain with small areas of hilly and moraine relief. The main landforms are vast outwash swampy plains.
The main processes that form the soil cover of the Novgorod region are podzol formation, gley formation, waterlogging and cultural soil formation. The most widespread here are soddy-podzolic soils of varying degrees of hydromorphism. Based on the degree of podzolicity, soils are classified into weak, medium and strongly podzolic. According to the degree of erosion, the soils are weakly and moderately eroded; according to the degree of rockiness, the soils are slightly rocky.
Within the Novgorod region, the Boreal temperate continental zone-sector group of landscapes is expressed, which includes the taiga type of landscape, the southern taiga subtype.
Vegetation of the Novgorod region
Southern taiga and subtaiga forests are widespread on the territory of the Novgorod region, which determines the wide variety of plant associations formed here.
In geobotanical terms, subtaiga forests include the forests of the Lovat and Valdai districts, and the southern taiga forests include the forests of the Volkhov geobotanical district.
Lovatsky district in the north adjoins Lake Ilmen. Most of it is low-lying plain. The natural vegetation in the area was mainly spruce complex nemoral-herbaceous forests (occupying over 50%) with the participation of broad-leaved species (maple, linden, oak, hazel), especially developed on carbonate loams. Only isolated areas of such forests have been preserved, most of them have been replaced by aspen and birch forests of nemoral herbs with an admixture of linden, maple, oak, as well as agricultural lands.
In the district there are, although to a lesser extent, southern taiga spruce forests with sorrel and nemoral grasses, developed on less rich soils. Remains of such forests can be found only sporadically; birch, aspen and grey-alder plantations derived from them and agricultural lands in their place are more often observed.
Huge areas in the district are swampy and occupied by large raised ridge-hollow peatlands, bordered by swampy pine forests. Raised sphagnum bogs are common in the south.
In the valleys of small rivers, black alder forests with marsh tall grasses are developed. In sandy habitats there are areas of pine green moss-shrub forests, but sphagnum pine forests are more common. Along the southern and eastern coasts of Lake Ilmen there are quite large areas of floodplain, where cereal-forb, large-grass and sedge meadows are developed, interspersed with arable lands and fragments of swampy forests and willow forests.
The Valdai District is also located in a strip of subtaiga forests and occupies the Valdai Upland with its complex and varied topography.
The vegetation cover is characterized by diversity associated with the significant diversity of the morphological structure of the area and the diversity of soils. Subtaiga forests predominate, mainly secondary aspen and birch with the participation of broad-leaved species - linden, maple, oak, and agricultural lands in their place (more than 60% in total). However, quite often (more than 10%) there are also areas with vegetation of the southern taiga type: spruce forests with sorrel, sorrel, etc. and with the participation of nemoral grasses; secondary southern taiga birch, aspen, and gray alder forests are also common.
Among the sands at higher elevations there are lingonberry, heather, and sometimes lichen pine forests. The leveled depressions on the sands and sandy loams are occupied mainly by spruce forests with the participation of pine, and on the “poddubitsa”, previously covered with broad-leaved forests, groves of oppressed oak with an admixture of birch, rowan, ash, hazel, bird cherry, wolf bast in the undergrowth, in the grass the cover is dominated by nemoral species.
Along the slopes of river valleys there are maple, ash and other broad-leaved species, and sometimes apple trees. Meadowsweet spruce and black alder forests are often observed in stream valleys. Sometimes in the larger flat lowlands you can see long-moss and sphagnum birch-spruce forests.
Swamps are not typical for the district. Over 40% of the area is occupied by agricultural lands, however, the expansion of development of the territory is hampered by the diversity of the tracts and their debris.
The Volkhov geobotanical district is located in a strip of southern taiga forests, occupying a flat area. The vegetation cover of most of the interfluves, composed of lacustrine-glacial clays, is represented by long-gross moss-sphagnum aspen-birch forests. Spruce forests have been preserved in small areas on sandy loam soils in the eastern part of the district and partly in the Volkhov Valley. On the sands there are pine forests, also mostly swampy. Only on sandy hillocks and ridges do green moss pine forests (lingonberry, sometimes heather) and lichen grow.
The district is characterized by the presence of large tracts of raised sphagnum bogs of the Western Russian type, sometimes occupying enormous areas (up to 30,000 hectares). Other types of bogs are less common: transitional sphagnum, forest and grassy lowlands.
The meadows of the near-terrace part are lowland with a predominance of acute sedge; mid-level meadows - mainly canary grass and foxtail grassland. In the upper reaches of the Volkhov there are fragments of meadow-steppe vegetation.
The vast floodplain of the northern shore of Lake Ilmen contains many swamps, mostly lowland (hypnomous-sedge with horsetail and wacht).
Lowland large-sedge (sedge) meadows with the participation of forbs are widespread; On the sandy loam soils of the coastal ramparts there are legume-cereal meadows.
Among higher plants, about 150 species are classified as medicinal, 17 species are classified as berries; blueberries, lingonberries, cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries, and raspberries have economic value.
Highly productive land with blueberries includes blueberry-long-moss forest types. Blueberry yield ranges from 90 to 150 kg/ha. Productive blueberry lands are coniferous plantations with a single participation of birch. The berry yield varies from 70 to 90 kg/ha.
Productive lingonberry lands are represented by lingonberry forest types with lingonberry yields from 50 to 240 kg/ha.
Cranberries grow in bog areas represented by the sphagnum group of forest types (ledum, sphagnum). The average productivity of cranberries, according to forestry enterprises, is 230-270 kg/ha.
On the territory of the Novgorod region there are 28 untouchable species of higher vascular plants listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation:
1. Common Armeria - Armelria vulgaris
2. Real slipper - Cypripedium calceolus
3. Forest anemone - Anemone sylvestris
4. Small vagina flower - Coleanthus subtilis
5. Fischer's carnation - Dianthus ficheri
6. Flexible naiad - Caulinia flexilis
7. Caulinia tenuissima
8. Campanula bononitnsis
9. Siberian bell - Campanula sibirica
10. Water groundsel -Senecio aguatilis
11. White water lily - Nymphaea alba
12. Tetrahedral water lily - Nymphaea tetragona
13. Liparis loeselii
14. Lobelia dortmanna
15. Perennial moonflower - Lunaria rediviva
16. Common sword grass - Cladium mariscus
17. Brown's polystichum brauni
18. Leafless beetleaf - Epipogium aphyllum
19. Bohemian sedge - Carex bohemica
20. Shaky sedge - Carex brizoides
21. Long-leaved palmate root - Dactylorhiza longifolia
22. Tall primrose - Primula elatior
23. Lake eelgrass -Isoetes lauctris
24. Bristleback - Isoetes echinospora
25. Sudeten bladderwort - Rhizomatopteris sudetica
26. Marsh violet - Viola uliginosa
27. Burnt orchis - Orchis ustulata
28. Orchis militaris.
Fauna of the Novgorod region
Coniferous forests. Of these, the most populated by animals are spruce forests. Old hollow aspens, birches, and, less commonly, pine trees provide shelter for bats, flying squirrels, garden dormouse, sometimes martens, owls, clints, and various small passerine birds that build nests in shelters. The ground cover consists of mosses, fallen leaves, needles, and berry bushes. Old stumps, fallen, half-rotten tree trunks, heaps of stones covered with moss, and piles of dead wood provide excellent protective conditions for many inhabitants of this forest. Spruce forests are especially attractive to animals and birds during the years of high yield of coniferous tree seeds.
The species composition of pure green moss spruce forests (spruce forests with minimal admixture of other tree and shrub species) is very poor. In some years, such a forest can serve as a feeding station for squirrels, but mainly forest voles and common and common shrews, crossbills, siskins, warblers, bullfinch, thrushes, woodpeckers, and owls live here. Spruce forests with the participation of deciduous species are much more diverse; in terms of their protective and feeding conditions, they better meet the requirements of forest animals and birds. This is the favorite habitat of squirrels; flying squirrels, bank and red-backed voles, wood mice, wrens, wood accentors, wrens, robins, blackbirds, chaffinches, and pikas are most often found here. Insectivorous animals are represented by three species of shrews: common, medium and small, which make up approximately half of the population of spruce forests. Of the predators, the marten lives in this biotope, preferring cluttered, swampy dark areas of the forest; lynx and bear are common, and mink along forest rivers and streams. The fox is more often found on the edges, not far from meadows and fields, and along the banks of rivers in moss swamps interspersed with spruce forests - a raccoon dog. In winter, wild boars roost under the spreading lower branches of spruce trees; the outskirts of mixed spruce forests serve as a feeding ground for elk in winter.
Associated with native coniferous forests throughout the entire annual cycle (sedentary species) or during their stay in the nesting area (migratory birds) are the capercaillie, three-toed woodpecker, juk, common pika, little flycatcher, common flycatcher, common warbler, gray-headed chickadee, and bluetail.
Old (ripe and over-mature) spruce forests are preferred by: Muscovy, yellow-headed wren, spruce crossbill, and chiffchaff. In old spruce forests, the highest density of nesting owls (pygmy owl). A high number of owls and yellowtails is characteristic of mature and overmature mixed plantings.
Pine forests are characterized by poor protective and feeding conditions and are unattractive to animals and birds. The exception is in years with a high pine seed harvest, when this type of forest attracts squirrels and other seed eaters. In such years, pine crossbills are common in these forests. The number of small mammals that do not tolerate open insolation and the lack of natural shelters is much less than in mature spruce forests. The ground cover is represented by mosses and lichens, fallen pine needles, sometimes thickets of heather and berries (lingonberry, bearberry). There are practically no hollow trees here. A small number of stumps can serve as a refuge for rodents. For such biotypes, there is an abundance of bark beetles, ground beetles, borers, and hymenoptera, among which many southern forms are found. Invertebrates attract bears and badgers here to feed if pine forests are adjacent to coniferous mixed forests. This biotope is one of the poorest in terms of fauna, and the species composition of the animals inhabiting it gives it a specific aspect.
Waxwings, tufted tits, and pine crossbills are found in old pine forests. Small-leaved forests (birch forests, aspen forests, pure and mixed alder forests), in some years are distinguished by an extraordinary species diversity of vertebrate animals: mole, hedgehog, water shrew, common, medium and small shrews, mountain hare, wood mouse, beaver, gray rat, brownie , forest and yellow-throated mice, common, dark, water and bank voles, ermine, weasel, fox, raccoon dog, bear, elk, wild boar. Of course, not all of them belong to the permanent inhabitants of this biotope. For moose, wild boars, bears, and foxes, this type of forest serves as a feeding station, that is, important in their life cycle. More than 80 species of birds are found here: lamellar beaks, raptors, grouse, waders, pigeons, woodpeckers, owls, passerines. In mature mixed and deciduous forest stands, the same species are found that require tracts of high-trunked plantings with large-sized and hollow-leaved trees for nesting - diurnal birds of prey and owls, wood diving ducks, large woodpeckers, great gray and Ural owls, rough-footed and passerines Owls, Osprey, White-tailed Eagle, Golden Eagle, Greater Spotted Eagle, Goshawk, Hobby, Raven, Lutok, Great Merganser, Goldeneye, Clint, Grey-headed and White-backed Woodpeckers, Yellow.
Pastures, clearings, wastelands. The species composition of terrestrial vertebrates is represented mainly by mouse-like rodents, insectivores and small mustelids, which find “both table and home” here, as well as various small passerine birds that make nests on the ground. Boundaries, hummocks, borders made of uprooted stumps and large stones are places for constructing shelters for the inhabitants of these biotopes. The food supply here is abundant in all seasons of the year, since in late autumn and winter rodents and insectivores find food in stacks and stacks, in turn providing food for small mustelids. In addition to the permanent inhabitants of meadows and agricultural fields, hares and moose feed on these lands, using herbaceous plants in summer, and in other seasons - shoots and bark of young willows, aspens, and pine trees. In winter, mousing foxes constantly stay here, the haystacks with their numerous inhabitants attract even such forest forms as lynx, marten, raccoon dog, the latter sometimes winter in the bases of stacks and haystacks. Oat fields during the ripening period of grains represent the most important feeding station for bears and wild boars.
Swamps. The most numerous of the amphibians here is the sharp-faced frog. In most swamps, especially in forested areas, viviparous lizards are common. The common viper is also found.
The range of bird species of upland and transitional swamps is very diverse. During the breeding season, the bulk of the population consists of typical inhabitants of swamps: marsh owl, white partridge, gray crane, golden plover, lapwing, fifi, great snail, garnish, great snipe, snipe, great and middle curlew, yellow wagtail, meadow pipit, wood pipit, reed pipit oatmeal. Black grouse are common feeding in blueberry and cranberry fields among pine small forests on the outskirts of raised bogs. Waterlogged forests and sphagnum-reed bogs in the final stage of their development, with cotton grass, wild rosemary, blueberries, cranberries and lingonberries, as well as damp forests on the outskirts of moss bogs are the most typical habitats of capercaillie and mistletoe. Raised bogs with sparse oppressed pine forests serve as typical nesting sites for the gray shrike. In areas of swampy open forest of pine, spruce and birch, with wild rosemary, sedge, cotton grass and sphagnum in the ground cover, the bunting nests. In addition, open swamp areas are used as hunting territories by many birds of prey that nest directly in swamps or in adjacent forests, in particular: golden eagle, field and meadow harriers, buzzard, merlin, hobby hobby, peregrine falcon, eagle owl, great gray and long-tailed owls , hawk owl.
Among mammals, there are not many species that permanently live in swamps. These are shrews, red and dark voles. Hares feed on them throughout the year. In winter, the marshes are visited by marten, American mink, weasel and ermine, and elk and wild boar regularly come to feed. The high number of hares and grouse birds attracts lynx here. The abundance of berry fields provides bears with food during preparation for hibernation, and forest islands on ridges are often used by bears to make dens. In such places, wolves and raccoon dogs place their dens and nests for raising young animals. They are also often inhabited by badgers and foxes, who construct complex systems of burrows.
Reservoirs and coasts. The ponds serve as breeding grounds for grass frogs, common frogs, and common newts. In addition, some rare species of amphibians and reptiles (crested newt) may live near and in water bodies. Near stagnant bodies of water, in areas with light, loose soil, the common spadefoot can live. The common grass snake is not uncommon on the coasts of lakes and rivers. Such biotopes are suitable for broods of mallards and teal, goldeneye and other waterfowl; crakes, snipe, scutum, and river cricket nest near them. In those places where there are bushes along the banks, especially willows, warblers settle - gray and hawk's warblers, shrikes, lentils, badgers, garden and marsh warblers, Dubrovnik, and reed buntings. The bluethroat nests in wetlands. The coasts and islands are home to such rare species as the oystercatcher and dunlin. The water spaces of large reservoirs serve as hunting grounds for osprey and white-tailed eagle. At reservoirs and spills, mallards, teal, teal, waders, wigeons, goldeneyes and tufted ducks, red-headed ducks, snipe, carriers, large snails, and many other species of ducks and waders stop to rest and feed. The most common mammal in water bodies is the muskrat. On some rivers there are settlements of common beavers. Near bodies of water, semi-aquatic animals such as European and American mink and shrew settle. The water vole is also numerous along the banks, moles and shrews are common, and the forest polecat is also found. Floodplains of rivers and streams are favorite feeding places for wild boars.
Rare and endangered species of animals living in the Novgorod region, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation:
- Common pearl mussel (Margaritefera margaritifera),
- Mnemosyne (Parnassius mnemosyne),
- Common Apollo (Parnassius appolo),
- Black stork (Ciconia nigra),
- Little swan (Суgnus bewickii),
- European black-throated loon (Gavia arctica arcica),
- Osprey (Pandion halitaetus),
- Snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus),
- Greater Spotted Eagle (Aguila clanga),
- Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aguila pomarina),
- Golden eagle (Aguila chrysaetos),
- White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla),
- Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus),
- Central Russian white partridge (Lagopus lagopus rossicus),
- Southern golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria apricaria),
- Oystercatcher (Haematopus astralegus),
- Dunlin (Calidris alpina),
- Great Curlew (Numenius arguata),
- Little Tern (Sterna albifrons),
- Eagle owl (Bubo bubo),
- European blue tit (Parus cyanus cyanus),
- Common gray shrike (Lamius excubitor excubitor).
Fishery characteristics of watercourses in the Novgorod region
The fishery fund of the Novgorod region consists of lakes (664), with a total surface area of 155.2 thousand hectares, of which 67.6% falls on Lake Ilmen.
The Fisheries Fund of the Novgorod Region also includes rivers with a total length of 1.6 thousand km. The most important rivers are the tributaries of Lake Ilmen: Lovat, Msta, Pola and Shelon, as well as the Volkhov River, through which the flow from Lake Ilmen occurs.
The ichthyofauna of watercourses in the Novgorod region includes up to 35 species of fish, including two species of cyclostomes. Cyprinids (bream, bluegill, roach, silver bream), perch (pike-perch and perch), pike (usually pike) are often found and most often they are the most abundant (and accordingly serve as the object of fishing).
The main fishing reservoir is Lake Ilmen. Fish catches in it vary from year to year (information for 1996-2003) from 0.7 to 1.8 thousand kg. per hectare with a sharp predominance of bream and bluegill.
There is no commercial fishing on the rivers, only amateur fishing, but they themselves and their floodplains are of exceptional importance in the reproduction of fish stocks.
The fish productivity of the beds of large watercourses is relatively high; that of small watercourses, especially dry ones, is usually very low, often less than 5 kg/ha.
The fish productivity of the floodplain is largely determined by its width and the nature of the vegetation cover (the most favorable is grass with an admixture of small shrubs). It is often an order of magnitude higher than the productivity of the main channel. In spring, on a flooded and well-warmed floodplain, a high rate of reproduction of food resources for juvenile fish ensures a good increase in ichthyomass.
The area of spawning grounds is on average 30% of the total floodplain area.
Species composition of the fish population of water bodies of the Novgorod region: River lamprey, European brook lamprey, Brown trout, European vendace, Whitefish, European grayling, European smelt, Pike, Bream, White-eye, Bleak, Asp, Gustera, Verkhovka, Chub, Ide, Common dace, Chekhon, Common minnow, Roach, Rudd, Minnow, Golden crucian carp, Tench, Syrt, Whiskered loach, Common spined loach, Loach, Catfish, Burbot. Common ruffe, River perch, Pike-perch, Common sculpin, Salmon.
Of the listed species, four (trout, Volkhov whitefish, river lamprey, common sculpin) are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, seven species (salmon, Volkhov whitefish, white-eye, asp, chub, syrt, catfish) in the Red Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region.
LITERATURE
Boch M.S., Masing V.V. - L.: Ecosystems of marshes of the USSR, 1979. - 187 p.
Gagarina E.I., Matinyan N.N., Schastnaya L.S., Kasatkina G.A. Soils and soil cover of North-West Russia. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1995.
Geobotanical zoning of the Non-Black Earth Region of the European part of the RSFSR. L.: Ed. Science, 1989. - 62 p.
Isachenko G.A. Natural monuments are our common heritage. - St. Petersburg: 1993. - 24 p.
Red Book of the Russian Federation. M.
Pavlovsky M.A. Development of the lands of the Non-Black Earth strip. - M., 1953.
Natural conditions and natural resources of the USSR / Ed. I.P. Gerasimova and others - M.: Nauka - 1967.
Recreational resources of the USSR. Problems of rational use. - M.: Nauka, 1990.
Fridland V.M. Soil cover of the Non-Black Earth Region and its rational use. - M., 1986.
Tsinzerling Yu.D. Geography of vegetation cover in the North-West of the European part of the USSR. - L. 1932. - 377 p.
2. Landscape characteristics of the Novgorod region
Landscapes are territorial-natural systems or genetically homogeneous areas of the earth's surface, characterized by a certain relief, an interconnected set of surface and rocks, water, air, soil, flora and fauna. The most important property of a landscape is its integrity, which assumes that changes in any of its components will necessarily lead to changes in all other components.
According to the nature of the relief, the Novgorod region is divided into flat western and elevated eastern parts. The western part is occupied by the Priilmenskaya lowland with heavily swampy areas. In the southeast there is the hilly-moraine Valdai Upland (height up to 296 m, Ryzhokha), rising in a terraced ledge above the Ilmen lowland; heavily dissected by rivers.
The Valdai Upland is a unique region of Russia in terms of natural and geological characteristics. Valdai is located at almost the highest point of the Valdai Hills (Popova Gora - 283 meters above the level of the Baltic Sea). In the northeast there is the Tikhvin ridge (height up to 280 m).
3,615 thousand hectares of the region are occupied by rivers and 543 thousand hectares by swamps and lakes. Lakes serve as natural reservoirs, regulators of more uniform river flow. Single lake-river systems are important water transport arteries. On the territory of the region there are large lakes of Russia: Ladoga, Ilmen. Large rivers: Volkhov, Msta, Lovat, Shelon, Polist. Most of them belong to the Lake Ilmen basin. The Volkhov River flows from Ilmen and flows into Lake Ladoga. The region is rich in lakes, there are many of them on the Valdai Upland (Valdaiskoye, Uzhinskoye, Velye, Piros, etc.).
Valdai Lake is one of the ten cleanest lakes with a unique undulating topography, many islands, surrounded by almost untouched pristine forests. Translated from ancient times, “Valda” means “light”, “clean”. The lake consists of two reaches - Valdai and Dolgoborodsky, it covers an area of 20 square kilometers. Its greatest length is determined to be 10 kilometers, and its width - 5. It is connected by a narrow channel (90 meters) to Lake Dinner with an area of 10 km, but with a more branched topography. In some places the depth of the lake reaches 52 meters. The waters of the lake are replenished by underground springs, streams and rivers.
From the standpoint of botanical-geographical, ecological and economic-historical aspects, Novgorod forests are unique natural-anthropogenic complexes. The border separating the southern subzone of the taiga and the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, passing through the territory of the region, the terrain features (the combination of the Ilmen Lowland and the Valdai Upland), which resulted in landscape heterogeneity, in combination with a number of other factors, determined a significant species and typological diversity of forests. Deciduous forests are dominated by birch and pine. Copper-trunk pines grow on sandy soils, forming light-colored forests. Oak trees tower in sunny meadows. This vegetation gives special beauty to the islands of Lake Valdai. These unique natural conditions were noted by the state, and it assigned the Valdai region the status of a protected area.
The Novgorod region contains forest, meadow, field, aquatic and semi-aquatic faunal communities. A distinctive feature of the fauna of forest ecosystems is the tiered distribution of its inhabitants; most animals in open spaces live in burrows. The species composition of the fauna of aquatic areas and near-water areas is the most extensive in the region. The region is located on one of the main migratory flows of migratory birds. The fauna of the region, according to the animal cadastre, includes more than 110 species of insects, 9 species of amphibians, 6 species of reptiles, 230 species of birds, 58 species of mammals, and about 50 species of fish. In rivers and lakes: smelt, bream, pike, pike perch, etc.
The natural landscape, combined with unique recreational resources, outstanding architectural and historical monuments, favors the creation of recreation areas and tourism.
Since natural resources are the means of human subsistence, they are increasingly exploited. Therefore, recently the question of the exhaustibility of natural resources has acquired widespread dissonance throughout the world. And in our region, a national task has become concern for reducing the consumption of natural resources per unit of product, concern for the rational and economic use of all types of resources, and the preservation of natural landscapes.
3. Features of the development of the territory and the life of the population
We examined the geographical environment as a condition for the life and activity of people. Now consider it as a source of natural resources. What is meant by "natural resources"?
3.1 Characteristics of territorial and sectoral development of natural resource potential
Natural resources are objects and elements of nature that arise as a result of natural processes. These include natural resources themselves, i.e. objects of nature that directly or indirectly serve to meet human needs (elements of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere), and natural conditions that create the possibility of industrial and non-productive activities of people (solar radiation, internal heat Land, climate, relief, precipitation, etc.).
Natural resource potential: Firstly, this is that part of the Earth’s natural resources that can actually be involved in economic activity under the given technical and socio-economic conditions of society, subject to the preservation of the living environment of mankind. Secondly, it is a set of natural resources, conditions and processes, which, on the one hand, forms the basis of the life of society, and on the other, opposes it as an object of anthropogenic influence.
Minerals. The Novgorod region is not rich in mineral resources. Of the fuel resources, the most important are peat and oil shale reserves. The most famous deposits: peat - Kushaverskoye and Tesovo; refractory clays - Borovichskoe. Also on the territory of the region there are deposits of limestone, quartz and construction sands, brick-tile clays, boulder-gravel-sand materials, sapropel, mineral paints, underground fresh water and other minerals that are of greatest industrial importance. The most in demand are underground fresh and mineral waters. To use these minerals, the region has a network of mining, processing and consuming industries.
As of January 1, 2006, 200 deposits of solid minerals have been explored and included in the state balance sheet in the region. In addition, the balance of mineral reserves of the region takes into account 639 peat deposits, of which 5 deposits are being developed.
Forest resources. Almost the entire territory of the Novgorod region is covered with forest and shrub vegetation. The forest area of our region is 4.1 million hectares or 75.0% of its territory. Our region is located in a forest zone, where, along with coniferous trees (1292 thousand hectares) and soft-leaved trees (2169 thousand hectares), there is a small admixture of broad-leaved species (oak, linden, ash, maple - 3 thousand hectares). Significant areas are occupied by swamps and meadows.
The forests of the Novgorod region, located in the North-West of Russia and occupying the watershed of the largest rivers in the European part of our state, are of exceptional importance from the point of view of hydrology and the protection of aquatic ecosystems, at the same time being one of the most important stabilizing components of the biosphere, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity and the environment in general.
Water resources. The North-Western region has significant water resources - underground and surface. Water resources are the reserves of surface and groundwater on land that are used in the process of material production or can be involved in it.
Due to its natural and climatic characteristics, the Novgorod region does not experience a shortage of water resources. However, the specific volumes of water consumption (per person) in the region remain quite high in comparison with European countries, which indicates the irrational use of such a valuable natural resource.
Fuel and energy resources. The region's fuel and energy resources are small. The lion's share of resources comes from peat, which is used in agriculture and as fuel for power plants.
Deposits are developed near large cities. The region has reserves of oil shale - a raw material for the chemical industry and agriculture.
Hydropower resources: the involvement of hydropower resources in industrial exploitation is difficult due to the flat and lowland nature of the terrain that prevails in the basins of the main rivers of the North-West. A significant part of cost-effective hydropower resources has already been developed at present.
Agricultural grounds. Due to difficult soil and climatic conditions and high costs for soil cultivation, agricultural lands are poorly plowed. They have soil heterogeneity, the remoteness of individual areas from economic centers, and significant scattering. The possibility of using agricultural land is limited by the abundance of boulders, high swampiness and bushiness of the land. Vast areas of hayfields, pastures, highly productive meadows and other forage lands are of great importance for the development of livestock farming in the area.
Recreational resources. Outstanding historical and architectural monuments are combined with natural landscapes valuable for organizing recreation and tourism areas. Recreation areas on the Valdai Hills and the Starorussky resort are of national importance.
Among the natural attractions one cannot fail to mention the Valdai State Natural National Park. This is the most beautiful forest park on the East European Plain. Here lies the border of the natural zones of the southern taiga and mixed forests, so the flora and fauna are most diverse. The main decorations of the reserve are Valdai Lake and Lake Seliger, which traditionally have the title of pearl of Russian nature.
The possibilities for tourism development are truly endless. The state national park in the Valdai region with campsites and recreation areas attracts the attention of Russians and foreign guests. Recognized as one of the best in Russia, the ecological situation makes the Novgorod region the most important center for recreation and treatment in Russia, along with the North Caucasus Mineralnye Vody and the Black Sea coast. The development potential in this area of activity is enormous, and the planned construction of a high-speed railway (30 minutes to St. Petersburg, 2.5 hours to Moscow) opens up endless horizons for it.
The park has significant environmental, recreational and healing potential.
Medical and recreational resources include lakes Ilmen and Seliger. The region is rich in mineral and radon springs, healing mud (the Staraya Russa resort has been widely known since the 19th century). In terms of the degree of development of drinking underground mineral waters, the Novgorod region is a leader in the North-Western region.
Deposits of medicinal sapropel have been explored from lakes “Staroselskoye” in the Valdai region and “Maloye Rakitinskoye” in the Khvoininskoye region, which can later be used to organize sanatorium treatment.
The fauna is mainly exploited for hunting and fishing. The area of territories and water areas provided for the use of game animals in the Novgorod region in 2007 amounted to 4,067 thousand hectares.
It should be noted that the natural resource potential of the Novgorod region allows the use of a combination of extensive and intensive methods of economic growth during the foreseeable period.
3.2 Influence of natural potential on the structure and scale of environmental management
Based on the combination of natural prerequisites for economic development, the Novgorod region can be classified into various types. Areas with preferential prerequisites for development can be identified:
1. agricultural (including agricultural, livestock, agricultural and livestock farming);
2. industrial (including biological raw materials, primarily forestry, mineral raw materials, manufacturing industries);
3. industrial-agricultural and agricultural-industrial;
4. recreational;
But the leading industries of the Novgorod region are chemical (mineral fertilizers, methanol, etc.), mechanical engineering and metalworking (color TVs, VCRs, television systems, optical instruments, automation equipment, woodworking machines, etc.), forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper (furniture, paper, matches, plywood and others), food (meat and dairy, canning, confectionery), light (including flax processing). Folk craft - embroidery with the Krestetskaya “white stitch” (factory “Krestetskaya Stochka” in the village of the Kresttsy type).
The main industrial centers are the cities of Novgorod, Borovichi, Staraya Russa. The largest enterprises in the region are JSC: Acron, Kvant, Volna, Spectrum (all in Novgorod); "Borovichi Refractories Plant" (Borovichi), aircraft repair plant and JSC "Starorusspribor" (Staraya Russa).
The state of the region's economy depends on the largest enterprise and main taxpayer - JSC Acron, which produces 27% of the region's total industrial output. The main types of products are mineral fertilizers, ammonia, formaldehyde, methanol, urea, ammonium nitrate, FSC, polyvinyl acetate dispersion. This chemical enterprise, which produces mineral fertilizers and operates on gas feedstock, was created back in the 1970s, when a gas pipeline passed through the region, connecting the European North with Western Europe. In the mid-1990s, Acron came under the control of Moscow business and almost completely reoriented itself to the world market, remaining the most stable enterprise in the region in all subsequent years. Largely thanks to Akron, the economic situation in the Novgorod region is better than that of its neighbors - the Pskov and Tver regions, which do not have export-oriented industries. Other large enterprises are OJSC Novgorod Glass Fiber Plant - it produces a third of the total industrial production.
In a number of areas there are no really working industrial enterprises left at all; the most critical are the peripheral ones, which do not have access to the Batetsky, Poddorsky, Marevsky districts. In most others, industry is represented only by the forestry sector, and its primary stages.
The mining complex of the region is represented by large enterprises: OJSC Borovichi Refractory Plant, OJSC Uglovsky Lime Plant, OJSC Borovichi Silicate Brick Plant and a group of small mining and processing enterprises (more than 70).
Mechanical engineering is represented mainly by labor-intensive industries - instrument making and electronics. It traditionally focused on the largest consumers - Moscow and St. Petersburg. The largest enterprises in the industry are the Splav Corporation, Agrokabel OJSC, and Energomash OJSC. LLC "Jupiter", OJSC "Transvit", CJSC "Novtrak", OJSC "Kontur", CJSC "Novgorod Machine-Building Plant", CJSC "Company "Novgorod Garo Plant", FSUE "Starorussky Chemical Engineering Plant", FSUE "123rd Aircraft Repair Plant" factory".
In the Novgorod region, the enterprises of the State Unitary Enterprise Chudovsky Reinforced Materials Plant, CJSC Borovicheskiy Plant of Construction Materials, and CJSC Borovicheskiy Plant of Silicate Bricks are actively involved in the production of building materials. Construction in various areas of Veliky Novgorod and Valdai is carried out by CJSC Business Partner.
The uniform distribution of forest industry enterprises is associated with the region's only natural resource - forest. Despite the fact that the main investments outside Novgorod and Chudovo go into this industry, the depth of timber processing is small; mainly semi-finished products are produced for the construction complex of St. Petersburg and for export.
The food industry only in the mid-1990s. became an industry of specialization, thanks to the emergence of modern enterprises built by Western companies (Novgorod Dirol and Miracle Cadberry). They took advantage of their proximity to the markets of the capital's agglomerations and the low cost of labor, but the active policy of attracting investors pursued by the regional administration also played a very important role. At the same time, most old food enterprises are struggling to survive; milk processing plants not only need reconstruction, but also, in the context of a shrinking raw material base, are experiencing intense competition from similar enterprises in the neighboring Leningrad region.
In agriculture, flax farming and dairy and beef cattle breeding are distinguished. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley are also grown. Average yield (c/ha, 1995): grains – 8.5; potatoes – 139; vegetables – 169.
The situation in agriculture is typical for the Non-Black Earth Region with its marginal natural conditions and very low quality and labor motivation of the rural population. Having lost government subsidies, the weak and uncompetitive agricultural sector of all non-chernozem regions “sank to the bottom” in market conditions. In agriculture, flax farming and dairy and beef cattle breeding stand out. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley are also grown.
The economic link in the cycle of matter is called the resource cycle, which is understood as a set of transformations and spatial movements of natural matter in the process of its development, extraction, processing, consumption and final return to nature after use. The concept of resource cycles was developed by the famous geographer I.V. Komar and is based on the idea of the cycle of substances in nature, when, in the course of natural transformations, natural elements pass from one state to another, from one component of nature to another, according to the principle of a closed waste-free cycle. With the emergence of humanity, a social (economic) link in the cycle of substances emerged, which began to interact with the natural cycle, exerting its influence on it. This influence consisted in the fact that a large mass of natural substance was removed from the natural circulation, and a mass of waste was returned back to it, which, after technical processing, could not be assimilated by nature, gradually polluting it more and more and disrupting the natural circulation of the substance. Six main types have been identified: 1) the cycle of energy resources and energy production; 2) cycle of metal resources and metal production; 3) the cycle of non-metallic mineral resources and the production of chemical, construction, and technical materials; 4) the cycle of forest resources and the production of forestry products and wood materials; 5) the cycle of land and climate resources and the production of agricultural products and raw materials; 6) cycle of resources of wild fauna and flora with the production of commercial products - hunting, fishing, gathering useful plants, etc. As is known, the application of the concept of resource cycles helps to optimize the relationship between society and nature.
By exploring the resource cycles inherent in the Novgorod region, i.e. By tracing the transformation and movement of natural substances in space and time, it is possible, firstly, to limit the territory of location of economic facilities where individual phases of the resource cycle are carried out. This reduces the adverse effects of this process on the environment. Secondly, identify side cycles that form during the main resource cycle. This allows for more efficient use of natural substances, thanks to the creation of additional production facilities, i.e. minimize production waste.
The creation of closed production and economic systems with the maximum possible circulation of material resources in them preserves the environment, ensures expanded reproduction of renewable resources and, ultimately, creates conditions for long-term interaction between society and nature. Using the provisions of the concept of resource cycles I.V. Mosquito, you can:
Optimize the sectoral and territorial structure of the region;
To carry out rational, integrated use of natural resources of the Novgorod region, leading to minimizing waste and returning it to the natural environment in the most acceptable condition (or to its complete disposal);
Create new effective and environmentally friendly technologies for using natural substances.
As an example in the figure, consider the resource cycle of the ichthyofauna of the Novgorod region.
Closed production can be represented by:
1) in relation to an individual production process within a separate enterprise (for example, recycled water supply);
2) within a group of enterprises with open technologies (the waste generated by some enterprises becomes secondary raw materials for others).
Recycling water supply systems include water supply systems with closed cycles, that is, with the return of waste water for technical water supply needs after their appropriate purification and processing.
Another example. Currently, the development of industries, such as JSC Acron, using a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids as a nitrating agent, has led to the production of huge quantities of spent acid mixtures. From an economic point of view, these mixtures must be regenerated and, in the required calculated concentrations, returned back to the production cycle, thereby reducing the cost of the unit cost of the finished product and reducing environmental pollution.
The regeneration of such mixtures presents certain difficulties and requires the development of more and more new methods that ensure the normal conduct of the process of distillation of waste acids, as well as the production of nitric and sulfuric acids, which in their quality and technical characteristics are not inferior to fresh acids used for nitration.
The features of individual resource cycles and the entire resource process should be deeply studied and taken into account by practitioners. Otherwise, private economic miscalculations, major economic mistakes, and, finally, serious global collisions are possible.
Natural potential is not something frozen. Under the influence of human activity, it can decrease (withdrawal of practically non-renewable natural resources, such as minerals) or, conversely, increase (improving the navigability of rivers and lakes by creating locks, canals, dredging; increasing fish stocks, for example, through reproduction). This circumstance should be constantly taken into account when determining the magnitude and structure of natural potential, especially for the future - with all kinds of long-term economic forecasts.
The classic, traditional way. It consists of treatment with a reagent (coagulant), two-stage clarification and filtration, and at the Eastern station they also perform an operation new to Russia - ozonation. In extreme environmental situations, activated carbon is used. During long-term treatment, the water must be chlorinated twice. Allow yourself the luxury of not having...
Leased for logging. Interestingly, at the same time, with funds from the international development agency from State U, an “environmentally responsible forestry” plan was developed for the same territory, which did not say anything about industrial logging. As a result, between the options “reserve”, “environmentally responsible forestry”, “large-scale...
The region is located in the north-west of the Russian (East European) Plain, within the Ilmen Lowland and the northern spurs of the Valdai Upland in the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere, in the forest zone. The region extends from west to east for 385 km, and from north to south - 250 km, bordering on the Pskov, Tver, Leningrad and Vologda regions. The region's territory is 55.3 thousand sq. km. Due to the convenient geographical location of the region, it has good connections with Moscow and St. Petersburg. An electrified railway and the St. Petersburg - Moscow highway pass through its territory. The main mode of transport is automobile. The Scandinavia-Center highway passes through the region. The main directions of cargo flows are Finland, Germany, Sweden. Railway lines passing through the territory of the region connect it with other regions of Russia, the CIS countries, the Baltics, Europe and Scandinavia. The region's water transport routes are open for ships to enter the Baltic and White Seas. Air cargo and passenger transportation is carried out by the Novgorod Civil Aviation Enterprise, which has a fleet of aircraft and helicopters.
Natural and climatic conditions
The climate of the Novgorod region is temperate continental, close to maritime. Precipitation falls 200-500 mm more than can evaporate. Their annual number ranges from 540-750 mm. Maximum precipitation occurs in summer (38%), slightly less in autumn (27%). The surface of the Russian plain within the region has a gently undulating character. The lowest places are in the Ilmen Lowland (from 18 to 50 m above sea level), the highest are in the Valdai Upland (about 300 m above sea level). Among the moraine hills, kames and eskers of the Valdai Upland there are numerous depressions, some of them are occupied by lakes. These lakes have picturesque shores, indented by capes and bays (Seliger, Velye, Valdai and many others). Long, narrow lakes located in ancient, pre-glacial depressions are common. The largest lake in the region is Ilmen (in ancient times it was called the Slovenian Sea). Among the natural attractions one cannot fail to mention the Valdai State Natural National Park. This is the most beautiful forest park on the East European Plain. Here lies the border of the natural zones of the southern taiga and mixed forests, so the flora and fauna are most diverse. The main decorations of the reserve are Valdai Lake and Lake Seliger, which traditionally have the title of pearl of Russian nature.
The main wealth of the region is forest. The forest zone of the Novgorod region is divided into two subzones - taiga and mixed forests, the border between which is not clearly defined. Currently, forests occupy about 40% of the region's territory and are represented by three types: coniferous, mixed and small-leaved forests. About 20% of the region's area is covered by swamps, bushes and waters, 16% is occupied by agricultural land. The soils are mainly soddy-podzolic with high acidity, with a low humus content. Podzolic-boggy soils are also common. On the territory of the Novgorod region there are various mineral resources of non-metallic origin. The 83 explored deposits of refractory clays, limestones, quartz sands, and mineral paints are of greatest industrial importance. There are almost unlimited opportunities to increase peat production (639 deposits), 34 deposits of sopropel and 7 deposits of fresh groundwater have been explored. The region is rich in mineral and radon springs, healing mud (the Staraya Russa resort has been widely known since the 19th century). The fauna of the Novgorod region is diverse: foxes, moose, ermines, white hares, brown bears, lynxes, wolves, wild boars, squirrels, muskrats, martens, minks, raccoon dogs; of birds - ducks, geese, black grouse. hazel grouse. wood grouse; More than 30 species of fish live in the Lake Ilmen basin.
Demography
The region includes 21 districts, 10 cities, 18 urban-type settlements and 3,793 rural settlements. The permanent population of the Novgorod region as of January 1, 2012 was 629.7 thousand people, incl. urban population - 444.5 thousand people (70.6% of the total), rural population - 185.2 thousand people (29.4%).
More than 316 thousand people are employed in the regional economy, of which more than 26% are in industry, 11% in agriculture, 6% in construction, 14% in trade and public catering. The average age of workers is 37 years, almost every second of them has higher or secondary education.
The region is remote from “hot spots” and has an almost homogeneous population (more than 90% Russians), which guarantees the absence of interethnic problems and ethnic conflicts.
Region infrastructure
The main industries are: chemical, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, radio electronics, mechanical engineering and metalworking, refractory production. An oil pipeline and two gas pipelines pass through the region
Transport communications
Road transport is the main mode of transport in the region. In terms of road density, the region exceeds the Russian average by five times. . The Scandinavia-Center highway passes through the region. The annual international cargo turnover of the 6 largest trucking companies in the region exceeds 110 thousand tons. The main directions of cargo flows are Germany and the Scandinavian countries. Railway transport accounts for 1% of the volume of passenger transportation and 67% of the volume of cargo transportation. Railways passing through the region connect it with other regions of the country, CIS countries, Baltic countries, Europe and Scandinavia. The Veliky Novgorod railway station provides customs clearance services and offers open and closed warehouses for temporary storage of goods undergoing customs procedures. The region's water transport routes are open to navigation for 316 km and provide the opportunity for ships to access the Baltic and White Seas, and along the Volga to the Caspian and Black Seas. The Novgorod shipping company has the ability to transport goods to Finland, Sweden, Poland, Norway, Germany, the Baltic countries, southern Russia, as well as to Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Turkey.
Novgorod Civil Aviation Company provides air cargo transportation. It has a fleet of airplanes and helicopters and, at the same time, a complex of stationary navigation and ground equipment, a technical base and highly qualified personnel with experience working on international airlines. Transportation of heavy and oversized cargo is carried out by IL-76 aircraft.
Potential sources of emergency situations.
There are 135 potentially dangerous objects located in the region. In the period 1993-1997. 74 major emergencies occurred, 65 of which were man-made. Especially many such emergencies occur in the form of fires and explosions at industrial facilities and transport.
The greatest danger to the population and territory is the threat of damaging factors from chemical and explosive objects. The danger zone from such damaging factors from emergency sources is about 2.0 thousand square meters. km with a population of more than 300 thousand people.
There are about 30 chemically hazardous facilities located in the region. The danger of possible chemical contamination is noted in areas of the city. Novgorod and Borovichi. The total area of possible chemical contamination zones is about 2.0 thousand square meters. km with a population of 250 thousand people. Within the region there are more than 100 explosion- and fire-hazardous objects with a population of more than 30 thousand people.
Various natural hazards are possible in the region: hurricane winds, tornadoes, floods and forest fires. In the spring-autumn periods, flood zones are possible on an area of about 1.5 thousand square meters. km with a population of 70 thousand people.
The Novgorod region's population is 0.5% of the population of Russia; 370 thousand people, or 49% of the population of the region (0.25% of the population of the Russian Federation), are located in areas affected by damaging factors from emergency sources.
The presence of potentially dangerous objects on the territory of the region as possible sources of emergencies and the number of emergencies that have occurred over the past 6 years give grounds to classify the region as a 2nd degree of danger.
The main danger to the population and territory of the region comes from man-made emergency sources. The main danger comes from chemical and fire and explosion hazardous objects.
