The natural resources of foreign Europe are quite diverse, but the reserves of many of them are small.
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Types of resources |
Areas of their location |
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Resources of global significance |
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Recreational |
Southern European countries |
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Coal |
Germany (Ruhr region); Poland (Upper Silesian Basin); Great Britain (Welsh and Newcastle basins); Czech Republic. |
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Brown coal |
Germany (Lower Lausitz, Halle-Leipzig basins); Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech Republic. |
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Potassium salts |
Germany, France. |
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Resources of European importance |
|
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Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland); |
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Nordic countries |
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Uranium ores |
France, Sweden. |
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Iron ores |
France (Lorraine Basin); Sweden (Kiruna). |
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Copper ores |
Poland, Finland, Yugoslavia. |
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Hydropower resources |
Norway, Sweden, southern countries of Eastern Europe. |
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Agroclimatic |
Countries of Central, Southern and Eastern Europe. |
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Great Britain, Norway (North Sea). |
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UK, Norway, Netherlands. |
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France, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. |
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There is a difference in the distribution of mineral resources between the northern and southern parts of the region.
In the northern part, located on the platform, fuel minerals (coal, oil and gas) are confined to the sedimentary cover of the platform and its marginal troughs. The placement of ore minerals in this part is associated with the presence of the Baltic shield and the Hercynian folding zone.
In the southern part of foreign Europe, located in geosynclinal areas, various minerals of both igneous and sedimentary (bauxite) origin predominate.
In general, Foreign Europe is provided with mineral raw materials much worse than other large regions of the world. This circumstance determines, firstly, the more modest importance of the extractive industries, and secondly, the dependence of the industry on the import of mineral raw materials. Foreign Europe imports about half of the energy resources and a large number of other types of raw materials consumed in its economy.
4. Population of foreign Europe
The region is home to more than 500 million people, or about 9% of the world's population.
Population distribution
Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated areas of the world with an average population density of over 100 people per 1 km2. At the same time, the distribution of the population is primarily determined by the geography of cities. The level of urbanization here is one of the highest in the world - 74%, and in some countries up to 80 and even 90%.
Urbanization in foreign Europe has its own distinctive features:
very dense network of cities;
a special Western European type of city (the presence of an “old city” with a main square, town hall and cathedral and radial narrow streets diverging from the square, as well as new buildings);
since the 70s of the 20th century, the increase in population concentration in large urban agglomerations has been replaced by the process of suburbanization (the growth of suburban areas and satellite cities); this leads to the “spreading” of the urban population and the formation of vast urbanized areas and zones;
The border between urban and rural areas is becoming more and more arbitrary.
National composition of the population
The population of Foreign Europe is characterized by relative national homogeneity, since the vast majority of the peoples of the region belong to the Indo-European language family.
However, the ethnic map of the region is very complex. Along with single-national states, there are many states with a complex national composition, in which there has recently been an aggravation of interethnic relations.
Religious composition population of Europe is quite complex. The dominant religion is Christianity. In general, we can say that Protestantism predominates in the north, Catholicism predominates in the south, and their different ratios prevail in the center. In addition, in some countries Orthodoxy predominates.
Population reproduction foreign Europe is characterized by a very difficult demographic situation with depopulation and “aging of nations.” Natural population growth is very low (about 1.5%) and in some countries (Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, etc.) there is even a natural population decline. There is a significant stratum of older people in the population. All this led to a change in the role of the region in the system of external migration of the population: from the main source of emigration, foreign Europe turned into the main global center of labor immigration (12-13 million foreign workers). A significant part of foreign workers are not citizens, but temporary guest workers (“guest workers”).
Main directions of labor immigration:
from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as North African countries in France;
from Spain, Italy, as well as India, Pakistan, Ireland and African countries UK;
from Italy, Croatia, Greece, Turkey to Germany.
For employment structures The population is characterized by a large share (approximately 1/3) of the economically active population employed in the service sector. The unemployment rate is very high (in EU countries it is about 11.5% of the labor force).
General assessment of Europe's natural conditions and resources
The natural conditions of European countries are generally favorable for human life and production activities. There are no giant mountain ranges separating the countries, or too dry or cold areas that limit the distribution of the population.
Relief
Based on the nature of the relief, Europe is divided into mountainous and flat. The largest plains are Central European and Eastern European. They are densely populated and developed.
The south of Europe is occupied by young mountain formations with seismic activity. Mountain systems such as the Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, Carpathians, and Balkans rose here. But they do not pose any significant obstacles or difficulties for mastering. In the north are the old Scandinavian mountains, destroyed by time. They are the same age as the Ural Mountains. In the center of Europe there are also old mountain structures (Tatras, Harz, etc.), united in the Central European mountain belt. Old forges are also located in the north of the British Isles (Northern Scotland).
Note 1
In general, the relief is favorable for human life and economic activity. But if environmental protection measures are ignored, erosion processes can develop.
Climate
Europe is located in subarctic, temperate and subtropical climate zones. Most of the region is in a temperate climate. Favorable temperature and humidification conditions prevail here. In the north (Arctic islands and northern Scandinavia) there is a lack of heat. Therefore, farming is developing in closed ground. On the Mediterranean coast, on the contrary, there is enough heat, but there is a lack of moisture. Therefore, heat-loving and drought-resistant plants are cultivated here.
Minerals
The mineral resources of Europe are very diverse. They served as the basis for the economic power of European states. But over the past centuries the deposits have been greatly depleted. Many countries import raw materials from other regions.
Oil and gas fields are confined to the outskirts of the platform and shelf zones. In addition to Russia, the UK, Norway, the Netherlands and Romania are actively producing oil and gas.
The Carboniferous Belt stretches across Europe from Great Britain to Ukraine. Pools with unique coal quality are:
- Donbass (Ukraine, Russia),
- Upper Silesian (Poland),
- Ruhrsky (Germany),
- Ostravo-Karvinsky (Czech Republic).
Germany ranks first in the world in brown coal production. In addition, its deposits are found in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Bulgaria.
The ore resources of Europe are confined to the foundations of ancient platforms. After Russia, Ukraine and Sweden can boast of rich iron ore deposits. The iron ore basins of France, Great Britain and Poland are severely depleted. Ukraine ranks first in the world in the production of manganese ores.
The south of Europe is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Copper and nickel ores, bauxite, and mercury ores are mined here. The Lublin copper ore basin (Poland) is considered the most powerful in Europe.
There are uranium ore deposits in Sweden and France. Germany, Belarus, Ukraine are rich in potassium salts, Poland is rich in sulfur, and the Czech Republic is rich in graphite.
Land and forest resources
Europe is rich in land resources. The best soil fertility indicators, chernozems, are found in Ukraine, Hungary and southern Russia. Most of Central Europe is covered with brown forest soils. Brown soils are formed on the Mediterranean coast. In the north of the region there are soddy-podzolic soils that require intensive reclamation.
The forest resources of the region have been quite depleted over centuries of use. The territories of Finland, Sweden, Austria, Belarus, and the northern part of Poland remain forested areas.
Recreational resources
Natural and recreational resources form the basis for the development of resort business. Resorts can be:
- beach (Côte d'Azur, Golden Sands, Malta),
- skiing (Switzerland, Slovenia, Austria, Norway),
- hydrotherapy (Karlovy Vary, Baden-Baden).
The video lesson is dedicated to the topic “Natural Resources of Foreign Europe”. From the lesson you will learn about the natural resource potential of Foreign Europe, and get acquainted with the main resources that various European territories are rich in. The teacher will tell you about the leading European countries in terms of availability of various types of resources.
Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe
Lesson:Natural resources of Foreign Europe
Europe's resource supply is determined primarily by three circumstances. Firstly, the European region is one of the most densely populated regions on the planet. Consequently, the region's natural resources are used very actively. Secondly, European countries took the path of industrial development earlier than others. As a result, the impact on nature on an industrial scale began here several centuries ago. And finally, Europe is a relatively small region of the planet. The conclusion suggests itself: Europe's natural resources are severely depleted. The exception is the Scandinavian Peninsula, whose resources remained largely intact until the end of the twentieth century. In fact, the active industrial development of Scandinavia began only in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, the population of the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula is small and distributed over a large area. All these features of the Scandinavian subregion are opposite to the properties characteristic of Europe as a whole.
The following resources located within are important for the world economy:
7. Bauxite
Europe has quite large reserves of ore. Iron ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), France (Lorraine) and the Balkan Peninsula. Non-ferrous metal ores are represented by copper-nickel and chromium ores from Finland, Sweden, bauxite from Greece and Hungary. There are large deposits of uranium in France, and titanium in Norway. There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe (Spain, Balkan, Scandinavian peninsulas), Poland is rich in copper.
Rice. 2. Map of mineral resources of Foreign Europe ()
Soils Europe is quite fertile. However, the countries' small area and significant population explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is more than 80% plowed. Water resources. Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources in Europe. The population and various sectors of the economy use huge volumes of water, and the volume of water consumption continues to increase. Qualitative deterioration of water, caused by uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use, is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.
The modern economy of European countries annually takes about 360 km3 of clean water from water sources for the needs of industry, agriculture and water supply to populated areas. The demand for water and water consumption is steadily increasing as the population grows and the economy develops. According to calculations, only at the beginning of the 20th century. industrial water consumption increased 18 times in Europe, significantly outpacing the growth rate of gross national product production. The situation with water resources in Europe is generally good, with the exception of the southern regions of Italy, Greece and Spain.
Hydropower resources The Alps, Scandinavian mountains, and Carpathians are rich. Agroclimatic resources. European countries have a fairly high agroclimatic potential, since they are located in temperate and subtropical geographical zones and have favorable thermal resources and moisture availability. But the increased population density characteristic of Europe in all historical eras contributed to the long-standing and intensive use of natural resources. The low fertility of some types of soil prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and increase their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born, and options for crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.
Rice. 3. Agroclimatic map of Foreign Europe
Forest resources. Forests cover 30% of its territory in foreign Europe. On average, every European has 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation. There are almost no forests left untouched by economic activity in Europe, with the exception of the territories of the Alps and the Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world where forest cover has been increasing in recent decades. And this happens despite the high population density and the severe shortage of productive land. The need, long recognized by Europeans, to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosional destruction and to regulate flood flow was expressed in the fact that the environmental protection functions of forest plantations were overestimated. Therefore, the soil and water conservation role of the forest and its recreational value have increased immeasurably in importance; in addition, environmental policy in Europe has contributed to less deforestation. Finland, Sweden, and Norway have the largest reserves of forest resources in Foreign Europe.
Do not forget that the territory of Foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources. The recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are of global importance.
Homework
Topic 6, P.1
1. What are the features of the placement of mineral resources in Foreign Europe?
2. Give examples of countries in Foreign Europe and their characteristic resources.
Bibliography
Main
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3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10 Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012 - 76 p.
Additional
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Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
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14. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
5. Website of natural and social sciences ().
The European territory that lies outside the former CIS countries is usually called “foreign Europe”. It consists of four dozen countries connected to each other by a whole bunch of historical and political relations. The territory of foreign Europe is about 5.4 million square kilometers, and the population is more than 500 million people. This area is undoubtedly one of the centers of world civilization and occupies an important place in world politics. Today we will talk to you about such a topic as the general characteristics of foreign Europe. The 11th grade of the school curriculum involves consideration of this topic. Let's remember what we were taught at school and learn something new for ourselves!
States
The territory we are considering today extends 5,000 km from north to south and 3,000 km from west to east. Among them there are large and medium-sized ones, but for the most part they are still small. For example, there is a joke that when entering Belgium, you need to hit the brakes, otherwise you can drive into another country. A fast train travels through this country in just 140 minutes. There are a majority of such states in Europe. That is why in many of them there is no such thing as a sleeping car.
As the general characteristics of the countries of foreign Europe show, they, from the point of view, have two main features. The first of them is the neighboring position of the countries. Despite the small (relatively, of course) size of the territory and its shallow “depth”, the states have a well-established system of transport connections. The second feature is the coastal location of the majority of European countries. Many of them are located near the busiest waterways. The life of such countries as England, the Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, Norway, Italy and Greece has been closely connected with the sea since ancient times.
During the twentieth century, the political map of Europe underwent significant changes three times: after the First and Second World Wars, and also at the end of the 90s. Today in foreign Europe you can find republics, monarchies, as well as unitary and federal states.
Nature and resources
It was created under the influence of natural conditions, namely the composition of minerals. It is different in the northern (platform) and southern (folded) parts of the region. The northern part is rich in ore and fuel resources. The main coal basins are the Ruhr (Germany) and the Upper Silesian (Poland). Among the oil and gas basins, it is worth highlighting the Severomorsk. And among the iron ore basins are the Kiruna basin (Sweden) and the Lorraine basin (France).
The southern part of the region is rich in ore deposits of igneous and sedimentary origin. As for fuel reserves, they are not as large here as in northern Europe.
A general description of foreign Europe in terms of energy shows that its resources here are very voluminous, but they are located mainly in mountainous regions, namely the Alpine, Scandinavian and Dinaric regions. In a large number of countries, resources have already practically dried up. The nature of the region allows for active agriculture. The only problem is the lack of land. Small coastal states are fighting it, expanding towards the seas. For example, a third of the territory of the Netherlands was “reclaimed” from the sea with the help of dams and dikes. In this regard, local residents say: “God created the Earth, and the Netherlands - the Netherlands.” This is unlikely to be written in the “Geography” section of the book (grade 11). The general characteristics of foreign Europe, however, cannot ignore this fact.
The region is located in the temperate and subtropical (in the south) zones. In the Mediterranean region, stable agriculture is impossible without artificial irrigation. This mainly affects Italy and Spain. Finland and Sweden can boast of the best conditions for forestry. No wonder there is a saying: “Finland without a forest is like a bear without hair.” are also quite widely represented here.
Now it’s time to consider the next point of the conversation on the topic “General characteristics of foreign Europe.”
Population of foreign Europe
The national composition is quite homogeneous. Most peoples belong to the Indo-European family. The dominant religion in the region is Christianity. However, the southern part is also inclined towards Catholicism, and the northern part towards Protestantism. Foreign Europe is considered one of the most densely populated regions of the Earth. The population density here is more than 100 people per 1 square kilometer. The placement is determined mainly by the geography of peoples. Europe also ranks high in terms of urbanization levels. On average, about 78% of the population lives in cities. There are countries in which this figure reaches 90%.
Over the past few years, Europe's population has grown too slowly. 15 countries are experiencing population decline. In addition, its composition is changing - the number of older people is growing. This affected the region’s share in the global mechanism of external migration. Foreign Europe is gradually turning into a hotbed of labor emigration. There are about 20 million workers from abroad. 7 million of them live in Germany.
The 11th grade of the school curriculum deals with such issues superficially, but we will touch on them in more detail. As an integral region, foreign Europe has world leadership in the scale of exports of goods, the size of industrial production and the development of tourism. First of all, the economic power of the region rests on countries such as France, Great Britain, Italy and Germany. Over the past decade, the leader of this four has been Germany, whose economy is developing very dynamically. The “Workshop of the World” - Great Britain - has begun to lose ground. Among the remaining states, the largest weight is given to: the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain and Sweden. They, unlike the “main four,” focus on individual industries.
Industry
Leading foreign Europe - mechanical engineering. It accounts for a third of the region's production and two-thirds of exports. It's no secret that Europe is famous for its cars. First of all, mechanical engineering gravitates towards large cities, including capitals. In this case, as a rule, each sub-sector is oriented in a certain region of the state.
In second place is the chemical industry. Germany has been particularly successful in this direction. Before World War II, the region's chemical industry focused mainly on coal (hard and brown), salts (table and potash) and pyrites. Then there was a reorientation of industry towards hydrocarbon raw materials. The largest petrochemical centers are located in the estuaries of the Seine, Thames, Elbe, Rhine and Rhone. Here this industry is intertwined with oil production.
Natural gas and oil extracted from the North Sea fields are sent to different countries through a huge system of trunk pipelines. Gas from Algeria is transported in methane tankers. Russian gas, which is purchased by 20 European countries, also plays a major role.
The next largest industry is metallurgy. It was formed here even before the start of the scientific and technological revolution. Ferrous metallurgy is most widely developed in Germany, England, Spain, France, the Czech Republic and Poland. Aluminum and non-ferrous metallurgy also occupy a large share. Aluminum is smelted not only in countries with extensive bauxite reserves, but also in countries with developed electricity production.
The timber industry is concentrated mainly in Finland and Sweden, and the light industry in southern Europe. Italy is the second largest shoe manufacturing country in the world, after China. And Portugal is considered the main “seamstress” of the region. In most countries, national traditions in the production of musical instruments, furniture, and glass products are preserved to this day.
Agriculture
The general characteristics of the economy of foreign Europe were touched upon above, now let’s talk in more detail. Most countries in the region are fully self-sufficient in agricultural products and actively sell them abroad. After World War II, the region moved from small-scale peasant farming to specialized, highly-commercial farming. The main industries - crop production and livestock production - are spread throughout Europe and are closely intertwined with each other. Natural and historical conditions gave rise to the formation of such types of agriculture: Northern European, Central European and Southern European.
Northern European farming is common in Finland, Scandinavia and the UK. It is characterized by intensive dairy farming, which is supported by the production of gray grain and fodder crops. In the Central European type, the main role is played by meat and dairy farming, as well as poultry farming.
The Southern European type is characterized by a predominance of plant growing. Crops are mainly aimed at grain crops, but the international specialization of the southern part of Europe is the production of grapes, olives, citrus fruits, tobacco, nuts and essential oils. The main “garden” of Europe is the Mediterranean coast. Typically, each state has its own specialization in agriculture. For example, Holland is famous for growing flowers, France and Switzerland for producing cheese, and so on.
Tourism
A general description of foreign Europe cannot do without tourism. Europe was, is and will be the main region of international tourism. Here it is manifested in all directions. The most popular are France, Italy, Spain, Great Britain and other large countries. And in small countries such as Andorra, Monaco and others, tourism is a currency-generating industry. The main ones in foreign Europe are mountain and sea.
Transport connection
Today we give a general description of foreign Europe, and without a transport system it is impossible. Europe is inferior in terms of transportation distance to America and Russia, but in terms of transport network availability it is the leader throughout the world. The traffic density is very high. Road transport plays a major role in the transportation of passengers and goods. The railway network in most countries is being actively reduced.
The land transport network has a complex configuration. It is formed by highways in meridial and latitudinal directions, most of which are of international importance. River routes are also oriented towards these directions. The Rhine River plays a special role. More than two hundred million tons of cargo are transported along it annually. In places where land and waterways intersect, transport hubs arose, which over time turned into real port-industrial complexes. For example, it ships about 350 million tons annually.
Western Europe is an example of how huge natural barriers are no longer an obstacle to the transport system. Railroads, roads, and pipelines cross the Alps in all necessary directions. The shores of the Baltic, Mediterranean and North Seas are connected by ferry crossings.
General characteristics of foreign Europe: science and money
In Europe today there are many technopolises that make it one of the world centers of science. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Munich and Cambridge. And in the southern part of France, the “High Technology Road” was formed.
Europe has the lion's share of the world's largest banks. Switzerland has become the benchmark for banking. About 50% of securities from all over the world are stored in the safes of its banks.
Environment protection
A general description of foreign Europe shows that the issue of protecting nature is resonant in its territories. Due to high population density and active industrial development, Europe has long been faced with a number of environmental problems. Some of them are related to coal mining and processing. Others have an abundance of petrochemical and metallurgical plants in large cities. Still others - with an increasing number of cars on the streets. Fourth - with the development of tourism, which leads to the degradation of nature. And so on.
All countries located in the region pursue an active environmental policy. As a result, more and more decisive measures are being taken: promotion of bicycles and electric vehicles, active restoration of vegetation, etc.
Conclusion
Today the topic of our conversation was the general characteristics of foreign Europe. 11th grade is a time when a huge burden falls on the shoulders of schoolchildren, so they lose sight of many fundamental things. We reminded ourselves of everything that might have been forgotten, and learned something new on the topic "General Characteristics of Foreign Europe." Presentation (grade 11) with the help of this article will be an easy task for any student.
The industrial level of impact on the mineral resources of Foreign Europe dates back several centuries. The active use of mineral resources has led to the depletion of natural materials.
Mineral resources of foreign Europe in the context of industrialization of the region
The reserves of mineral resources in Foreign Europe, although varied, are small. The distribution of these resources between the northern and southern parts of Europe is uneven. There are ore deposits in the area of the Hercynian fold of the Baltic Shield in the northern part of Europe. The southern part of Europe is rich in igneous minerals and bauxite.
The increased industrialization of the last two centuries has led to a significant depletion of the mineral reserves of overseas Europe.
Rice. 1 Zones of increased industrialization of foreign Europe
Provision of foreign European countries with mineral resources
Metal ore deposits in Western Europe are unevenly distributed. The Balkans, Kirun (Sweden) and French Lorraine are iron ore mining regions.
Copper, nickel and chromium are predominantly found in Finland and Sweden.
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Hungary and Greece are famous for their bauxite - ores of non-ferrous metals.
Rice. 2 Ore mining
Uranium and titanium have their largest deposits in France and Norway.
The richest copper deposits are in Poland.
The Balkan Peninsula, Scandinavia and Spain concentrated deposits of mercury, tin and polymetals.
Northern Europe is rich in bauxite, which is used to produce aluminum. Minerals of Northern Europe are mainly represented by metals, copper and iron ores.
In the south of Europe, in Italy, deposits of zinc and mercury ores are concentrated.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is rich in iron and aluminum ores.
Nickel ore mining is actively carried out in Germany.
Mining of small gold deposits has been discovered in the UK.
The Baltic countries are not known for their rich mineral resources.
Copper and zinc are found in Serbia, as well as gold and silver in small quantities.
Rice. 3. Map of the provision of foreign European countries with mineral resources
The variety of mineral resources of Foreign Europe is great, but the quantity is insignificant. The growth of the region's industry strictly dictates the needs for this type of raw material.
Table of mineral resources of Foreign Europe
Features of mineral resources of the Scandinavian Peninsula
European countries were the earliest to begin large-scale environmental impacts. The Scandinavian Peninsula is an exception. The region's crustal resources remained untapped until the second half of the 20th century. The small population of Scandinavia also played a role in preserving the region's mineral resources.
Zinc and copper are the main elements that are used in almost all European countries. The supply of European countries with this type of raw material is covered by imports.
What have we learned?
The mineral resources of the Nordic countries are varied but scarce. The distribution of mineral resources in the southern and northern parts of Europe is uneven and is determined by the structural features of the earth's crust.
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