In one of the manuscripts of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov depicts a village fire. The manor's estate caught fire.
And it was so calm
As if there was a candle in the room,
Calm, even flame
And it was so calm
What's the smoke above this building?
He stood straight up.
Peasants, apparently from the nearest village, came running to the burning house. Taking advantage of the lack of wind, if they wished, they could easily extinguish this quiet flame, but among them there was no one who would express such a desire.
It was a special fire:
Buckets of water have not been poured
Nobody for the whole fire!
As if having agreed in advance, the peasants chose to refrain from putting out the fire and remained passive spectators until the very end. Silently, as if in a theater, they looked at the burning building. Of course, none of them dared to express their joy out loud, but there was, says Nekrasov,
Somewhat playful
The smile is slightly noticeable
Everyone has a smile of triumph and glee in their eyes.
These lines, recently found among Nekrasov’s manuscripts, never appeared in print during his lifetime. Meanwhile, for us, for readers, these lines are of particular value: it describes a true incident that happened with Nekrasov’s parental home. The house caught fire from an unknown reason (maybe from arson?) “in clear weather with a calm wind” and burned to the ground, since none of the peasants wanted to put out the fire.
“The bucket of water was not poured,” one woman told me,” Nekrasov recalls about this fire. “God’s will,” my peasant said in response to the question, not without a good-natured grin.”
The house was large, two-story. Nekrasov spent his childhood here; his father, mother, brothers, sisters once lived here; and yet, having learned about the fire, he rejoiced no less than the peasants, since he also hated this house and, together with the peasants, wished for its destruction.
It would seem, how can you not love the home where you spent your early childhood! How many poetic books exist in our literature, the authors of which recall with a feeling of love and gratitude their childhood years spent on their father’s estates! And Nekrasov, looking at his parental home through the eyes of enslaved peasants, responded
about him in his poems with disgust.
A gloomy house that looks like a prison
he exclaimed in one poem.
And in another he repeated the same thing:
...I grew up in a house.
Reminiscent of a prison.
It was not only his father’s house that Nekrasov hated. He was just as hostile to his father’s forest, and to his father’s field, and even to the stream that flowed through his father’s meadows, for he also looked at all this through the eyes of enslaved peasants. In the famous poem “Motherland,” written long before the fire, the poet joyfully welcomed the destruction and death of these paternal possessions:
And, looking around with disgust,
With joy I see that the dark forest has been cut down -
In the languid summer heat, protection and coolness,
And the field is scorched, and the herd slumbers idly,
Hanging his head over a dry stream...
This forest, these fields and pastures, this manor house with all kinds of services, among which were stables, a kennel, and an outbuilding for serf musicians, this dark, shady garden with magnificent oaks and lindens - all this belonged to the ancient Nekrasov family. The poet’s family lived here summer and winter. Here he listened to his nanny's fairy tales, here his mother's songs sounded, which he remembered with such tenderness until the end of his days, here as a seven-year-old boy he began to write poetry. Why did he hate this native estate with such passionate hatred? Why do his lines about the fact that she is no longer sound sound like a complaint, but some kind of victorious joy:
You have burned, the nest of my fathers!
My garden died out, my house disappeared without a trace.
Liberal authors of Nekrasov’s biographies, who sought to portray him as a meek “sorrower of the people’s grief,” explained such poems with pity for the unfortunate serfs, whom his father cruelly abused in this very estate. But this is the historical merit of Nekrasov, that he never once made the enslaved people the subject of this offensive pity, did not humiliate them or himself with any “humanities,” but completely identified himself with them and became the spokesman for their pain and anger. Through Nekrasov’s poems, for the first time in history, the masses themselves spoke about themselves, awakening to revolutionary action. From childhood, the poet learned to look at landowners through the eyes of serf “men.” It was their moods that were reflected in his poems about his father’s burnt estate; All his work is saturated with their moods. Let us remember what Lenin said about Belinsky’s letter to Gogol, when counter-revolutionary publicists tried to assure that the mood of the masses had no influence on the progressive ideas of the writers.
“...Perhaps,” Lenin wrote, “in the opinion of our intelligent and educated authors, Belinsky’s mood in his letter to Gogol did not depend on the mood of the serfs? Didn’t the history of our journalism depend on the indignation of the popular masses over the remnants of feudal oppression?”
The same “mood of the serf peasants,” outraged by both “serfdom oppression” and “remnants of serfdom oppression,” was expressed in Nekrasov’s poetry. The dependence of Nekrasov’s creativity on the mood of the working masses made him a national poet. Nekrasov realized that his task was not to mourn the enslaved people and lament their sad fate, but to join the people himself, to make his poetry their true voice, their cry and groan, the embodiment of their thoughts and feelings.
At that time in Ukraine there was the same national poet, who several years before Nekrasov became an exponent of the same national aspirations and feelings - Shevchenko. But Shevchenko himself was a peasant, he himself experienced all the oppression of serfdom, and Nekrasov, raised in his great-grandfather’s noble nest, what colossal work he had to do on himself, what a terrible withdrawal he had to endure in order to make the “peasant eyes” his own and learn to look at every phenomenon of the reality of that time - and at yourself - with these “peasant eyes”!
Here is the main difference between Nekrasov and all other Russian poets of that era. There were many people who felt sorry for them, but at that time only Nekrasov was able to speak on behalf of the people, on behalf of the working masses who had awakened to protest.
In his poetry, the people constantly act as judges, pronouncing harsh sentences on their enemies.
In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, all sorts of Posledyshis, Obolt-Obolduevs, Glukhovskys, Shalashnikovs, Vogels appear before this formidable judge. In "The Railway" - the villain Kleinmichel with all his henchmen. In “Reflections at the Main Entrance” - “the owner of luxurious chambers.” Nekrasov brands and executes him precisely on behalf of that “tattered mob” that this dignitary brought to impoverishment and death.
It was Nekrasov who expanded the range of the poetic genre with colloquial speech and folklore. No one had practiced such combinations before him. This innovation had a great influence on the further development of literature.
Nekrasov was the first to decide on a combination of sadness, satire and lyricism within one work.
Biographers like to divide the history of Nikolai Alekseevich’s development as a poet into three periods:
✪ The moment of release of the collection “Dreams and Sounds”. This is the image of the poet, which was created in the lyrics of Pushkin, Lermontov, Baratynsky. The young man still wants to be like this image, but is already looking for himself in his own personal creativity. The writer has not yet decided on his direction, and is trying to imitate recognized writers.
✪ Since 1845. Now the poet depicts street scenes in his poems, and this is liked and welcomed. Before us is a poet of a new format who already knows what he wants to say.
✪
Late 40s - Nekrasov is a famous poet and successful writer. He edits the most influential literary world at that time.
At the beginning of your creative journey
Very young, with great difficulty, eighteen-year-old Nekrasov reached St. Petersburg. He kept with him a notebook of youthful poems. The young man believed in his capabilities. It seemed to him that the poet’s fame would happen as soon as people began to read his poems.
And indeed, a year later he was able to publish his first book - poetry. The book was called "Dreams and Sounds." The success that the author expected did not follow. This did not break the poet.
The young man strived for education. He decided to attend lectures at St. Petersburg University as a volunteer, but this was also a very short-lived project of his, which ended in failure. His father deprived him of all help; there was nothing to live on. The young man put aside his high title for several years and began writing for various magazines and newspapers, becoming a literary day laborer. Vaudeville, prose, satirical stories - this is how Nikolai earned money in his early years.
Fortunately, in 1845 everything changed. Together with the poet Ivan Panaev, the young authors published an almanac with the attractive title “Physiology of St. Petersburg.” The collection was expected to be a success. Absolutely new heroes appeared to the Russian reader. These were not romantic characters, not duelists. These were ordinary residents of St. Petersburg: janitors, organ grinders, in general, those who need sympathy.
Contemporary
A year later, at the end of 1846, young writers go even further. They are a well-known magazine "Contemporary" are issued for rent. This is the same magazine that was founded in 1836 by Pushkin.Already in January 1847, the first issues of Sovremennik were published.
The contemporary is also a resounding success. New Russian literature begins with this magazine. Nikolai Alekseevich is a new type of editor.
He assembled an excellent team of literary professionals. All Russian literature seems to have narrowed down to a narrow circle of like-minded people. To make a name for himself, a writer had only to show his manuscript to Nekrasov, Panaev or Belinsky, he would like it and be published in Sovremennik.
The magazine began to educate the public in an anti-serfdom and democratic spirit.
When Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky began to be published in the publication, the old employees began to be indignant. But Nikolai Alekseevich was sure that thanks to the diversity of the magazine, its circulation would increase. The bet worked. The magazine, aimed at diverse young people, attracted more and more readers.
But in 1862, a warning was issued to the writing team, and the government decided to suspend the publication’s activities. It was renewed in 1863.
After the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II in 1866, the magazine was closed forever.
Creative flourishing
In the mid-40s, while working at Sovremennik, Nikolai Alekseevich gained fame as a poet. This glory was undeniable. Many people did not like the poems; they seemed strange and shocking. For many, beautiful paintings and landscapes were not enough.
With his lyrics, the writer glorifies simple everyday situations. Many people think that the position of the people's defender is just a mask, but in life the poet is a completely different person.
The writer himself worked a lot on his own biography, creating the image of a poor man and therefore well understanding of the soul of the poor. At the beginning of his creative career, he actually ate bread in public canteens, hiding behind a newspaper in shame; for some period he slept in a shelter. All this, of course, strengthened his character.
When, finally, the writer began to live the life of a wealthy writer, this life ceased to fit in with the legend, and his contemporaries formed a counter-myth about a sensualist, a gambler, a spender.
Nekrasov himself understands the duality of his position and reputation. And he repents in his poems.
That's why I deeply despise myself,
That I live - day after day, uselessly destroying;
That I, without trying my strength at anything,
He condemned himself with a merciless court...
The most striking works
There were different periods in the author's work. They all found their reflection: classical prose, poetry, drama.The debut of literary talent can be considered a poem "On the road" , written in 1945, where a conversation between a master and a serf reveals the attitude of the nobility towards the common people. The gentlemen wanted it - they took a girl into the house to raise her, and after an inspection of the serfs, they took a grown, well-mannered girl and kicked her out of the manor’s house. She is not adapted to village life, and no one cares about that.
For about ten years, Nekrasov has been published on the pages of the magazine, of which he himself is the editor. It is not only poetry that occupies the writer. Having become close to the writer Avdotya Panaeva, falling in love with her, appreciating her talent, Nikolai creates a kind of tandem.
One after another, novels written in co-authorship are being published. Panaeva published under the pseudonym Stanitsky. Most notable “Dead Lake”, “Three Countries of the World” .
Early significant works include the following poems: “Troika”, “Drunkard”, “Hound Hunt”, “Motherland” .
In 1856, his new collection of poems was published. Each verse was imbued with pain about the people, their difficult lot in conditions of complete lawlessness, poverty and hopelessness: “Schoolboy”, “Lullaby”, “To the Temporary Worker” .
A poem born in agony "Reflections at the Front Entrance" in 1858. It was ordinary life material, only seen from the window, and then, decomposed into themes of evil, judgment and retribution.
In his mature work, the poet did not betray himself. He described the difficulties that all strata of society faced after the abolition of serfdom.
The following nicknames occupy a special textbook place:
✪ A large verse dedicated to the poet’s sister, Anna Alekseevna "Jack Frost" .
✪ "Railway" , where the author shows without embellishment the other side of the construction medal. And he does not hesitate to say that nothing changes in the lives of the serfs who received their freedom. They are also exploited for pennies, and the masters of life deceitfully take advantage of illiterate people.
✪ Poet "Russian women" , was originally supposed to be called “Decembrists”. But the author changed the title, trying to emphasize that any Russian woman is ready for sacrifice, and she has enough mental strength to overcome all obstacles.
✪
Even though the poem “Who lives well in Rus'”
was conceived as a voluminous work, only four parts saw the light of day. Nikolai Alekseevich did not have time to finish his work, but he tried to give the work a finished look.
Idioms
The extent to which Nekrasov’s work remains relevant to this day can be judged by the most famous phrases. Here are just a few of them.
✪ The 1856 collection opened with the poem “The Poet and the Citizen.” In this poem the poet is inactive, does not write. And then a citizen comes to him and calls on him to start working.
You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.
These two lines contain such a philosophy that writers still interpret them differently.
✪ The author constantly used gospel motifs. The poem “To the Sowers,” written in 1876, was based on the parable of a sower who sowed grain. Some grains sprouted and bore good fruit, while others fell on a stone and died. Here the poet exclaims:
Sower of knowledge for the people's field!
Perhaps you find the soil barren,
Are your seeds bad?
Sow what is reasonable, good, eternal,
Sow! Thank you from the bottom of my heart
Russian people…
The conclusion suggests itself. Not everyone and not always say thank you, but the sower sows by choosing fertile soil.
✪ And this excerpt, known to everyone, from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” can be considered the culminating last chord of Nekrasov’s work:
You're miserable too
You are also abundant
You are mighty
You are also powerless
Mother Rus'!
Historical and revolutionary poems
Nekrasov's creativity in the years 1868-1877 was distinguished by amazing diversity. At this time he wrote lyrical poems, historical and revolutionary poems “Grandfather”, "Russian women","Contemporaries" and, finally, the greatest epic of people's life “Who lives well in Rus'.”
While working on the poems “Grandfather” and “Russian Women,” Nekrasov strove in no way to deviate from the historical truth, and at the same time, every historical fact or event received a certain interpretation in his works.
The poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Russian Women” (1871-1872) is a poem about the wives of the Decembrists, participants in the uprising on Senate Square in St. Petersburg in 1825. Turning to the past, N.A. Nekrasov also reflected on the present. In the heroines of the Decembrist era, Nekrasov looked for and found features that united them with Russian women of the 60-70s of the 19th century.
The main character trait of the Nekrasov Decembrists is their high civic self-awareness, which determines the program of life behavior. Their brave decision to follow their husbands into remote Siberian exile is a feat in the name of love and compassion, but also in the name of justice. This is a socially significant act, it is a challenge to evil will, open confrontation with the highest authority. That is why the climactic episode of the second part of the poem is so psychologically reliable: Princess Volkonskaya, at the moment of the long-awaited meeting with her husband, first kisses his convict chains.
In his work on the poem, Nekrasov relied on historical sources. This, to a certain extent, ensured the factual accuracy of the narrative, although the poet did not have all the information necessary for a documented accurate reproduction of the events, and did not strive for such accuracy. The main thing for him was the ideological and emotional content and artistic expressiveness of the recreated situations, episodes, and statements of the characters.
Poem "Russian women" consists of two parts - “Princess Trubetskaya” (1871) and “Princess M. N. Volkonskaya” (1872).
In the first, Nekrasov recreated the character of a courageous woman who fully shares the views of her Decembrist husband, who, overcoming many difficulties - resistance from parents, obstacles caused by the authorities - ultimately achieves the right to be with her chosen one. She knows that her husband’s actions were based on a fiery love for his homeland:
Oh, if only he forgot me
For another woman, I would have enough strength in my soul
Don't be his slave! But I know there is love for the homeland
My rival, And if necessary, again
I would forgive him!..
Central episode This part of the poem is the meeting of Princess Trubetskoy with the Irkutsk governor, who received the strictest order: to restrain her by any means and not allow her to follow her husband. The governor tells the princess about the horrors that await her on the road and in hard labor, that she must “sign a renunciation” of all rights, property and become a “simple woman.” But nothing stopped the brave woman:
It will be terrible, I know
My husband's life.
Let it be mine too
No happier than him!
Trubetskoy is convinced that she should be close to her husband, that she will be able to help him and support him in difficult times:
I will save the pride, the pride in him,
I will give him strength!
The two parts of the poem - “Princess Trubetskaya” and “Princess M.N. Volkonskaya” - are correlated according to the principle of contrasting identity. Dedicated to similar events, they are written in different tones and differ in genre and stylistic qualities. The romantic structure of the story about Ekaterina Trubetskoy allows us to emphasize the monolithic character of the heroine and the beauty of her deeds. The second part, structured as family memories, as a grandmother's story addressed to her grandchildren (subtitle - "Grandmother's Notes"), conveys essentially the same event, but seen differently. The tone of the narrative is unhurried, sincere and confidential, only in the most intense episodes rising to high pathetic intonations. It was precisely this tone of the story, simple and natural, that highlighted with particular force the human content of the historical deed of the heroine and her friends, about whom in the epilogue of “Princess Trubetskoy”, which was not included in the final text, Nekrasov said:
Captivating images! Hardly
In the history of any country
Have you ever seen anything more beautiful?
Their names should not be forgotten.
The captivating images of Russian women created by the great poet, rightfully recognized as a singer of the female lot, do not lose their attractiveness, their living charm for new and new generations of readers.
“Who lives well in Rus'”
From 1863 until his death, Nekrasov worked on the main work of his life - the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” The poet told journalist P. Bezobrazov: “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” This will be an epic of modern peasant life."
Poem “Who lives well in Rus'”- a work of enormous scale. It can rightfully be called “an encyclopedia of peasant life.
Like the heroes of Russian folk tales, seven men set off on a journey in the hope of finding a happy person, “who lives happily and freely in Rus'.” Such a plot allowed the poet to reveal to the reader all the diversity of post-reform life in Russia, take him through devastated villages and rural fairs, introduce him to representatives of various classes: peasants, landowners, clergy - to show the hopelessly hard peasant work, poverty and wretchedness of village life.
The men met a lot of people during their travels and each one was asked what life was like for him. They did not find happy ones among the clergy, “and they did not find them among the landowners. They were not among the peasants either.
This poem can be called an epic poem, because it widely presents pictures of life in post-reform Russia.
This poem took 20 years to write. Nekrasov wanted to represent all social strata in it: from the peasant peasant to the tsar. But, unfortunately, the poem was never finished - the death of the poet prevented it.
Certainly, The peasant theme occupies the main place in the work, and the question that torments the author is already heard in the title: “who can live well in Rus'.”
Nekrasov is disturbed by the thought of the impossibility of living as Russia lived at that time, of the difficult lot of peasants, of the hungry, beggarly existence of a peasant on Russian soil. In this poem, Nekrasov, it seemed to me, does not idealize the peasants at all, he shows the poverty, rudeness and drunkenness of the peasants .
The men ask everyone they meet along the way a question about happiness. So, gradually, from individual stories of the lucky ones, a general picture of life after the reform of 1861 emerges.
To convey it more fully and brightly. Nekrasov, together with wanderers, is looking for happiness not only among the rich, but also among the people. And before the reader appear not only landowners, priests, wealthy peasants, but also Matryona Timofeevna, Savely, Grisha Dobrosklonov
And in the chapter “Happy” the images and pickles of the people are conveyed most realistically. One after another, the peasants come to the call: “the whole crowded square” listens to them. However, the men did not recognize any of the storytellers.
Hey, man's happiness!
Leaky, with patches,
Humpbacked with calluses...
After reading these lines, I concluded that the people throughout Russia are poor and humiliated, deceived by their former masters and the tsar.
The situation of the people is clearly depicted by the names of those places where the wandering peasants come from: Terpigorev county, Pustoporozhnaya volost, the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Znobishino, Gorelovo.
Thus, the poem vividly depicts the joyless, powerless, hungry life of the peasantry.
The description of nature in the poem is also given in inextricable unity with the life of a peasant. In our imagination there appears an image of a land devoid of life - “no greenery, no grass, not a leaf”
The landscape gives rise to a feeling of peasant deprivation and grief. This motif sounds with special, soul-touching power in the description of the village of Klin “the village of the Unenviable”:
Whatever the hut, with support
Like a beggar with a crutch:
And straw was fed from the roofs
Cattle. They stand like skeletons
The houses are miserable.
Rainy late autumn
This is how jackdaw nests look,
When the jackdaws fly out
And the roadside wind
The birch trees will be exposed
The village of Kuzminskoye is described in the same way, with its dirt, the school “empty, packed tightly,” the hut, “with one little window.” In a word, all the descriptions are convincing evidence that in the life of a peasant throughout Russia there is “poverty, ignorance, darkness.”
However, the images of special peasants such as Saveliy the hero and Matryona Timofeevna help to judge that Mother Rus' is full of spirituality. She's talented.
N.'s poetry has always gravitated towards the epic. Wrote 11 poems.
B1855– “Belinsky” - at that time the name Belinsky was banned. Published in 1859 without a signature in Polar Star.
1855 “Sasha” - about a girl whose spiritual development took place before the reader’s eyes. It contrasts the unity of the intellectual-spiritual and physical with the weakness and pallor of the intellectual Agarin. consists of 4 chapters. An attempt to draw the hero of the time Lev Agarin and analyze the degree of his influence on the receptive young consciousness of Sasha. The poem is written in dactyl tetrameter, divided into couplets. This is something new for poems. The poem is focused on the novel genre. Novel panorama, freedom, variability, plus reliance on tradition. The poem is written in the old ballad form (Tynyanov)
At its center is the problem of forming democratic beliefs among representatives of progressive youth. The plot of the poem is based on the history of the relationship between Agarin and the young girl Sasha, the daughter of poor neighbors of a liberal landowner. The hero of the poem cannot withstand the harsh trials of life that came after 1848 during the period of the “dark seven years”, and moves away from his former freedom-loving views. Agarin is organically included in the typological series of “extra people”. He is contrasted with Sasha with her spontaneous thirst for a new life. It is indicative of the author’s position that the poem is named after not a hero, but a heroine, which created a certain contrast with Turgenev’s novel “Rudin,” first published simultaneously with “Sasha” in the magazine “Sovremennik” (1856, No. 1).
In the 60s Nekrasov is especially concerned about the problem of large form - it is actualized in the genre of the poem. Folk theme – Peddlers 1861 and Frost, Red Nose 1864.
“About the weather” 1859 - the first part, 1865 - the second. Physiology of St. Petersburg in verse. Lack of integrity. Episodes from street life with a touch of bitter irony. Dostoevsky's themes are the sorrowful life and no less sorrowful death of a poor official (chapter Morning Walk), unmotivated human cruelty (beating a horse from the chapter “Before Twilight”), the hell of a big city (Twilight). The principle of a panoramic composition with a continuous hero-storyteller.
Poem "The Unfortunate" (1858). In the person of Mole, who was exiled for an unusual crime, Nekrasov, in part, brought out Dostoevsky. He killed his beloved out of jealousy. The verse is simple, the pictures are specific and laconic. The convicts wanted their cellmate to suffer and die as quickly as possible, the mole said “there is no God in you!”
1857 Silence - Orthodox Christian motifs. Pictures of the homeland seen by a traveler returning to his homeland. "Wretched temple." The poet was aware of the nationality of our Orthodoxy.
“Peddlers” (1861) is not very serious in content, but is written in an original style, in the folk spirit. Nekrasov connects the lyrical plot of the poem - the love story of the village girl Katerina for the peddler Vanya - with a wide range of phenomena of Russian life of that time.
In 1863, the most consistent of all Nekrasov’s works appeared - “Frost, Red Nose”. This is the apotheosis of the Russian peasant woman, in whom the author sees a disappearing type of “stately Slav woman”. The poem depicts only the bright sides of peasant nature. In general terms, “Red Nose Frost” is closely related to the previously written charming idyll “Peasant Children” (1861).
People's life is depicted in it more comprehensively, the image of a Russian peasant woman here became the embodiment of the best features of the national character. The epic depiction of folk life in the first part of the poem, when a specific everyday incident - the death of a peasant, rose in the author's narrative to the level of an event of great emotional and aesthetic significance, was organically combined with the second part, where there are very few external events, but the lyrical principle (internal Daria's monologue, author's lyrical digressions, etc.). Particularly interesting is the dream of the dying Daria. The form of sleep often used in literature made it possible for Nekrasov to create an idea of the healthy foundations of folk life. Bright, colorful pictures of joyful peasant labor explained how the type of “stately Slavic woman” could be formed: Nekrasov glorified work as the basis of life.
36. “Folk” poems “Peddlers”, “Frost, Red Nose”: features of poetics, author’s position.
"Peddlers", written in 1861. Its main advantage was its nationality, revealed by the poet from many sides. The dedication itself: “To a friend and friend Gavrila Yakovlevich (peasant of the village of Shoda, Kostroma province)” sets the tone for the narrative. “Peddlers” is about and for peasants; Nekrasov dreamed of a time when people would be literate and begin to read good books.
This is an epic poem covering many aspects of Russian folk life. “The Tsar is making a fool - the people are sad! It is draining the Russian treasury, Painting the sea black with blood, and sending ships to the bottom.” As we can see, the poem also reflected the events of the Russian-Turkish war. In “Peddlers” one can hear a truly popular attitude towards this bloody event.
the poem also gives epic pictures of Russian life with sketches of landowner life, with mass peasant scenes. The story of Titushka the Weaver, the “Song of the Wretched Wanderer,” sung on one languid, sobbing note with a monotonous chorus, are organically part of the poem, which all the time seems to be growing from within, “overgrown” with new and new episodes. It is no coincidence that it is based on a plot - a journey that makes it possible to broadly and comprehensively embrace Russian folk life. “Hey, you little merchants, come and spend the night with us!” Our merchants spent the night and set off again in the morning. They are moving slowly, accumulating profits.
Nekrasov does not idealize people's life. It is sparse and harsh, sometimes dramatic. In a dark forest, peddlers are dying at the hands of a dashing forester. The peddlers retreated, God have mercy - death has come! Almost as if two gun barrels fired at once. Without a word Vanka falls, The old man falls screaming... "This is a unique poem. In its very rhythm there is a song motif.
The poet also took a second unprecedented step: at his own expense, he published the poem in the “Red Books” series and distributed it among the people through peddlers - merchants of small goods. "Peddlers" - a travel poem. Village traders - old Tikhonych and his young assistant Vanka - wander through the rural expanses. Before their inquisitive gaze, colorful pictures of life in the troubled post-reform times pass one after another. The plot of the road turns the poem into a broad overview of Russian provincial reality. Everything that happens in the poem is perceived through the eyes of the people; everything is given a peasant verdict. The true nationality of the poem is also evidenced by the fact that its first chapter, in which the art of Nekrasov’s “polyphony” triumphs, the art of making the people’s view of the world their own, soon became the most popular folk song - “Korobushka”. The main critics and judges in the poem are not patriarchal men, but “experienced” men who have seen a lot in their wandering life and have their own judgment about everything. Colorful living types of “mental” peasants, village philosophers and politicians are created. Nekrasov raised in the poem the question of folk language and style in relation to the large genre of the poem - the concept of the Nekrasov nationality.
The peddlers profit from deceiving the people; in the end, retribution overtakes them in the person of the forester, who personifies the natural elements.
"Jack Frost"
1863 Poem “Frost, Red Nose.” The poem has a fairy-tale title, although it is not a fairy tale at all, but rather a sad story about the fate of the Russian woman Daria, whose life and death symbolize the fate of the people. Nekrasov wanted to penetrate into the inner world of people's life, he wanted to comprehend the logic of people's consciousness. The plot is reflected in the names of the parts of the poem: “Death of a Peasant”, “Frost, Red Nose”.
Part I. The death of the peasant Proclus plunged the whole family into grief - he was the only breadwinner. The funeral ceremony is described. There are no bright colors in this part of the poem - grief from the loss of a breadwinner is shown in everyday gray tones. In the foreground is the image of Daria, the widow of Proclus, a beautiful and strong Slavic woman. Nekrasov does not spare colors, adding touches to the features of her character. Her image embodies the national traits of a Russian woman (“She will stop a galloping horse, // She will enter a burning hut”).
Part II is dedicated to Daria’s inner world. Freezing in the forest, she falls into a dream. Compared to the first part, the image of the landscape changes. The forest is dazzling in the rays of the winter sun. Frost, a living creature, the owner of the forest, helps Daria escape from a terrible life. Daria dreams of her happy life with Proclus. Dreams of a future in which the ideal of peasant happiness is visible. The ending is tragic - Daria freezes and loses her life. But death in Nekrasov’s depiction is beautiful and poetic.
The poem addressed problems of the people. The central event of "Frost" is the death of a peasant, and the action in the poem does not extend beyond the boundaries of one peasant family. The idea of family is like grain. The peasant's life filled with suffering forces him to abandon his ancestral customs. The father digs the grave, which, if not in accordance with Russian custom, means inviting death upon oneself. This is how Nekrasov showed his father’s imminent death.
Nekrasov’s epic event shines through the everyday plot. Showing a family at the moment of a dramatic shock to its foundations, the author’s narration about the sad fate of the heroine is interrupted by the poet’s excited monologue about Russian peasant women. In it, he paints a generalized image of a “majestic Slavic woman” who “will stop a galloping horse and enter a burning hut.” This vivid portrait reveals the high moral traits of a peasant woman: strength, endurance, hard work, integrity of character, modesty, dignity. The Russian peasant woman, crushed by backbreaking labor, nevertheless managed to preserve a free heart, strength of spirit, physical and spiritual beauty even in slavery. Frost, the governor, introduces an element of fairy-tale fantasy into the poem.
The image of death - the title “death of a peasant”, the symbolism of white color - “and if her cheeks were not whiter, she would be wearing a scarf made of white canvas as a sign of sadness”, “fluffy and white eyelashes”, “dressed in sparkling frost” - signs of her future death .
Warm earth tones (sun, grass, field) refer to the past or future, which are no longer available to Daria.
The archetypal opposition house-forest is realized in the poem as an inevitable movement from family happiness to the grave, from life to death, from the “hot forest” into the embrace of the “warlord frost”.
In the poem, nature listens to the grief of the peasant family in the folk way: like a living being, it responds to the events taking place, echoes the peasant cries with the harsh howl of a blizzard, and accompanies dreams with the folk witchcraft spells of Frost.
In severe misfortune, household members least of all think about themselves. No claims to the world, no bitterness. Grief gives way to an all-consuming feeling of pity and compassion for the departed person, up to the desire to resurrect Proclus with a gentle, friendly word: Dissolve your lips of sugar!
Dreaming of her son’s wedding, she anticipates not only her own happiness, but the happiness of her beloved Proclus, addresses her deceased husband as if he were alive, and rejoices at his joy.
In the poem "Frost, Red Nose" Daria undergoes two tests. Two blows follow each other with fatal inevitability. Following the death of her husband, her own death overtakes her. However, Daria overcomes this too. Overcomes with the power of love, which in the heroine extends to all of nature: to the land-nurse, to the grain field. And dying, she loves Proclus, children, peasant labor in the eternal field more than herself:
And Daryushka looked for a long time,
Shielding yourself from the sun with your hand,
How the children and their father approached
To your smoking barn,
And they smiled at her from the sheaves
The rosy faces of children...
37. Genre originality, problems and system of images of the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Rus'."
Nekrasov himself called the poem epic of modern peasant life. Whatever the specific social realities, they are certainly traced back to a general, folkloric beginning. Nekrasov resorts to archaic forms: an introduction such as a prologue is typical of ancient and medieval literature. The fabulousness of the prologue, when seven truth-seeking peasants decide to embark on a great journey across Rus', is motivated by a real social need: to know post-reform Rus' in all manifestations of its new existence. The question of happiness, posed in the title of the poem, is not so much a question of well-being, material contentment, but of internal harmony and world order.
The main question of the poem: Who can live happily/at ease in Rus'? The disintegration of the uniform laws of common life most affected the common people - therefore they Problems and his measure of happiness are placed at the center of the poem. The epic nature of the narrative does not exclude the involvement of the author's tone in everything depicted.
The poet does not soften the colors, showing poverty, harsh morals, religious prejudices and drunkenness in peasant life. The position of the people is depicted with extreme clarity by the names of those places where the truth-seeking peasants come from: Terpigorev county, Pustoporozhnaya volost, the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo.
Unlike the world of exploiters and moral monsters, slaves like Yakov, Gleb, Sidor, Ipat, the best of the peasants in the poem retained true humanity, the ability to self-sacrifice, and spiritual nobility. These are Matryona Timofeevna, the hero Saveliy, Yakim Nagoy, Ermil Girin, Agap Petrov, headman Vlas, seven truth-seekers and others. Under the conditions of serfdom, each of them managed to save a living heart. Each of them embodies the best peasant qualities: Yakim Nagoy - dignity and pride for his class, for all the humiliated and offended; Ermil Girin - honesty and conscientiousness, which allowed him to earn people's love; Savely - disobedience of spirit; Matryona is the indomitable force of mental protest against circumstances, the ability to win, overcome them, preserving home and family. The representative of all the unhappy and happy in the poem is the son of the sexton of the village of Vakhlachina, Grisha Dobrosklonov. His undeniable happiness is in choosing the share of the people's intercessor, preparing him for a severe test in the future and classifying him among the elect - among those who must remind of Christ.
The idea was the following. According to him, the poem should have ended on a pessimistic note (7 truth-seekers, not finding a happy one, return home and see a drunkard who claims to be happy), but ended on an optimistic note. This poem is called folk poem because The heroes of the poem are trying to resolve an eternal question for the people. This is a question about happiness. The poem has a folklore basis. The beginning resembles a fairy tale. Characteristic number 7 (for folklore). Here there is a mixing of the fabulous and the real. The most folklore part is the chapter dedicated to the peasant woman. A poem about a general crisis.
The compositional form that Nekrasov chooses is a form of travel. The figurative system of the poem is built on the principle of contrast: 1) Opposition - peasants and landowners; 2) peasants and slaves.
7 wanderers is a generalized image; they are not given a portrait description. Any person could be in their role. From the very beginning, the wanderers disagree with the degraded understanding of happiness. You can distinguish the dynamics of the topic of happiness, that is, their opinion changes. The prologue contains the search formula.
Chapter 1 - “Pop”. The story about the priest is structured in such a way that we learn about the life of not only this priest, but also the priestly class as a whole. We will learn about past and present life (before the abolition of serfdom and after). The attitude of the peasants to the priestly class is shown. It was always ridiculed. They were called "foal breed". The peasants make up jokey tales about priests about them. The priest and the priest's daughter are especially ridiculed. At the end of the story, the priest comes to the conclusion that he cannot be called happy. (Since the peasants are poor, you can’t take taxes from them). Happiness for him is wealth and satiety. “Our villages are poor / And in them the peasants are sick / And the women are sad / It’s hard to live with so much pennies!” Nekrasov not only contrasts the life of the upper classes with the life of the lower classes in the poem. He emphasizes that priests are also happy in their own way. They, like other classes, found themselves after the reform of 1861. in a state of crisis.
chapter - "Drunken night." The old woman who says that “the eldest son-in-law broke my rib / the middle son-in-law stole a ball / fifty dollars was wrapped in it / And the younger son-in-law keeps taking a knife / he’ll kill him, he’ll kill him.” She is happy that she is still alive. Satisfied with little happiness.
chapter - “Happy.” About the misfortune of unhappy people. Also diminished happiness. A dismissed sexton, a lame, eyeless soldier, returned home from the war. This chapter presents all ages, positions and states of unhappy peasant life. As a result, the peasants come to a conclusion about what peasant happiness is: “Hey, peasant happiness! / Full of holes with patches / Hunchback with calluses / Go home.
Chapter - “Landowner”. The entire class is represented by Obolt Obolduev. This is a landowner, a serf owner, a despot: “The law is my desire / The fist is my police!” The wanderers come to the conclusion that the landowner is not happy either. The abolition of serfdom did not bring happiness to either one or the other. Starting from this chapter, Nekrasov constantly emphasizes that the people are the only healthy force.
chapter - “Peasant Woman”. Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina. The story in this chapter is told from the perspective of the heroine. She is compared to Katerina from The Thunderstorm. 1 part of my life (before marriage) was happy: “I was lucky in the girls / We had a healthy, non-drinking family.” Part 2 (after marriage) unlucky: “I went straight to hell on my maiden holiday.” About her husband, son, about Demushka, how she became governor. Part of the chapter “Peasant Woman” is a story about Savely the Holy Russian hero. The theme of the heroism of the Russian people arises. Savely is proud of his freedom, the fact that he is branded, but not a slave. This brings us closer to the answer to who can live well in Rus'. Matryona is a persistent person who can withstand everything. At the end there is a conclusion about women’s happiness: “It’s not a matter between women / Looking for a happy one.”
Chapter "Good time, good songs." Part of this chapter is the part called “A Feast for the Whole World” - this part has a symbolic sound: 1) Meaning - a festive feast; 2) Spiritual awakening of the peasants. The role of the poet in establishing the people's happiness - “O sower, come.” The role of the poet is one of the sowers. This chapter conveys the idea that people will come to happiness through suffering. Nekrasov claims that people's happiness is happiness for everyone. Part – “Good times, good songs.” Grisha Dobrosklonov in one of the songs answers the question of what happiness is: “The share of the people/ Their happiness/ Light and freedom/ First of all.” The people themselves, under the leadership of the revolutionary-democratic intelligentsia, must achieve their happiness - revolution. The Russian people deserve happiness, which is possible provided they are politically conscious and organized.
38. Poetic innovation N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'."
The innovation of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was manifested in all components of the text, including in the verse of the poem, which combined folklore and literary traditions. The world of oral folk art is organically included in the artistic system of the poem. There is not a single folklore genre that would not be reflected in one way or another in Nekrasov’s poem (magical and everyday fairy tales, epics, songs, lamentations, proverbs, sayings, riddles). But the poet uses the richest folklore material not blindly, not mechanically; he subordinates it to his ideological and artistic task, sometimes rethinking certain of its motives and images.
The peculiarity of the poem is that even its plot is typical of epics, legends and fairy tales: a journey in search of happiness. The entire poem, as a whole, can be considered as a folk tale. In addition to introducing dialectisms and popular speech into the poem, it is necessary to note one of its important features: its multi-genre nature. The poem also contains fairy-tale elements: (a self-assembled tablecloth), songs, legends ("The Legend of Two Great Sinners", "The Peasant Sin"), riddles, jokes, etc. It is necessary to note another important feature of the poem - here Nekrasov is especially widely introduces folk speech, that is, the crudest prose. But this is Nekrasov’s most important achievement, this is what the poet has been striving for all his life: language and verse are synthesized, prose, combining with poetry, forms a new form.
This is the “epic of modern peasant life”, all social realities are traced back to the folklore epic beginning. Prologue - introduction - is typical for ancient and medieval literature. The fabulousness of the prologue - 7 peasants embark on a journey across Rus', motivated by the social need to understand post-reform Rus'.
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Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich is a Russian poet. His work contains deep sadness, philosophical reflections on the meaning of life and the purpose of man, and the most intimate love feelings and experiences. This edition includes poems. Sasha Silence Knight for an Hour Peddlers Frost, Red Nose Grandfather Russian women. Princess Trubetskoy Russian women. Princess M.N. Volkonskaya Who lives well in Rus'... Further
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“Dop Nunez de los Varrados was one of the most famous Spanish grandees. His race began almost with the first man who appeared in the world. If you could imagine his full-length family tree, you would see something extraordinary, something higher Chimborazo and Davalagiri; at least that’s what the old grandee himself thought and his entourage claimed..."... Further
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The book “Works” by the famous Russian writer and poet Nikolai Nekoasov includes three of his most famous works - “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Russian Women” and “Frost, Red Nose”, as well as a large cycle of poems. The book “Russian Women” is dedicated to the tragic the fate of the wives of the Decembrists, who followed their husbands to Siberian penal servitude. “Who Lives Well in Rus'” reveals the diversity of life in Rus' in the 1860s. The most consistent work of N. Nekrasov is “Frost, Red Nose.” This is a glorification of the image of a Russian peasant woman, in whom the author sees a disappearing type of “stately Slav woman”. The poem depicts only the bright sides of peasant nature and, thanks to the strict consistency of the style, there is nothing sentimental in it.... Further
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“It’s late in the evening, in winter, and there’s a fair bit of frost. Along the highway there is a young guy riding, a return driver; He’s not in a hurry, he’s a little cowardly...”
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“In a remote and remote corner of the vast Russian land, in a small county town, several decades before the beginning of our history, on the corner of a street that ended in a field, there stood a small crooked wooden house. It belonged to the city midwife Avdotya Petrovna R***. Avdotya Petrovna was a rare woman; In her position, she knew the family secrets of many people in the city: it seems that it is enough for the whole city to know them? But Avdotya Petrovna remained stubbornly silent. Many ladies left her precisely for this dignity, which they considered an important flaw...”... Further
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The book includes the most famous works of N.A. Nekrasova. The polyphony of the Russian people is the poem-novel “Who Lives Well in Rus',” which reveals a picture of the diversity of life in Russia during the key historical period – the 1860s. And poems that know by heart of generations of readers, which are not outdated even today, because the national Russian character is revealed too powerfully and clearly in them.... Further
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“Once at his father’s office, Sasha saw a portrait; The person depicted in the portrait was a young general. "Who is this? – asked Sasha. - Who?..” - This is your grandfather...” ... Next
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Here is a book from the “Classics at School” series, which contains all the works studied in elementary, middle school and high school. Don’t waste time searching for literary works, because these books contain everything you need to read for the school curriculum: and for readings in class, and for extracurricular assignments. Save your child from lengthy searches and unfinished lessons. The book includes poems and poems by N.A. Nekrasov, which are studied in elementary school and in grades 5-10.... Further
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In all his works, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov addresses the people. And the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is no exception. Nekrasov brought poetry closer to the people, he wrote about the people and for the people. The only judge for the poet is the people. He both glorifies and condemns him for that he is downtrodden, unenlightened, because he allows himself to be treated like a thing. Nekrasov wants the people to raise their heads, straighten their backs and live for themselves, so that no one can offend or reproach a simple peasant. Nekrasov chose not an individual person as the hero of his poem, but the entire people, the entire “peasant kingdom.” “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a folk poem that has never existed in Rus'. Nekrasov talks about the thousand-year suffering of the people, but at the same time we see how much spiritual beauty and greatness there is in his heroes, simple peasants.... Further
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“You again reproached me, That I became friends with my Muse, That I submitted to the worries of the current day And its amusements. For everyday calculations and enchantments I would not have parted with my Muse, But God knows whether that gift, That used to make me friends with her, has not gone out?..” ... Continue
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“I’m in the village again. I go hunting, I write my verses - life is easy. Yesterday, tired from walking through the swamp, I wandered into the barn and fell asleep deeply. I woke up: the rays of the cheerful sun were looking through the wide cracks of the barn...” ... More
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“In what year - calculate, In what land - guess, Seven men came together on a pillared path: Seven temporarily liable, from the Pulled up province, Terpigoreva County, Empty Volost, from adjacent villages: Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Razutova, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neyolova - Bad harvest, too, They came together and argued: Who lives happily, at ease in Rus'?..”... Further
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“It’s late in the evening, in winter, and there’s a fair bit of frost. Along the highway there is a young guy riding, a return coachman..."
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“Who Lives Well in Rus'” is Nekrasov’s final work, a folk epic, which includes the entire centuries-old experience of peasant life, all the information about the people collected by the poet “by word” for twenty years. ... Further
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The literary heritage of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is extensive and diverse in genres, and this relatively small book includes only a small part of it, but the most brilliant part is the lyrics. The inexhaustible power of Nekrasov the poet lies in the special trust of his artistic intonations: they are addressed to the hidden sides of human nature, oppressed by everyday life, tested to the limit by social conflicts... The problems are eternal, but Nekrasov’s word heals and strengthens.... Further
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“Four o'clock in the afternoon; The day is hot, but the air is clean and fragrant. The sun diligently heats the dark gray walls of a large, awkward house, standing far from other village huts. One thing can be said about its architecture: it was probably unfinished when it was covered with a roof. The windows, small and sparse, are tightly locked. The house also has a garden; but it does not protect him at all from the sun; Apart from lilac bushes and acacias, no trees are visible in it. However, it contains everything necessary for a village garden: a covered alley made of acacias, with a gazebo, several decrepit benches placed on poorly swept paths; to the side there are ridges with strawberries, and currant and raspberry bushes stretch along the fence...”... Further
The play “Autumn Boredom” is based on the early play of the same name by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, written in the 40s of the 19th century. A noble estate covered in snow, in which Lasukov and his servants, forced people, and living amusing toys are mortally bored. From Out of boredom, they dance, shoot guns, drink, swear, come up with strange activities, perform strange things to the best of their ability and ability, and act out as buffoons. The nearest neighbor is kilometers away from snow-covered off-road terrain, and all around is a boringly familiar picture. The heroes, unable to interrupt the torment of idleness and aimlessness, suddenly, out of boredom, begin to think about the most serious issues of life and death... Radio show. Recorded in 1953. Directors: Alexander Platonov, Alexey Gribov. From the author – Vladimir Muravyov; Lasukov, landowner - Alexey Gribov; Boy - Anna Komolova; Maxim, cook - Vladimir Popov; Anisya, housekeeper - Anastasia Georgievskaya; Tatiana, cowgirl - Valeria Dementieva; Egor, butler - Pyotr Kiryutkin; Dmitry, tailor - Anatoly Shishkov; Antip, coachman - Anatoly Ivashev-Soloviev.... Further
The play “The Petersburg Moneylender” is based on the vaudeville of the same name by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821 – 1877). The moneylender Loskutkov measures everything in the world with money. His daughter Liza falls in love with the handsome Nalimov Ivan Fedorovich. Nalimov asks the moneylender Loskutkov for his hand in marriage his daughter. Loskutov demands money from the groom. But Nalimov, in love, figured out how to teach the stingy old man a lesson... Radio show. Recorded in 1953 Potap Ivanovich Loskutkov, moneylender - Merkuryev Vasily; Lisa, his daughter – Olga Lebzak; Ivan Fedorovich Nalimov, in love with Lisa, he is an unknown gentleman, he is also the landowner Rostomakhov - Freundlich Bruno; Krasnokhvostov - Samoilov G.; Servant - Jobinov A.; Presenter: Sergey Karnovich-Valois. Musical ensemble directed by L. Peskova; Music – Peskov L.... Further
A famous poem by the classic of Russian literature N.A. Nekrasov, which teaches children kindness and respect for nature.
