When is a double consonant written? II

§ 058-069. DOUBLE CONSONANTS

Double consonants are written when a prefix and a root are combined, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: support, threshold, enter, wipe, pour, restore, lawless, counter-revolution.

Double consonants are written when combining the constituent parts of complex abbreviated words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Moscow Council, head physician.

Double n and double s are written when the root and suffix are combined, if the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or s:

With the suffix -n-, for example: long (length), ancient (old), stone (stone), domain (blast furnace), legal (law), temporary (time base-); with the suffix -sk-, for example: Kotlas (Kotlas), Arzamas (Arzamas), Russian (Rus), but: Tartu (Tartu), Hankow (Hankou); with the suffix -stv-: art (cf. skillful). The double c is also written in past tense verbs when the stems on -c are combined with the reflexive particle -sya, for example: escaped, rushed. Note. Double n is written in the numeral eleven. Section 61.

The double n is written in the suffixes -enn-, -onn- of adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, characteristic, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In the word windy and in derivatives from it, one n is written, but in prefixed formations -nn- is written (still, leeward). (Code 2000: Write the adjective windy with two n, respectively: windless, windy, leeward (but: chickenpox, chickenpox - with a different suffix), windiness, windmill, windmill, windy (predicative: today it's windy in the yard).) Adjectives with a suffix -yan- (-an-), formed from nouns, are written with one n, for example: hair, wood, clay, leather. Adjectives wooden, tin, glass are written with a double n. With one n, the suffix -in- is written in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, and also in the noun hotel. Section 62.

The double n is written in the passive participles of the past tense, for example: reports read at the solemn meeting; a fighter wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.

The double n is written in all adjectives formed from the passive participles of the past tense (or according to their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -ovanny, -evanny (except for chewed and forged), for example: the patient is prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of the chosen ones has come out Pushkin's works, sublime style, inscribed triangle, aged wine, trusted person, temperate climate, refined manners, abstract question, distracted student, worn dress, used books, tear-stained face, rusty key, risky step, spoiled child, uprooted plot.

But with one n one should not write adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (including complex ones, see § 80, paragraph 2), if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ovate, -evate, for example : scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, pickles, pickled apples, steamed potatoes, one-colored fabric. The words desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected and some others, defined in the dictionary order, are written with two n. (Collection 2000: Rejection of the orthographic distinction between participles and adjectives (not in -ovanny, -evanny), formed from imperfective verbs; for both, spellings with one n are accepted: fried potatoes and fried potatoes, short-haired hair and cropped hair, wagons laden with firewood and laden wagons.For formations from perfective verbs, single spellings with two nn are preserved (abandoned, finished, deprived, solved, etc.) The verbal aspect is determined by the presence / absence of a prefix: all formations from imperfective verbs are non-prefixed , while non-prefixed verbs of the perfect form represent a very small group... The new rule naturally includes the formations done (made indifference), counted (a few minutes) and homegrown, still written with nn, as well as finished (finished man), written with one n.) § 64.

Double n is written in adverbs in -o and in nouns with suffixes -ik, -its-, -ost, formed from adjectives, if the latter are written with two n, for example: accidentally, unheard of, excitedly, excitement (agitated); confident, confident (confident); upbringing, pupil, pupil (educated); protege (placed); prisoner (prisoner); birthday boy (birthday); sennik (hay); root (root); characteristic (proprietary).

If the adjective has one n, then the adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n, for example: confused, confused, confused (confused); learned, learning (scientist); hemp (hemp); silversmith (silversmith). Also, with one n, the words srebrenik (in the meaning of a coin) and unmercenary (disinterested person) are written. § 65.

Double n is written in plural. h. and in the feminine and neuter gender units. hours of short adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense, in the full form of which - double n, for example: groups are disciplined and organized; the girl is educated and smart; they are very scattered.

Short passive participles are written with one n, for example: broken, broken, broken, broken; the young man was brought up by the Komsomol; the girl is pampered by upbringing; we are limited by time; students are organized into groups. Section 66.

The double w is written in the words reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: you burn, burns, burnt, burning, burning.

If there is an alternation of zg - zzh, zd - zzh, you should write not double w, but zzh, for example: grumble (grouche), cerebellum (brain), arrive (arrival), later (old late, modern late), clutter (clutter up ), as well as to glimpse (cf. old brezg - “dawn”). Section 67.

More than two identical consonants in a row are not written, even though this was required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel (race + quarrel), Odessa (Odessa + Sky), Prussian (Prussian + Sky), five-ton (five-ton + ny).

The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, kurtosis, essence, but: poster, letter, official, etching, report.

In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group; program - program, software; kilowatt - kilowatt; Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool; Hun - Hun; score (unit of evaluation measure) - five-point; gall - Gaulish; libretto - librettist.

It came unexpectedly, silver streams ran along the loose paths. Winged wanderers have returned from distant lands, these feathered workers build their nests tirelessly.

The spring picture conveyed by this text makes us remember the rules for writing doubled consonants.

in loanwords

If the spelling of double consonants in a word cannot be checked in any way, then they are called double. These words are to be remembered. As required by this rule, we memorize the words with doubled consonants below.

1. Some Alla, Anna, Vassa, Inessa, Ella, Rimma, Cyril, Savva.

2. terrace, ton, effect, tennis, repression, program, column, correspondent, assembly, alley, ball, etc.

3. Some native Russian words: Russia, burns, buzzes, yeast, quarrel.

4. In all words that are cognate with the above.

Differences of words with different number of consonants

When there is one consonant in some words, and double consonants in others, the rules are as follows:

1. If it differs in the number of consonants, then these are most likely different words with different lexical meanings:

ton - a measure of weight, tone - the case form of the word tone - a shade of sound or color;
cash desk - a device for storing money, touch - connection at some point;
point - a unit of assessment, ball - an evening of relaxation with dancing.

Suggestion examples:

A ton of coal has already been loaded onto the ship.
Igor had never heard such a pure tone.
The box office is closed today.
The touch was weak.
I got a high score in the exam.
Natalia was invited to the ball.

2. There are cases when the number of identical letters does not affect the lexical meaning of words: Alla - Alka, crystal - crystal, art - skillful, correspondent - junkor, column - column, Finn - Finnish, ton - five tons.

No double consonants

If we take, for example, the word "aluminum", then it has one letter "l". Remember words that don't have double consonants. Word examples:

apartments;
balustrade;
gallery;
humanist, humanistic;
decibel;
dealer, dealer;
dilettante, dilettante;
drama, dramatic, dramatic;
imitation, imitate;
corridor, corridor;
midget;
producer, producer.

with double consonants

Usually words are carried by syllables: ma-shi-na. doubled consonants are:

Part of the word with one consonant remains on one line, and part of the word with the second consonant is transferred to another: column-na, ton-na, Al-la, Russia.
The transfer of words with doubled consonants should be carried out, if possible, in a place where there is no doubled consonant: art, terrace, correspondent.

Unfortunately, even adults are sometimes mistaken, well, or they don’t know how to properly transfer such words. So that embarrassment does not happen to you, let's discuss in which cases the transfer of words with double consonants is unacceptable. Examples:

all-her;
terrace;
art.

In addition, the rules for transferring double consonants prohibit transferring words with one vowel sound: class, score, burns.

At the junction of morphemes

When the end of a prefix and the beginning of a root, the end of a root and the beginning of a suffix, or the suffix are the same letter, doubled consonants appear. The rules dictate this:

permanent;
fearless;
selfless;
toothless;
lawless;
provoke;
open;
story;
get angry;
pick;
dissect;
dry up;
be pinched with cold;
vestibule;
give in;
pry;
thaw;
outflow;
beat;
enter,
up;
entrusted;
art;
Russian;
sailor;
Novocherkassk;
picture;
old;
true;
cardboard;
coaster;
windowsill;
supporter;
wanderer;
chosen one;
pickpocket;
raspberry;
aspen.

Doubled consonants appear when adding abbreviated stems:

head physician;
maternity hospital.

In adjective suffixes

In Russian, one of the most complex orthograms is one and two letters H in suffixes that are found in words of different parts of speech. Consider spelling -n- and -nn- in adjectives. A table will help us with this.

There are several exceptions to this rule: windy (windless), glass, tin, wood.

It is especially worth mentioning the words that are formed without a suffix:

pork;
mutton;
young;
scarlet;
blue;
green.

In participle suffixes

To apply the rule correctly, words with double consonant-participles must be distinguished from adjectives. They are formed from verbs:

proceed - well-groomed;
paint - painted;
write - written;
expel - exiled;
wish - desired;
buy - bought;
eradicate - eradicated;
elect - elected;
red-hot - red-hot;
fry - fried;
wake up - awakened;
delimit - delimited;
print - printed;
draw - drawn;
interrogate - interrogated;
seize - seized.

Spelling of double consonants. Rule for participles with one letter H

In short participles	All tasks completed.
In imperfect participles without dependent words and prefixes	The bench is painted.
Spelling double consonants with two letters H

There are prefixes	Arranged tables.
There are dependent words	A bench painted yesterday.

Words to remember: unseen, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, unread.

In adverb suffixes

In adverbs, the same amount is written H, how many in the generating word. This is the simplest rule. Words with double consonants with this spelling exist in Russian along with those that are written with one letter:

sincere - sincerely;
unintentional - inadvertently;
beautiful - beautiful;
interesting - interesting.

Test

Now that the topic "Double consonants" has been studied, the rules are familiar and understandable, you can check how high the level of assimilation of the educational material is.

A. Ball. B. Group. B. Class. G. Alley. D. Gallery.

A. You need to leave both letters on the line.

B. Both letters must be transferred to the next line.

A. Definitely need to check.

B. No, you need to remember.

A. Saturday. B. Telegram. B. Story. G. Hockey.

5. In what word are LJs written? Write it _____________________

bry ... chewing liquid;
zadrebe ... scarlet iron;
drive through the bridge;
annoying and ... burning;
ra ... reap a trap;
ra .. complain to mom;
ye...wife earth;
bred ... zhannaya horse;
see... a squeezing child.

beech a (l / ll) her, television (n / nn) ante (n / nn) a, dra (m / mm) atic co (l / ll) izia, friendly team (l / ll) ective, interesting pie (s/ss)a, capture(n/nn)te(r/rr)itoria, (s/ss)fight with friends, old dro(f/lj)i, show gu(m/mm)anism, krista (l / ll) honesty, file a (p / pp) e (l / ll) ation, a (l / ll) yuminium alloy, inventive claim (s / ss) art, a (k / kk) decompose urately, intelligently talk, go to the opera (t / tt) y, ma (s / ss) onskaya box, I’m fond of be (l / ll) etristy, a (n / pp) etitny pie, art (n / nn) th ha (l / ll) here.

Tasks in the GIA format

The snow has already melted.
The shores of ... are heated in the spring.
The sun mercilessly eats away the snow drifts.
Rays be… pitifully burn the yellowed fields.
Streams and .. dried up.
Travelers wandered along the road along ... holding each other.
Everyone sat down around the fire.

It is a pleasure to walk with a full bucket along a barely visible path to the hut.
He liked everything here and delighted him: how large drops splashed, falling from the leaves of trees, how peaceful ... about the fire crackled and the forest land smelled breathtakingly.
Grandmother collected herbs: St. John's wort, plantain, fern, and always told me about their healing mysteries ... properties.
His tanned face was furrowed...with deep wrinkles.
The owner spoke unusually ... oh tenderly, talking to the pigeons.
We approach the house and see that the gate is open: it is clapping from the wind, and the heck is torn off ... but.
The next day, the gate was more beautiful ... ah, its hinges are greased ... s.
In the square at the very entrance of the tree ... there is a bench.
Near the bench were new poles vkopa..y.
Waves lazily crawled onto the sand and slowly crawled away, leaving behind an edge of snow-white foam.
The dog stood and looked into the distance of the sea, numb, with a lowered ... tail.
Grandmother was sitting at the table, silent and slowly ... about chewing bread.
The dog was huge, with a big head and lion paws.
He was wearing faded, impossibly wide canvas pants.
Posters were pasted all over the city.
Everyone left, and only the sleek faces of the lackeys flickered in the corridors.
In the center of the room stood a table covered with a woven gold tablecloth.

3. Select the sentences in which the numbers are correctly indicated, in the place of which HH are omitted.

On the table there are (1) a lot of vases with flowers and a throw (2) and a bunch of branches, so that the dishes stand, as if in a sacrament (3) more often. (3)
At the end of the nineteenth century, the variable filling thermometer was invented. Behind such a wise (2) name was a device intended (3) for measuring temperature in a small interval. (thirteen)
On a hot day, I sat by a tree (1) pier and ate ice cream (2) with crushed (3) nuts. (one)
On the table are (1) s peaches, prepared (2) for compote, not yet cleaner .. s. (2)
The glazed (1) doors were loose (2), and their standing (3) ringing merged with the ringing of the chandelier. (thirteen)
At the end of the long (1) corridor there was a fence (2) and a closet that served as a guest (3). (one)

Answers

1. Which word is spelled wrong?

D. Gallery.

2. What is the answer to the question: “How to transfer a word?” will be true?

B. Leave one letter on the line, and transfer the other.

3. Answer: is it possible to check double consonants?

B. No, you need to remember.

4. In which word is not a double, but a doubled consonant?

B. Story.

5. In what word are LJs written? Write it: scorched.

6. One or two letters are missing in brackets:

Beech alley, television antenna, dramatic conflict, art gallery, friendly team, interesting play, occupied territory, quarrel with friends, old yeast, show humanism, crystal honesty, file an appeal, aluminum alloy, inventive art, neatly decompose, intelligently talk, go to the operetta, the Masonic lodge, I am fond of fiction, an appetizing pie.

Tasks in the GIA format

1. What sentences contain words that are written with double consonants?

The streams have dried up.
The travelers walked along the road, supporting each other.
Everyone sat around the fire.

2. Which sentences contain words with two letters H?

It is a pleasure to walk with a filled bucket along a barely visible path to the hut.
He liked everything here and delighted him: how large drops flopped, falling from the leaves of trees, how peacefully the fire crackled and the forest land breathtakingly smelled.
Grandmother collected herbs: St. John's wort, plantain, fern, and always told me about their healing mysterious properties.
The owner spoke with unusual tenderness when talking to the pigeons.
There is a wooden bench in the square near the entrance.
Waves lazily crawled onto the sand and slowly crawled away, leaving behind an edge of snow-white foam.
The dog stood and looked into the distance of the sea, numb, with its tail lowered.
Grandmother sat at the table, was silent and slowly chewed bread.

For the third task, the answers are given in the text itself, in brackets.

Double consonants at the junction of significant parts of the word

In three adjectives - wooden, pewter and glassy - the suffix -yann- stands out, which is written with a double n.

With one n, the adjective suffix -in (yy), for example: nightingale, chicken, mouse, living room (gostiny dvor); the same in nouns living room, hotel(but compare the adjective living room, see § 95).

Note. The spelling of the following adjectives is determined in dictionary order: with one n are written smart, wise; with twon -exhausted, exhausted, pompous, slow, desperate.

In nouns with the suffix -ennik, a double n is written, for example: traveler (from travel), predecessor
(to precede), relative (property), compatriot (fatherland), like-minded person (thought, to think), malefactor, accomplice (intention), drowned man (to drown himself), protege (set), number (number), noodles (noodles).

However, one n is written in the words student (from learn (sya), worker (work), martyr, unmercenary, silver(name of the coin), dumpling.

Note. For double consonants in borrowed (foreign) noun suffixes, see § 108.

Double n and one n in the suffixes of passive past participles and adjectives correlative with them

Full Forms

Note. Such adjectives are few; the vast majority of correlative adjectives with participles in -ny have no qualitative value; these are boiled, boiled, soaked, dried, chiseled etc.

Double n and one n in words formed from adjectives and participles

A hyphen (also called a dash) is a non-alphabetic spelling mark that is used in various functions. It is used in the rules for continuous, hyphenated and separated writing (see § 117-156), as a hyphen (see

1. Double well it is written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognate with them. Wed: to kindle (cart + burn) - you will kindle (cart + burn), also kindled.

Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation zg-zzh, zd-zzh spelled not double well, a zzh, for example: squeal (squeal), arrive (arrival). Wed: squeal, grumble, rattle, cerebellum, etc.

Note 2. In the words mesentery, mesentery, only one is written well.

2. Double With at the root is written in the words quarrel, loan and cognate with them.

3. Double consonants are written in complex abbreviated words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: head physician, public sector, council council, maternity hospital.

Note. In the first part of complex abbreviated words, which is a stem that ends in a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gramophone record, grouporg, cavalryman.

4. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before the suffix are preserved, for example: score - five-point, Gall - Gallic, Hun - Hun, compromise - compromise, group - group, diagram - diagram, program - program , telegram - telegram. The same - in proper names, for example: Canberra University, Cannes Film Festival, Lausanne Conference, Bonn government, Tallinn antiquities, etc.

Exceptions. In some words, in this case, one consonant is written, for example: crystal - crystal, Finn - Finnish, column - column, ton - five-tone, Finn - Finnish (usually double n is contracted into one n before the suffix -to-a), operetta - operetta; in the names of persons with the suffix -To, for example: Alla - Alka, Anna - Anka, Cyril - Kirilka, Rimma - Rimka, Savva - Savka, Philip - Filipka, Emma - Emka.

5. Double consonants are written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: selfless - heartlessness, appeal - rebellion, fake, provoke - a story, a conversationalist; the same applies to prefixes of foreign origin, for example: dissimilation, counter-revolutionary, trans-Siberian.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words like go (prefix on-) and succumb (prefix under-). Wed: The door gave way under the blows (ceased to remain in its original position). - The door succumbed to the blows of the crowbar (did not hold back the pressure, pressure).

6. The spelling of double consonants in words of foreign origin is determined by the spelling dictionary, for example: abbreviation, abscissa, acclimatization, accommodation, letter of credit, accessory, allergy, alliteration, ammonia, ammonite, appeal, appendicitis, application, appretura, approximation, assessor, assembler, atoll, attentat, attic, attraction, babbitt, ballast, ballon, ballot, barrel, fiction, bisector, boss, buffon, vendetta, gibbon, hippopotamus, gum arabic, gutta-percha, depressant, jobber, dilemma, distill, differential, idyll, illumination, indifferent, irrational, irrigation, calligraphy, cassation, terminal, collegiate, colossus, coral, corrosion, corruption, coefficient, crystal, mantissa, monsoon, opposition, parallelepiped, parallelogram, trade wind, platform, pessimism, spring, summit, setter, settlement, syllabic, symmetry, spaghetti, shelving, streptococcus, tennis, terrace, waste heap, territory, trolleybus, hippie, chlorophyll, hobby, cellulose, cir roses, cheddar, chassis, chinchilla, kurtosis, ellipse, essence.

Note 1. With one consonant, the words are written: unit, aluminum, attribute, bachelor, balustrade, barcarolle, broker, vernissage, volleyball, gallery, landing, dessert, decibel, dealer, amateur, impresario, caricature, qatar, corridor, midget, level, office, pilgrim, politeness, privilege, producer, pudding, resource, wolverine, Russianism, pavement, unison, etc.

Note 2. In suffix -ess-a spelled two With(poetess, stewardess, clowness), in the suffix -is-a one is written With(abbess, actress, headmistress).

In suffix -etta spelled two T, for example: arietta, operetta, symphonietta.

The word generalissimo spells two With.

double consonants at the root are most often found in borrowed words, their presence is determined by the spelling dictionary:

Abbey, abbreviation, Abyssinians, aggression, acclimatize, accommodation, accompaniment, chord, accordion, letter of credit, accumulator, neat, allah, allegory, allegro, allergy, all eya, alligator, all iluya, all opat, all yur, amm iak, amm onal, amm ony, ann aly, ann exia, ann ibalova (oath), ann otation, ann ulirovat, app arat, appeal, app endicit, application, artillery, assembly, assessor, vacuum cleaner, assignation, assimilate, assistant, assonance, ass orty, association, atoll, attach asche, attachment estat, attraction, affect.

Bak ara, ball, ball of hell, ballast, ballistics, ballon, ballot, baroque, barrage, barricade, pool, bella adonna, bell aetristics, billion, biss ektrisa, gross o, buddhism , buff onada, bull eten.

In ann a, vass al.

Gallicism, galls, gall ucination, gamma a, hippopotamus, gram, grammatica, influenza, gross, grand meister, groups a.

Dilemma, distill, defamation, differential, diffusion, train.

Idillia, illusion, illuminator, illustration, indifferent, intellect, intellectual, intermezzo, hippodrome, irrigation.

Calligraphy, cassation, cassette, cashier, caisson, terminal a, collaborator, collegium, collective, collector, collection, colloid, colloquium, column, hell column, colossus, commerce , commuting voyager, commuting unique, commutator, communiqué, compressor, congress, concession, coral, corrective, correct, correlate, corrida, corrosion, corruption, coefficient, crystal.

Massage, mass, mission, exaggerate, mousse.

Narcissus, netto, nipple, short story, nullify.

O kk upation, opp position, opp onate, opp ortunism, otto omanka.

Parallel elepiped, passage, passive, platform, pessimism, press.

R essora, roll.

Satellite, setter, syllabic, syllogism, symmetry, ssora, ssud, streptococcus, shelving, sum a, surrogate.

Tennis, terrace, terr icons, terror, territory, troll heibus, tripper er.

X lorophyll.

C ell yulose.

Excess, ell ips, essence.

with one consonant words are written:

Acoustics, alogism, aluminum, ammunition, apatite, apathy, a priori, balustrade, barcarolle, blooming, veto, variety show, gallery, haberdashery, hypertension, humanism, landing, decibel, imitation, impresario, cavalry, calorie, caricature, clinic, Colosseum, corridor, midget, morocco, freemason, mulatto, level, panorama, pilgrim, politeness, privilege, producer, race (racial, racist, racist), rococo, wolverine, Russianism, tome, elite.

It is not recommended to determine the double consonant in a borrowed word by comparing it with the word of the original language, since during the assimilation of foreign vocabulary, the second consonant in Russian may be lost:

Aggregate (lat. agg regatus), address (fr. adress e), apartments (fr. app artement), approbation (lat. app robatio), at aka (lat. att aque), attribute (lat. att ributum), scam (fr. aff aire), af isha (fr. aff iche), business (eng. business) - therefore business men, but: congress men, cross men; buffer (eng. buffer), vernis already (fr. vemiss age), vignette ka (fr. vignett e), vol eyball (eng. voll eyball), biscuit a (fr. galett e), dessert (fr. dess ert), canonada (French cann onade), officer (German Off izier), pudding (English pudd ing), resources (French ress ourees), trot war (French trott oir).