Komsomolskaya Square is another name. Three Station Square

Komsomolskaya Square (until 1933 Kalanchevskaya Square) is a square in Moscow, on which three stations are located at once: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky. Also popularly called the Square of Three Stations.

Name history
According to the most common opinion, the original name of the square - "Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "tower" (see below). Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 in honor of the Komsomol members - the builders of the subway (the first stage of the first line of the Moscow metro passed under the square) as a gift for the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol.

In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of the Three Stations" or simply "Three Stations". In 2003, some newspapers published a message about renaming the square to "Three Station Square". In reality, however, there was no such renaming, the square retains the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

In the 17th century, on the site of the current square, there were meadows and swamps, known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the south side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp through which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the current Yaroslavsky railway station and Upper Krasnoselskaya street, the field was limited by a large pond created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as the Great, and later - as the Red.

It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares). To the south, the Chechera River flowed from the pond, over which a wooden bridge was thrown. The Stromynskaya road passed along the bridge (to the village of Stromyn and further to Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya Square, Krasnoprudnaya Street and further on Stromynka Street.

On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Alexei Mikhailovich built himself a traveling palace, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Red Village, which eventually became a large craft settlement.

In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood on the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western shore of the pond - from the side of the Nikolaevsky (Leningrad) and Yaroslavsky stations (on the land of the coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya Sloboda), the New Field Artillery Yard was built - a factory and a warehouse for cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range.

It consisted of a number of wooden buildings spread over an area of ​​20 hectares. and surrounded by stone walls. Due to this, the field remained undeveloped.

Krasnoye Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the envoys of False Dmitry I Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev appeared there, and their appearance was the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays on the Red Pond with cannon fire and fireworks: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. E. Zabelin in the article “Antiquities of Moscow and their research” (1867) believes that (contrary to the current popular belief) it was from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - “towers” , copies of the Azov ones, which were demonstratively stormed by Russian soldiers.

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect A.K. Ton built a railway station (since 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky).

To the west of the station is a large (at that time) building, in which in the 60s. Customs was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of which is the current Lesnoryadsky lane).

In 1862, a small Yaroslavl station was built between the Nikolaevsky railway station and the Red Pond, in 1907 it was replaced by a modern one, in the Art Nouveau style with elements of ancient Russian architecture (architect F. O. Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station began on the site of the forest rows: in 1860 the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building of the Ryazan (Kazan) station itself was built in 1862-64. In 1911-1926 this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the XIX century. the river Chechora was enclosed in a pipe, and on the site of a wooden bridge, Krasnoprudnaya Street passed through it and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In 1933-34. the metro was laid openly on the square. In 1933, Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed Komsomolskaya Square. Between the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations, the pavilion of the Komsomolskaya station was built, replaced in 1952 by a new one, common to the Komsomolskaya and the newly built Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya.

) - an area in Moscow, on which three railway stations are located at once: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky. Also popularly called the square of the three stations.

According to the most common opinion, the original name of the square - " Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "tower" (see below). Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 in honor of the Komsomol members - the builders of the subway (the first stage of the first line of the Moscow metro passed under the square) as a gift for the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol. In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of the Three Stations" or simply "Three Stations". In 2003, some newspapers published a message about renaming the square to " Square of the Three Stations". In reality, however, there was no such renaming, the square retains the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

In the 17th century, on the site of the current square, there were meadows and swamps, known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the south side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp along which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the current Yaroslavsky railway station and Upper Krasnoselskaya street, the field was limited by a large pond created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as the Great, and later - as the Red. It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares). To the south, the Chechera River flowed from the pond, over which a wooden bridge was thrown. The Stromynskaya road passed along the bridge (to the village of Stromyn and further to Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya Square, Krasnoprudnaya Street and further on Stromynka Street. On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Alexei Mikhailovich built himself a traveling palace, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Red Village, which eventually became a large craft settlement. In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood on the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western shore of the pond - from the side of the Nikolaevsky (Leningrad) and Yaroslavsky stations (on the land of the coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya Sloboda), the New Field Artillery Yard was built - a factory and a warehouse for cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range. It consisted of a number of wooden buildings spread over an area of ​​20 hectares. and surrounded by stone walls. Due to this, the field remained undeveloped.

Krasnoye Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the envoys of False Dmitry I Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev appeared there, and their appearance was the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays on the Red Pond with cannon fire and fireworks: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. E. Zabelin in the article “Antiquities of Moscow and their research” (1867) believes that (contrary to the current popular belief) it was from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - “towers” , copies of the Azov ones, which were demonstratively stormed by Russian soldiers.

Under Catherine II, this territory administratively became part of Moscow.

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect A.K. Ton built a railway station (since 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky). To the west of the station is a large (at that time) building, in which in the 60s. Customs was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of which is the current Lesnoryadsky lane). In 1862, a small Yaroslavsky railway station was built between the Nikolaevsky railway station and the Red Pond, in 1907 it was replaced by a modern one, in the Art Nouveau style with elements of ancient Russian architecture (architect F. O. Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station began on the site of the forest rows: in 1860 the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building of the Ryazan (Kazan) station itself was built in 1862-64. In 1911-1926 this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the XIX century. the river Chechora was enclosed in a pipe, and on the site of a wooden bridge, Krasnoprudnaya Street passed through it and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In December 1905, combatants, mainly from railway workers, occupied the Yaroslavsky and Kazansky stations, but could not occupy Nikolaevsky, since. due to its key strategic importance, it was defended by a strong government unit with guns and machine guns. Having barricaded the approaches to the square from the side of the Red Gate and Krasnoprudnaya Street, in order to isolate the garrison of the station, the combatants attacked the government troops at the station for five days. On December 15, the Guards Semenovsky Regiment arrived at the station from St. Petersburg, after which the position of the combatants became hopeless; some of them retreated to Presnya, some were taken out from

Komsomolskaya Square (until 1933 Kalanchevskaya Square) is a square in Moscow, on which three stations are located at once: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky. Also popularly called the Square of Three Stations.

Name history
According to the most common opinion, the original name of the square - "Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "tower" (see below). Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 in honor of the Komsomol members - the builders of the subway (the first stage of the first line of the Moscow metro passed under the square) as a gift for the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol.

In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of the Three Stations" or simply "Three Stations". In 2003, some newspapers published a message about renaming the square to "Three Station Square". In reality, however, there was no such renaming, the square retains the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

In the 17th century, on the site of the current square, there were meadows and swamps, known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the south side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp through which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the current Yaroslavsky railway station and Upper Krasnoselskaya street, the field was limited by a large pond created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as the Great, and later - as the Red.

It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares). To the south, the Chechera River flowed from the pond, over which a wooden bridge was thrown. The Stromynskaya road passed along the bridge (to the village of Stromyn and further to Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya Square, Krasnoprudnaya Street and further on Stromynka Street.

On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Alexei Mikhailovich built himself a traveling palace, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Red Village, which eventually became a large craft settlement.

In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood on the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western shore of the pond - from the side of the Nikolaevsky (Leningrad) and Yaroslavsky stations (on the land of the coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya Sloboda), the New Field Artillery Yard was built - a factory and a warehouse for cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range.

It consisted of a number of wooden buildings spread over an area of ​​20 hectares. and surrounded by stone walls. Due to this, the field remained undeveloped.

Krasnoye Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the envoys of False Dmitry I Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev appeared there, and their appearance was the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays on the Red Pond with cannon fire and fireworks: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. E. Zabelin in the article “Antiquities of Moscow and their research” (1867) believes that (contrary to the current popular belief) it was from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - “towers” , copies of the Azov ones, which were demonstratively stormed by Russian soldiers.

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect A.K. Ton built a railway station (since 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky).

To the west of the station is a large (at that time) building, in which in the 60s. Customs was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of which is the current Lesnoryadsky lane).

In 1862, a small Yaroslavl station was built between the Nikolaevsky railway station and the Red Pond, in 1907 it was replaced by a modern one, in the Art Nouveau style with elements of ancient Russian architecture (architect F. O. Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station began on the site of the forest rows: in 1860 the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building of the Ryazan (Kazan) station itself was built in 1862-64. In 1911-1926 this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the XIX century. the river Chechora was enclosed in a pipe, and on the site of a wooden bridge, Krasnoprudnaya Street passed through it and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In 1933-34. the metro was laid openly on the square. In 1933, Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed Komsomolskaya Square. Between the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations, the pavilion of the Komsomolskaya station was built, replaced in 1952 by a new one, common to the Komsomolskaya and the newly built Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya.

Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow)

Komsomolskaya Square(until 1933 - Kalanchevskaya Square) - a square in Moscow, on which three railway stations are located at once: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky. Unofficially called the "Square of the Three Stations". At the same time, there is also the Kalanchevskaya railway platform, which for some time was the Imperial Station and is now planned for reconstruction into the Aeroexpress Station, and there is also a Government Station (also known as Brezhnevsky) nearby.

Name history

According to the most common opinion, the original name of the square - "Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "tower". Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 in honor of the Komsomol members - the builders of the metro (the first stage of the first line of the Moscow metro passed under the square) as a gift for the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol. In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of the Three Stations" or simply "Three Stations". In 2003, some newspapers published a message about renaming the square to "Three Station Square". In reality, however, there was no such renaming, the square retained the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

History of the square

Kalanchevskoe field in the XVII-XVIII centuries

In the 17th century, on the site of the current square, there were meadows and swamps, known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the south side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp through which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the current Yaroslavsky railway station and Verkhnyaya Krasnoselskaya street, the field was limited by a large pond created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as the Great, and later - as the Red. It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares).

To the south, the Chechera river flowed out of the pond, over which a wooden bridge was thrown. The Stromynskaya road passed along the bridge (to the village of Stromyn and further to Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya Square, Krasnoprudnaya Street and further on Stromynka Street. On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Alexei Mikhailovich built himself a traveling palace, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Red Village, which eventually became a large craft settlement.

In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood on the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western bank of the pond - from the side of the Nikolaev (Leningrad) and Yaroslavsky stations (on the land of the coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya settlement), a New field artillery yard was built - a factory and a warehouse for cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range. It consisted of a number of wooden buildings, spread over an area of ​​20 hectares and surrounded by a stone wall. Due to this, the field remained undeveloped.

Krasnoye Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the envoys of False Dmitry I Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev appeared there, and their appearance became the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays on the Red Pond with cannon fire and fireworks: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. E. Zabelin in the article “Antiquities of Moscow and their research” (1867) believes that (contrary to the current popular belief) it was from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - “towers” , copies of the Azov ones, which were demonstratively stormed by Russian soldiers.

Under Catherine II, this territory administratively became part of Moscow.

Kalanchevskaya Square in the 19th - early 20th century

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect K. A. Ton built a railway station (since 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky). To the west of the station is a large (at that time) building, in which in the 1860s. Customs was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of which is the current Lesnoryadsky lane). In 1862, a small Yaroslavsky railway station was built between the Nikolaevsky railway station and the Red Pond, in 1907 it was replaced by a modern one, in the Art Nouveau style with elements of ancient Russian architecture (architect F. O. Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station began on the site of the forest rows: in 1860 the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building of the Ryazan (Kazan) station itself was built in 1862-1864. In 1911-1926, this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the XIX century. The Chechora River was enclosed in a pipe, and in place of a wooden bridge, Krasnoprudnaya Street passed through it and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In December 1905, combatants, mainly from railway workers, occupied the Yaroslavsky and Kazansky stations, but could not take Nikolaevsky, because, due to its key strategic importance, it was defended by a strong government unit with guns and machine guns. Having barricaded the approaches to the square from the side of Krasnye Vorota and Krasnoprudnaya Street in order to isolate the garrison of the station, the combatants attacked the government troops at the station for five days. On December 15, the Guards Semenovsky Regiment arrived at the station from St. Petersburg, after which the position of the combatants became hopeless; some of them retreated to Presnya, some were taken from the Kazan station by the machinist A. V. Ukhtomsky, who was soon shot by a punitive expedition at the Lyubertsy station.

In October 1917, the stations were in the hands of the Red Guards, thanks to which reinforcements from Petrograd managed to arrive in Moscow.

Central Customs Administration

Leningrad Station

The lobby of the Komsomolskaya metro station

The metro lobby is located between Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations.

It is a large two - storey building of a cross shape with two six - columned porticos from Komsomolskaya Square and with access to the platforms of Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky railway stations from the opposite side . Since November, the entrance through the front doors of the pavilion has been closed and is carried out through an underground passage under Komsomolskaya Square. The inner vault of the vestibule protrudes outside with a large gray dome. This dome is crowned with a high spire with a five-pointed star. The star depicts a hammer and sickle.

Yaroslavsky railway station

Kazan Station

The Kazan railway station is a complex composition with elements of pseudo-Russian style and Art Nouveau, in which symmetry is deliberately broken and in which different-sized masses of architectural volumes are connected to each other. The architect, wishing to harmonize the building with the two already built ones and at the same time give it individuality, presented buildings elongated in a line with rooms of various functions in the form of volumes of different heights, widths and rhythms with pointed roofs, a clock tower and a high corner tiered tower above the base in the form of an arched passage.

Central House of Culture of Railway Workers

Built in 1925-1926 according to the project of architect A. V. Shchusev, with the participation of engineer G. G. Carlsen. Originally named October Revolution Club

Department store "Moskovsky"

Built in 1979-1983 by architects A. Rochegov, O. Gridasov, E. Eliseev, E. Kosinov.

Square on Komsomolskaya Square

Hotel Leningradskaya

Transport

Bus routes No. A, 40, 122.

Tram routes No. 7, 13, 37, 50.

Trolleybus routes No. 14, 22, 41, 88.

Through the square, under the pedestrian part, along the Yaroslavsky and Leningradsky stations, at a depth of about 1.5 m, a cable line with a voltage of 220 kV passes, connecting two power substations - "Elokhovskaya" and "Butyrki".

Gallery

Kalanchevka-1900s.jpg

Kalanchevskaya Square around 1910

Kalanchevka-1910s.jpg

Kalanchevskaya Square in the 1910s

Kalanchevka-1920s.jpg

Kalanchevskaya Square in the 1920s

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Kazansky railway station in the 1920s

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Notes

2. , with. 375.
3. , with. 268.
4. , with. 315.
5. , with. 269.
6. , with. 98.
7. Vaskin A. A., Nazarenko Yu. I. Chemodan-Vokzal-Moscow: What we do not know about nine Moscow railway stations. M., 2010. S. 101.
8. Architecture of Moscow 1910-1935 / Komech A. I., Bronovitskaya A. Yu., Bronovitskaya N. N. - M .: Art - XXI century, 2012. - P. 280-284. - 356 p. - (Architectural monuments of Moscow). - 2500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-98051-101-2.
9. Heydor T., Kazus I. Styles of Moscow architecture. - M .: Art-XXI century, 2014. - S. 477. - 616 p. - ISBN 978-5-98051-113-5.
10. , with. 52.
11. , with. 148-149.

Literature

Main highways: Squares: The streets inside Boulevard Ring: from Bulvarny to Sadovoye: from Garden to Third transport: for the third transport:

Central District Northern District Northeastern District Eastern District Southeastern District Southern District Southwestern District Western District , , , An excerpt characterizing Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow) - He went to Peter .... However, I don’t know,” said Pierre. “Well, it doesn’t matter,” said Prince Andrei. - Tell Countess Rostova that she was and is completely free, and that I wish her all the best. Pierre picked up a bundle of papers. Prince Andrei, as if remembering whether he needed to say something else or waiting for Pierre to say something, looked at him with a fixed look. “Listen, you remember our dispute in Petersburg,” said Pierre, remember about ... “I remember,” Prince Andrei hastily answered, “I said that a fallen woman must be forgiven, but I did not say that I could forgive. I can not. - How can you compare it? ... - said Pierre. Prince Andrew interrupted him. He shouted sharply: “Yes, to ask for her hand again, to be generous, and the like? ... Yes, it is very noble, but I am not able to follow sur les brisees de monsieur [follow in the footsteps of this gentleman]. “If you want to be my friend, don’t ever talk to me about this… about all this. Well, goodbye. So you pass... Pierre went out and went to the old prince and princess Marya. The old man seemed livelier than usual. Princess Mary was the same as always, but out of sympathy for her brother, Pierre saw in her joy that her brother's wedding was upset. Looking at them, Pierre realized what contempt and anger they all had against the Rostovs, realized that it was impossible for them to even mention the name of the one who could exchange Prince Andrei for anyone. At dinner, the conversation turned to the war, the approach of which was already becoming obvious. Prince Andrei spoke incessantly and argued now with his father, now with Desalles, the Swiss educator, and seemed more animated than usual, with that animation that Pierre knew so well the moral reason. On the same evening, Pierre went to the Rostovs to fulfill his assignment. Natasha was in bed, the count was in the club, and Pierre, after handing over the letters to Sonya, went to Marya Dmitrievna, who was interested in finding out how Prince Andrei received the news. Ten minutes later Sonya came in to Marya Dmitrievna. “Natasha certainly wants to see Count Pyotr Kirillovich,” she said. - Yes, how can I bring him to her? It’s not tidied up there,” said Marya Dmitrievna. “No, she got dressed and went out into the living room,” said Sonya. Marya Dmitrievna only shrugged her shoulders. - When this Countess arrives, she completely exhausted me. Look, don’t tell her everything, ”she turned to Pierre. - And scolding her spirit is not enough, so pitiful, so pitiful! Natasha, emaciated, with a pale and stern face (not at all ashamed as Pierre expected her), stood in the middle of the living room. When Pierre appeared at the door, she hurried, obviously undecided whether to approach him or wait for him. Pierre hastily approached her. He thought that she, as always, would give him a hand; but, coming close to him, she stopped, breathing heavily and dropping her hands lifelessly, in exactly the same position in which she went out into the middle of the hall to sing, but with a completely different expression. “Pyotr Kirilych,” she began to say quickly, “Prince Bolkonsky was your friend, he is your friend,” she corrected herself (it seemed to her that everything had just happened, and that now everything is different). - He told me then to turn to you ... Pierre sniffed silently, looking at her. He still reproached her in his soul and tried to despise her; but now he felt so sorry for her that there was no room for reproach in his soul. "He's here now, tell him... to just... forgive me." She stopped and began to breathe even faster, but did not cry. “Yes ... I will tell him,” Pierre said, but ... “He did not know what to say. Natasha was apparently frightened by the thought that could come to Pierre. "No, I know it's over," she said hastily. No, it can never be. I am tormented only by the evil that I did to him. Just tell him that I ask him to forgive, forgive, forgive me for everything ... - She shook all over and sat down on a chair. A never-before-experienced feeling of pity overwhelmed Pierre's soul. “I will tell him, I will tell him again,” said Pierre; - but ... I would like to know one thing ... "What to know?" asked Natasha's gaze. - I would like to know if you loved ... - Pierre did not know what to call Anatole and blushed at the thought of him - did you love this bad man? “Don’t call him bad,” said Natasha. “But I don’t know anything…” She began to cry again. And an even greater feeling of pity, tenderness and love swept over Pierre. He heard tears flowing under his glasses and hoped that they would not be noticed. “Let's not talk anymore, my friend,” said Pierre. So strange suddenly for Natasha this meek, gentle, sincere voice seemed. - Let's not talk, my friend, I'll tell him everything; but I ask you one thing - consider me your friend, and if you need help, advice, you just need to pour out your soul to someone - not now, but when it will be clear in your soul - remember me. He took and kissed her hand. “I will be happy if I am able to ...” Pierre was embarrassed. Don't talk to me like that, I'm not worth it! Natasha screamed and wanted to leave the room, but Pierre held her by the hand. He knew he needed something else to tell her. But when he said this, he was surprised at his own words. “Stop, stop, your whole life is ahead of you,” he told her. - For me? No! Everything is gone for me,” she said with shame and self-abasement. - Everything is lost? he repeated. - If I were not me, but the most beautiful, smartest and best person in the world, and would be free, I would this minute on my knees ask for your hand and love. Natasha, for the first time after many days, wept with tears of gratitude and tenderness, and looking at Pierre left the room. Pierre, too, after her, almost ran out into the anteroom, holding back the tears of emotion and happiness that were crushing his throat, put on a fur coat without falling into the sleeves and got into the sleigh. “Now where are you going?” asked the coachman. "Where? Pierre asked himself. Where can you go now? Really in a club or guests? All people seemed so pathetic, so poor in comparison with the feeling of tenderness and love that he experienced; in comparison with that softened, grateful look with which she last looked at him through tears. “Home,” said Pierre, despite ten degrees of frost, opening a bearskin coat on his wide, joyfully breathing chest. It was cold and clear. Above the dirty, half-dark streets, above the black roofs stood a dark, starry sky. Pierre, only looking at the sky, did not feel the insulting baseness of everything earthly in comparison with the height at which his soul was. At the entrance to the Arbat Square, a huge expanse of starry dark sky opened up to Pierre's eyes. Almost in the middle of this sky above Prechistensky Boulevard, surrounded, sprinkled on all sides with stars, but differing from all in proximity to the earth, white light, and a long tail raised up, stood a huge bright comet of 1812, the same comet that foreshadowed as they said, all sorts of horrors and the end of the world. But in Pierre, this bright star with a long radiant tail did not arouse any terrible feeling. Opposite, Pierre joyfully, with eyes wet with tears, looked at this bright star, which, as if, having flown immeasurable spaces along a parabolic line with inexpressible speed, suddenly, like an arrow piercing the ground, slammed here into one place it had chosen, in the black sky, and stopped, vigorously lifting her tail up, shining and playing with her white light among countless other twinkling stars. It seemed to Pierre that this star fully corresponded to what was in his blossoming towards a new life, softened and encouraged soul. From the end of 1811, increased armament and concentration of forces in Western Europe began, and in 1812 these forces - millions of people (including those who transported and fed the army) moved from West to East, to the borders of Russia, to which in exactly the same way since 1811 th year, the forces of Russia were drawn together. On June 12, the forces of Western Europe crossed the borders of Russia, and the war began, that is, an event contrary to human reason and all human nature took place. Millions of people have committed against each other such countless atrocities, deceptions, treason, theft, forgery and issuance of false banknotes, robberies, arson and murders, which for centuries will not be collected by the chronicle of all the courts of the world and which, in this period of time, people those who committed them were not looked upon as crimes. What produced this extraordinary event? What were the reasons for it? Historians say with naive certainty that the causes of this event were the insult inflicted on the Duke of Oldenburg, non-compliance with the continental system, Napoleon's lust for power, Alexander's firmness, diplomats' mistakes, etc. Therefore, it was only necessary for Metternich, Rumyantsev or Talleyrand, between the exit and the reception, to try hard and write a more ingenious piece of paper or write to Alexander to Napoleon: Monsieur mon frere, je consens a rendre le duche au duc d "Oldenbourg, [My lord brother, I agree return the duchy to the Duke of Oldenburg.] - and there would be no war. It is clear that such was the case for contemporaries. It is clear that it seemed to Napoleon that the intrigues of England were the cause of the war (as he said this on the island of St. Helena); it is understandable that it seemed to the members of the English Chamber that Napoleon's lust for power was the cause of the war; that it seemed to the Prince of Oldenburg that the cause of the war was the violence committed against him; that it seemed to the merchants that the cause of the war was the continental system, which was ruining Europe, that it seemed to the old soldiers and generals that the main reason was the need to put them to work; to the legitimists of the time that it was necessary to restore les bons principes [good principles], and to the diplomats of the time that everything happened because the alliance of Russia with Austria in 1809 was not cleverly hidden from Napoleon and that a memorandum was awkwardly written for No. 178. It is clear that these and countless, infinite number of reasons, the number of which depends on the countless difference of points of view, seemed to contemporaries; but for us, the descendants, who contemplate in all its volume the enormity of the event that has taken place and delve into its simple and terrible meaning, these reasons seem insufficient. It is incomprehensible to us that millions of Christians killed and tortured each other, because Napoleon was power-hungry, Alexander was firm, the policy of England was cunning and the Duke of Oldenburg was offended. It is impossible to understand what connection these circumstances have with the very fact of murder and violence; why, due to the fact that the duke was offended, thousands of people from the other side of Europe killed and ruined the people of Smolensk and Moscow provinces and were killed by them. For us, descendants, who are not historians, who are not carried away by the process of research and therefore contemplate the event with unobscured common sense, its causes appear in innumerable numbers. The more we delve into the search for causes, the more they are revealed to us, and any single reason or a whole series of reasons seems to us equally just in itself, and equally false in its insignificance in comparison with the enormity of the event, and equally false in its invalidity ( without the participation of all other coincident causes) to produce an accomplished event. The same reason as Napoleon's refusal to withdraw his troops beyond the Vistula and give back the Duchy of Oldenburg seems to us the desire or unwillingness of the first French corporal to enter the secondary service: for if he did not want to go to the service and would not want another, and the third , and a thousandth corporal and soldier, so much less people would be in Napoleon's army, and there could be no war. If Napoleon had not been offended by the demand to retreat beyond the Vistula and had not ordered the troops to advance, there would have been no war; but if all the sergeants did not wish to enter the secondary service, there could also be no war. There could also be no war if there were no intrigues of England, and there would be no Prince of Oldenburg and a feeling of insult in Alexander, and there would be no autocratic power in Russia, and there would be no French revolution and the subsequent dictatorship and empire, and all that that produced the French Revolution, and so on. Without one of these reasons, nothing could have happened. Therefore, all these causes - billions of reasons - coincided in order to produce what was. And therefore, nothing was the exclusive cause of the event, and the event had to happen only because it had to happen. Millions of people, having renounced their human feelings and their minds, had to go to the East from the West and kill their own kind, just as several centuries ago crowds of people went from East to West, killing their own kind. The actions of Napoleon and Alexander, on whose word it seemed that the event took place or not took place, were as little arbitrary as the action of every soldier who went on a campaign by lot or by recruitment. It could not be otherwise, because in order for the will of Napoleon and Alexander (those people on whom the event seemed to depend) to be fulfilled, the coincidence of innumerable circumstances was necessary, without one of which the event could not have taken place. It was necessary that millions of people in whose hands was real power, soldiers who fired, carried provisions and guns, it was necessary that they agreed to fulfill this will of individual and weak people and were led to this by countless complex, diverse reasons. Fatalism in history is inevitable for explaining unreasonable phenomena (that is, those whose rationality we do not understand). The more we try to rationally explain these phenomena in history, the more unreasonable and incomprehensible they become for us. Each person lives for himself, enjoys freedom to achieve his personal goals and feels with his whole being that he can now do or not do such and such an action; but as soon as he does it, so this action, committed at a certain moment in time, becomes irrevocable and becomes the property of history, in which it has not a free, but a predetermined significance.

Name history

According to the most common opinion, the original name of the square - "Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "tower". Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 in honor of the Komsomol members - the builders of the metro (the first stage of the first line of the Moscow metro passed under the square) as a gift for the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol. In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of the Three Stations" or simply "Three Stations". In 2003, some newspapers published a message about renaming the square to "Three Station Square". In reality, however, there was no such renaming, the square retained the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

History of the square

Kalanchevskoe field in the XVII-XVIII centuries

In the 17th century, on the site of the current square, there were meadows and swamps, known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the south side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp through which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the current Yaroslavsky railway station and Verkhnyaya Krasnoselskaya street, the field was limited by a large pond created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as the Great, and later - as the Red. It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares).

To the south, the Chechera river flowed out of the pond, over which a wooden bridge was thrown. The Stromynskaya road passed along the bridge (to the village of Stromyn and further to Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya Square, Krasnoprudnaya Street and further on Stromynka Street. On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Alexei Mikhailovich built himself a traveling palace, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Red Village, which eventually became a large craft settlement.

In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood on the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western bank of the pond - from the side of the Nikolaev (Leningrad) and Yaroslavsky stations (on the land of the coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya settlement), a New field artillery yard was built - a factory and a warehouse for cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range. It consisted of a number of wooden buildings, spread over an area of ​​20 hectares and surrounded by a stone wall. Due to this, the field remained undeveloped.

Krasnoye Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the envoys of False Dmitry I Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev appeared there, and their appearance became the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays on the Red Pond with cannon fire and fireworks: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. E. Zabelin in the article “Antiquities of Moscow and their research” (1867) believes that (contrary to the current popular belief) it was from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - “towers” , copies of the Azov ones, which were demonstratively stormed by Russian soldiers.

Under Catherine II, this territory administratively became part of Moscow.

Kalanchevskaya Square in the 19th - early 20th century

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect K. A. Ton built a railway station (since 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky). To the west of the station there is a large (at that time) building, into which customs was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street in the 1860s. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of which is the current Lesnoryadsky lane). In 1862, a small Yaroslavsky railway station was built between the Nikolaevsky railway station and the Red Pond, in 1907 it was replaced by a modern one, in the Art Nouveau style with elements of ancient Russian architecture (architect F. O. Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station began on the site of the forest rows: in 1860, the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building of the Ryazan (Kazan) station itself was built in 1862-1864. In 1911-1926, this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the 19th century, the Chechora River was enclosed in a pipe, and on the site of a wooden bridge, Krasnoprudnaya Street passed through it and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In December 1905, combatants, mainly from railway workers, occupied the Yaroslavsky and Kazansky stations, but could not take Nikolaevsky, because, due to its key strategic importance, it was defended by a strong government unit with guns and machine guns. Having barricaded the approaches to the square from the side of Krasnye Vorota and Krasnoprudnaya Street in order to isolate the garrison of the station, the combatants attacked the government troops at the station for five days. On December 15, the Guards Semenovsky Regiment arrived at the station from St. Petersburg, after which the position of the combatants became hopeless; some of them retreated to Presnya, some were taken from the Kazan station by the machinist A. V. Ukhtomsky, who was soon shot by a punitive expedition at the Lyubertsy station.

In October 1917, the stations were in the hands of the Red Guards, thanks to which reinforcements from Petrograd managed to arrive in Moscow.

In 1933-1934. the metro was laid openly on the square. In 1933, Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed Komsomolskaya Square. Between the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations, the pavilion of the Komsomolskaya station was built, replaced in 1952 by a new one, common to the Komsomolskaya and the newly built Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya.

In the same year, the high-rise of the Leningradskaya Hotel was completed, which completed the ensemble of the square, as it exists by the beginning of the 21st century.

The architectural ensemble of the square

Komsomolskaya Square has a shape close to a rectangle, elongated from west to east, and is one of the established ones in its architectural design. It is separated from Kalanchevskaya Street by a high embankment of the Alekseevskaya connecting branch. Although the hotel "Leningradskaya" is located on the other side of the overpass, it faces the main facade of the square and is its dominant. From the north, the facades of the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky railway stations overlook the square. In the south, a whole block is occupied by the Kazansky railway station. From the east the square passes into Krasnoprudnaya street. Ryazansky passage (between Kazansky railway station and the line of the Alekseevskaya connecting branch) and Komsomolskaya square passage (between the customs administration building and Leningradsky railway station) go to Komsomolskaya square.

Central Customs Administration

The object of cultural heritage of federal significance (monument of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation - "The Ensemble of the Square, XIX-XX centuries. - The building of the Moscow customs of the XIX century. Built in 1850-1853. Architect K. A. Ton.

Leningrad Station

55°46′34″ s. sh. 37°39′19″ in. d. HGI AMOL

The lobby of the Komsomolskaya metro station

55°46′35″ N sh. 37°39′22″ E d. HGI AMOL

The combined lobby of the metro stations "Komsomolskaya" Sokolnicheskaya line and "Komsomolskaya" Koltsevaya line is located between Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations.

It is a large two-storey cruciform building with two six-column porticos from Komsomolskaya Square and with access to the platforms of Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky railway stations from the opposite side. Since November, the entrance through the front doors of the pavilion has been closed and is carried out through an underground passage under Komsomolskaya Square. The inner vault of the vestibule protrudes outside with a large gray dome. This dome is crowned with a high spire with a five-pointed star. The star depicts a hammer and sickle.

Yaroslavsky railway station

55°46′36″ N sh. 37°39′26″ E d. HGI AMOL

Kazan Station

55°46′28″ N sh. 37°39′22″ E d. HGI AMOL

The first building of the station, which was then called Ryazansky, was wooden and opened in 1862. In 1864, a stone station building was built (the author of the project of the original station building is architect M. Yu. Levestam. The building was rebuilt many times, and when the Moscow-Kazan railway opened in 1893, and passenger traffic increased greatly, it was necessary to build a new station building , which can accommodate more passengers.However, only in 1910, the board of the joint-stock company of the Moscow-Kazan Railway decided to build a new building.Under the terms of the announced competition, its participants had to make a project "gate to the East", which should symbolize the connection Europe and Asia.The new building was built in 1913-1940 according to the project of A. V. Shchusev.

The Kazan railway station is a complex composition with elements of pseudo-Russian style and Art Nouveau, in which symmetry is deliberately broken and in which different-sized masses of architectural volumes are connected to each other. The architect, wishing to harmonize the building with the two already built ones and at the same time give it individuality, presented buildings elongated in a line with rooms of various functions in the form of volumes of different heights, widths and rhythms with pointed roofs, a clock tower and a high corner tiered tower above the base in the form of an arched passage.

Central House of Culture of Railway Workers

Built in 1925-1926 according to the project of architect A. V. Shchusev, with the participation of engineer G. G. Carlsen. Originally named October Revolution Club

Department store "Moskovsky"

55°46′33″ N sh. 37°39′36″ E d. HGI AMOL

Built in 1979-1983 by architects A. Rochegov, O. Gridasov, E. Eliseev, E. Kosinov.

Square on Komsomolskaya Square

HGI AMOL

Monument to P. Melnikov

55°46′29″ N sh. 37°39′15″ E d. HGI AMOL

On August 1, 2003, a monument to Pavel Petrovich Melnikov, the first Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire, one of the authors of the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway project, was unveiled in the center of the square. The monument was made according to the project of Salavat Shcherbakov at the expense of the Ministry of Railways of Russia.

Hotel Leningradskaya

55°46′26″ N sh. 37°39′06″ E d. HG