Accounting for goods and materials. Accounting for the movement of material assets

The well-known abbreviation of goods and materials is material assets, a whole block of funds called circulating assets, without which not a single production process can do. Typically, inventory is the backbone of the processing of materials into a product manufactured in a company. Let's talk about goods and materials: composition, accounting, movement and place in the strict hierarchy of the balance sheet.

Getting to know the goods and materials

Deciphering this concept unites general information on production stocks and includes several types of funds, classified as follows:

Raw materials and supplies;

Spare parts;

Semi-finished products of our own production in warehouses;

Purchased and finished products;

Construction Materials;

Fuel and lubricants;

Recyclable waste and useful residues;

Household inventory;

Tara.

Inventories are circulating assets, objects of labor used for economic needs, consumed in the production process and increasing the cost of the product. Stocks are the most liquid (after funds) assets of a company. The effective use of materials does not exceed 1 year.

Accounting for goods and materials

Like all assets, stocks must be accounted for, and for this, several balance accounts are provided and developed whole line unified primary documents and synthetic accounting registers. In the balance sheet goods and materials are accumulated in the second section "Current assets". It reflects inventory balances in cash equivalent at the beginning and end of the reporting period.
Information on the presence of stocks in the balance sheet is the final result of the accounting work carried out, information on the dynamics of the movement of materials is reflected in primary documents and generalized registers - order journals and material records.

Admission

Receiving goods and materials is usually carried out as:

Purchase for a fee from supplier companies;

Reciprocal exchange in barter transactions;

Free delivery from founders or parent organizations;

Posting of self-produced products;

Receipt of useful residues when dismantling obsolete equipment, machine tools or other property.

Any inventory receipt is documented. For values purchased from suppliers on invoices and invoices, a receipt voucher f is drawn up in the storeroom. No. M-4. It becomes the basis for entering information about the quantity and value of stocks in the inventory card f. No. M-17.

For deliveries without an accompanying waybill or revealing differences in the cost or quantity of actually received materials with information in the documents, draw up an acceptance certificate f. No. M-7. It is compiled by a special authorized commission, which receives materials on actual availability and discount prices. The total surplus is subsequently reflected as an increase in debt to the supplier, and the identified shortage of goods and materials is the reason for drawing up a claim to him.

Receipt of materials by the forwarder or another representative of the receiving company at the supplier's warehouse is formalized by issuing a power of attorney f. № М-2 or М-2а - a document authorizing the receipt of goods and materials on behalf of the enterprise. For the arrival of materials of their own production in the pantry, they make up a bill of lading f. No. M-11.

Useful residues from the dismantling of production equipment, buildings or other assets are credited to the warehouse according to the act f. № М-35, which indicates the object of dismantling, quantity, price and cost of incoming returnable waste.

Features of pricing in material accounting

The executed documents for the arrival of goods and materials are transferred to the accountant keeping the appropriate records. The accounting policy of the enterprise adopts one of the two existing options for the cost accounting of inventories. They can be accounted for at actual or book prices.

Actual prices of goods and materials are amounts paid to suppliers in accordance with concluded agreements, reduced by the cost of refundable taxes, but including payment of costs associated with the purchase. This accounting method is used mainly by companies with a small inventory of stocks.

The accounting prices are set by the enterprise independently in order to simplify the accounting of expenses. This method is preferable if there are many items of values in the enterprise. Let's consider the differences between prices using the given examples.

Example No. 1 - accounting when applying actual cost

LLC "Argo" purchases office supplies for the total amount of 59,000 rubles including VAT. The accountant makes notes:

D 60 K 51 - 59,000 - the invoice has been paid.
D 10 K 60 - 50,000 - capitalization of goods and materials.
D 19 K 60 - 9,000 - VAT on purchased stocks.
D 26 K 10 - 50,000 - write-off of goods and materials (products issued to employees).

Discount prices

This method assumes the use of balance sheet account No. 15 "Procurement / acquisition of goods and materials", the debit of which should reflect the actual costs of the purchase of inventories, and the credit - their book price.

The difference between these amounts is debited from the account. 15 per count. No. 16 "Deviations in the cost of goods and materials". The total differences are written off (or reversed in case of negative values) to the accounts of the main production. When inventories are sold, the differences from the account of deviations are reflected on the debit of the account. 91/2 "Other expenses".

Example No. 2

PJSC "Antey" purchased paper for work - 50 packs. In the supplier's invoice, the purchase price is RUB 6,195. with VAT, i.e. the price of 1 package is 105 rubles, with VAT - 123.9 rubles.

Accounting entries:

D 60 K 51 - 6 195 rubles. (bill payment).
D 10 K 15 - 5,000 rubles. (posting of paper at the book price).
D 15 K 60 - 6 195 rubles. (the actual price is fixed).
D 19 K 60 - 945 rubles. ("Input" VAT).

The book value was 5,000 rubles, the actual value was 5,250 rubles, which means:

D 16 K 15 - 250 rubles. (the amount of excess of the actual price over the accounting price has been written off).

D 26 K 10 - 5 250 rubles. (the cost of the paper transferred to production has been written off).

At the end of the month, deviations taken into account in the debit of the account. 16 are debited to expense accounts:

D 26 K 16 - 250 rubles.

Storage of goods and materials

Stored values are not always reflected in the balance sheet accounts as purchased. Sometimes the company pantries store materials that do not belong to her. This happens when warehouse areas are leased to other enterprises or goods and materials belonging to other companies are accepted for safekeeping, that is, they are only responsible for the safety of goods and materials.
Such materials do not participate in the production process of the organization and are accounted for behind the balance on account 002 "Inventories accepted for storage."

The transfer of goods and materials for safekeeping is formalized by drawing up appropriate agreements that fix all the main terms of the contract: terms, cost, circumstances.

Disposal of goods and materials

The movement of materials is a normal production process: they are regularly released for recycling, transferred for their own needs, sold or written off in case of emergencies. The release of stocks from the pantry is also documented. Disposal records are different. For example, the transfer of limited materials is formalized with a limit-intake card (f. M-8). When consumption rates are not established, the issue is made on demand-invoice f. M-11. The implementation is accompanied by the execution of the invoice f. M-15 on leave of goods and materials on the side.

Assessment of goods and materials on vacation

When releasing inventories for production, as well as in case of another disposal of goods and materials, they are evaluated using one of the methods, which is necessarily stipulated by the company's accounting policy. They are applied for each group of materials, and one method is valid throughout one financial year.

Evaluate goods and materials by:

Cost of one unit;

Average cost;

FIFO, that is, at the price of the first materials at the time of purchase.

The first of the listed methods is used for stocks used by companies in an extraordinary manner, for example, in the production of precious metals, or with a small nomenclature of material groups.

The most common way is to calculate the price at the average cost. The algorithm is as follows: the total cost of a type or group of materials is divided by the quantity. The calculation takes into account the balances of goods and materials (quantity / amount) at the beginning of the month and their receipt, that is, such calculations are updated monthly.

In the FIFO method, the cost of materials at disposal is equal to the purchase price over time in more early dates... This method is most effective when prices rise and loses its relevance if the emerging situation provokes a fall in prices.

Accounting records upon disposal of goods and materials

D 20 (23, 29) K 10 - transfer to production.
D 08 K 10 - leave for construction by economic means.
D 91 K 10 - write-off upon sale or gratuitous transfer.

Analytical accounting of goods and materials is organized in storage places, that is, in storerooms, and is a mandatory maintenance of accounting cards for each position of materials. Responsible persons are storekeepers, and supervisors are accounting employees. At the end of the month, the storekeeper displays the balances of goods and materials on cards, where they indicate the movement, initial and final balances, the accountant verifies them with the documents and certifies the correctness of the storekeeper's calculations by writing in a special column of the card.

In accounting, on the basis of documented transactions, the accountant displays the remainder of inventories in value terms, which is recorded in the second section of the balance sheet as the cost of goods and materials. A breakdown of the balances for each position is given in the material account.

Under the sonorous abbreviation are hidden inventory items, without which no enterprise can work normally. Let's figure out how modern Russian accounting formalizes the movement of goods and materials in a company, and what primary documents are required for this.

What is goods and materials?

The concept of inventory items includes the company's assets that are used in the business management process, act as an object for sale, and, most importantly, are material and raw materials for the production of an enterprise's products.

Goods and materials also include goods purchased for resale.

Accounting for goods and materials in accounting: transactions

Inventories are taken into account in accounting at their actual cost, which includes the costs of their acquisition, including additional taxes, shipping costs for delivery, customs payments.

To account for the receipt, movement and write-off of goods and materials in the accounting department, accounting accounts are used.

This is a group of accounts from the "Inventory" section, from the 10th to the 19th. Inventories in the form of goods purchased for resale are accounted for in the section "Finished goods and goods" on account 41.

An example of postings in accounting for the receipt of goods and materials:

In this case, the subaccount of account 10 "Materials" is determined by the type of goods and materials received. In addition to the supplier, materials can come from the founder, from the accountable person, be manufactured in-house at their own enterprise. In such cases accounting entries will look like this:

As for the goods bought for resale, here in the transactions there appears account 41

By analogy with materials, goods can come from accountable persons, as a contribution to authorized capital, as well as from our own production. All postings will be similar, only instead of account 10, account 41 will appear.

Accounting for goods and materials in accounting: documents

The receipt of materials at the enterprise in accounting is accompanied by the execution of such primary documents as the M-15 invoice, the M-4 credit slip. In some cases, an act of acceptance and transfer of materials or an accounting statement-calculation can be drawn up.

Receipt of goods in accounting is documented in acts in the TORG-1, TORG-2 forms, and so on up to the TORG-6 form. In addition, a register of goods and materials requiring a container curtain, TORG-7, can be compiled.

Mezentseva Vasilisa

Unified form No. T-10

Approved by the Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated 06.04.01 No. 26

Full Name

name of profession (position)

sent to (name of the structural unit) __________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

destination (country, city, organization)

for_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

purpose of the trip

Notes on departing on a business trip, arriving at destinations, leaving them and arriving at the place of permanent work:

Reverse side of form No. T-10

Task 8. Registration of calculations and documents for labor accounting and

Salary

Task 8.1. Fill out the journal business transactions.

P / p No.	Content of business transactions	Amount, thousand rubles	Debit	Credit

	Accrued wages to employees:
- main production

- general shop personnel

	Accrued on sick leave employees
	Income tax withheld individuals sick leave
	Benefit for the birth of a child has been accrued	0,2
	Accrued wages to employees participating in the correction of marriage
	Accrued wages to employees of the enterprise involved in the reconstruction and modernization of production
	Accrued vacation pay to employees at the expense of the reserve fund
	Personal income tax withheld from vacation pay
	Personal income tax withheld from wages workers:
- main production
- auxiliary production
- general shop personnel
- administrative and management personnel

- participating in the reconstruction and modernization of production
	Withheld on writ of execution from the wages of production workers
	Withheld from the wages of AUP for goods received on credit
	Withheld from the wages of AUP for vouchers
	Withheld due to the shortage from the guilty persons
	Accountable amount withheld from the director's salary	0,5

	Wages issued to employees:
- main production
- auxiliary production
- general shop personnel
- administrative and management personnel
- participating in the correction of marriage

	Allowance was issued for sick leave
	Vacation pay issued
	The salary of the AUP has been deposited	0,8
	Unified social tax was charged to the FSS for the risk and injury from the wage fund of employees:
- main production
- auxiliary production
- general shop personnel
- administrative and management personnel
- participating in the correction of marriage
- participating in reconstruction and modernization
	The deposited salary has been deposited to the current account

Target 8.2... In the course of the inventory at ZAO Aktiv, a shortage of materials was found in the amount of 38,000 rubles. As a result of the investigation, the employee Ivanov I.I. was found guilty of the shortage. According to Ivanov I.AND. the amount of the shortfall was deducted from wages. Make the necessary accounting records.

Debit	Credit	Amount, rub.	Contents of operation	Document	Type of transaction

Task 8.3. For the month of November 20____, the payroll amounted to 340,000 rubles, including employees of the main production - 175,000 rubles. and management personnel - 165,000 rubles.

1. Make accruals to the following funds:

· Social insurance fund;

· To the pension fund;

· Fund of compulsory health insurance;

· Insurance contributions for compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases.

2. To issue accounting entries.

3. Draw up documents.

Debit	Credit	Amount, rub.	Contents of operation	Document	Type of transaction

To the cashier for payment on time from “” ___________ 20 to “” ___________ 20

Amount ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ RUB ______ cop. (________________ rub .____ cop.)

Suma in cuirsive

Head of the organization ______________ _______________ __________________________

position signature transcript of signature

Chief Accountant _________________ _________________________________

signature transcript of signature

"" _____________ 20 years R A C E T N O - P L A T E Z

Number in order

Personnel Number

Profession (position)

Salary, tariff rate (hourly, daily), rub. cop

Worked out

Accrued, rub.

days (hours)

for the current month (by type of payment)

Total

workers

weekends and holidays

the cost of distributed social and material goods

According to this payroll

paid ________________________________________________________ RUB ____ cop. (____________ rub. ___ cop.)

Suma in cuirsive

and deposited _________________________________________________________ rubles. ____ cop. (_____________ rubles ___ kopecks) amount in words

Test for task 8

1. Requirements of the chief accountant for documenting business transactions and submission to the accounting department required documents and information are required for:

a) all people in the organization;

b) accounting employees;

c) all employees of the organization, except the manager.

2. The salary accrued to the chief accountant of a large organization is drawn up by an accounting entry:

a) Dt 20 Kt 70;

b) Dt 25 Kt 70;

c) Dt 26 Kt 70.