The improvement of highways and the gradual adaptation of the human body to movement at ever greater speeds make it possible to achieve tremendous speeds. The development of car design would seem to confirm this view. During the twentieth century, the maximum speed of a passenger car increased from 30-40 to 120-200 km / h; racing from 100 to 300 km-h, and on record cars, speeds exceeding 1000 km-h were achieved. The highest speed of domestic cars has doubled from 40-50 to 85-100 km-h, the speed of intercity buses is steadily approaching the speed of a passenger car.

The speed allowed in cities, taking into account safety requirements, has also tripled. The growth of speeds with all the acuteness constantly posed one problem after another for motorists - the need for effective braking of the car, stabilization of the wheels, handling, post-accident and environmental safety, each time a radical revision of the design of the car, other methods of driving it was required and at the same time a significant change in driving conditions, road quality and traffic management, the introduction of new rules, the organization of maintenance.

The car has reached a level of excellence where it rarely refuses to obey the driver's commands. The man, although he has developed physically and spiritually, has retained almost the same speed of reaction. While a person is young, his reaction is faster, but he is subject to the excitement of competition, keen on speed. When he is in years his reaction slows down. But at any age he is influenced by: lighting conditions, climate, experienced shortly before driving, joys or sorrows, consumed food and drugs, not to mention alcohol; It is important to note that more than half of road traffic accidents are caused by drivers.

Road safety has become the number one issue in Russia. Cars were created for the benefit and joy of people, but their development was so rapid and went in such a direction that it came into sharp conflict with the development of cities and roads, with the psychophysiological capabilities of people, with the necessary fuel and other resources. Traffic safety depends on many factors. The driver can only influence the driving performance of the car - which, however, is very significant, while all other factors directly or indirectly influence its movement.

The technical operation of vehicles determines the following factors of the transport process:

1. Material costs for maintaining the car in working order. In total, about $ 1 billion is spent annually in Russia to maintain cars in working order, in the United States - about $ 25 billion, in the world - about $ 80 billion. According to the American Automobile Association (AAA), the average annual cost of operating a car in the United States is $ 1,700.

2. Labor costs. The structure of labor costs for the entire life of a car is determined by the ratio: manufacturing - 2%, TEA - 91%, overhaul (CR) - 7%. The labor intensity of car manufacturing in Russia is about 150 standard hours, while due to the aging of vehicle fleets, the labor intensity of maintenance, current repair (TR) and overhaul (CR) exceeds 1000 standard hours. Currently, more than 1.5 million people are employed in the field of TEA in Russia.

3. Harmful effect on humans and the environment. The environmental friendliness of a car is determined by the amount and composition of exhaust gases (exhaust gases) (the most harmful are CO, CnHm, NOx and benzopyrene, as well as lead for leaded gasoline), noise, vibrations, and spent technical fluids.

4. Road safety. About 27-30 thousand people die annually due to the fault of road transport in Russia, in the USA - about 50 thousand. On average, for every 200 thousand km of movement, the driver gets into an accident with serious consequences.

Technically faulty cars are the cause of about 10% of accidents, including those due to malfunctions:

Brake systems - 41.5%;

Steering - 16.4%;

Tires - 12.6%;

Lighting devices - 7.9%;

Undercarriage - 6.6%;

Mirrors and cleaners - 7.8%,

Other - 8.2%.

5. Consumption of fuel and energy resources. Their main source for AT is oil, where about 70% of fuels of petroleum origin are consumed from the total costs of the transport complex. According to forecasts, illiterate technical exploitation of automobiles causes one and a half excessive consumption of fuel and energy resources.

It is also important to note that one of the most important problems facing road transport is increasing the operational reliability of vehicles, and reducing the cost of their maintenance.

The solution to this problem, on the one hand, is provided by the automotive industry, due to:

Production of vehicles with high reliability and manufacturability (maintainability).

On the other hand, due to:

Improving the methods of technical operation of vehicles;

Increasing labor productivity;

Reducing the labor intensity of maintenance (MOT) and car repairs;

Increases in their overhaul mileage.

This requires the creation of the necessary production base to maintain the rolling stock in good condition, the widespread use of mechanization and automation of production processes, the expansion of construction and the improvement of the quality of roads.

The requirements for the reliability of vehicles are increasing due to:

The growth of speeds and traffic intensity,

Power, carrying capacity and vehicle capacity,

Technological and organizational communication of road transport with service enterprises and other modes of transport.

A car is a complex system, a set of jointly acting elements - systems and mechanisms that ensure the performance of its functions.

In relation to a car, the elements are aggregates and mechanisms, and in relation to aggregates and mechanisms, parts. A car, an assembly, a mechanism, a part can be united by a common concept - an object or a product. A modern middle-class car consists of 15 - 18 thousand parts, of which 7 - 9 thousand lose their original properties during operation, and 3 - 4 thousand parts have a shorter service life than a car and are the object of special attention during operation. Of these, 150 - 300 parts are "critical" in terms of reliability, more often than others require replacement, cause the greatest downtime of cars, labor and material costs in operation and, as a result, can affect road safety.

During operation, the car interacts with the environment, and its elements interact with each other.

This interaction causes:

Loading of parts,

Their mutual movements,

Friction, heating,

Chemical transformations and changes in the process of physical quantities and design parameters:

Sizes,

Mutual arrangement of parts, gaps,

Electrical and other data - which carries the risk of an accident or harmful effects on the environment.

During the operation of the vehicle, the parameters of the technical condition change from the initial or nominal values ​​to the limiting ones, which causes a corresponding change in the diagnostic parameters. For example, when the brakes are operating, as a result of wear of the brake linings and drums, the gap between the linings and the brake drums increases, which causes an increase in the braking distance and the appearance of "noise".

There are five types of vehicle technical condition:

1. Serviceable condition (serviceability)- the condition of the car, in which it meets all the requirements of the normative and technical and (or) design (project) documentation (NTKD).

2. Fault condition (malfunction)- the condition of the car in which it does not meet at least one of the requirements of the NTKD (for example, a scratch on the body).

3. Serviceable state (operability)- the state of the car, in which the values ​​of all parameters characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions meet the requirements of NTKD.

4. Inoperative state (inoperability)- the state of the car, in which the value of at least one parameter characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions does not meet the requirements of the NTKD. An inoperative car is always faulty, and a working one may be faulty.

5. Limit state- the condition of the car or its structural element (FE), in which its further operation is unacceptable or impractical, occurs when the permissible limits of operating parameters are exceeded. When the limit state is reached, repair of the FE or the car as a whole is required. For example, the inadmissibility and inappropriateness of the operation of an automobile engine that has reached the limit state is due to an increase in the toxicity of exhaust gases (OG), noise, vibrations, consumption of fuels, oils, etc.

Events of a change in the technical conditions of a car are damage, failures, defects.

Damage - an event consisting in a violation of the serviceable state of the vehicle's FE while maintaining the operable state.

Failure is an event consisting in a violation of the vehicle's operational state.

A defect is a generalized event that includes both damage and failure.

The concept of failure is one of the most important in TEA.

A distinction should be made between the following types of failures:

Constructive failure- failure arising from a reason related to imperfection or violation of established rules and (or) standards for the design or construction of a car.

Production (technological) failure- failure arising from a reason related to imperfection or violation of the established process of manufacturing or repairing a car.

Operational failure- a failure caused by a violation of the established rules and (or) the operating conditions of vehicles (for example, when the vehicle is overloaded, a suspension element has failed).

Independent refusal- failure due to failures of other FE of the car (for example, if the oil pan is broken, engine oil flows out - scuffing occurs on the rubbing surfaces of engine parts, parts jamming).

Sudden failure is a failure characterized by an abrupt change in the values ​​of one or more vehicle parameters (for example, a broken piston rod).

Gradual failure- a failure resulting from a gradual change in the values ​​of one or more vehicle parameters (for example, a generator failure due to wear of the rotor brushes).

Failure is a self-correcting failure or a one-time failure, eliminated by minor intervention (for example, water ingress on the brake pads - the braking efficiency is violated until the water dries).

Intermittent failure- Repeatedly occurring self-correcting failure of the same nature (for example, the disappearance-occurrence of the contact of the lamp of the light device).

Explicit failure is a failure detected visually or by standard methods and means of control and diagnostics.

Latent failure is a failure that is not detected visually or by standard methods and means of control and diagnostics, but is detected during maintenance or special diagnostic methods.

Degradation failure- failure due to the natural processes of aging, wear, corrosion and fatigue in compliance with all established rules and / or standards for design, manufacture and operation.

Resource failure - a failure, as a result of which the vehicle or its FE reach the limit state.

Operating time - the duration of the product's operation, measured in hours or kilometers, is called .

The operating time to the limit state specified in the technical documentation is called resource.

The state of the product, in which it is able to perform the specified functions with the parameters, the values ​​of which are established by the technical documentation, is called working capacity.

Hence, it follows that reliability is one of the most important properties of a car that determines the efficiency of using a car for its intended purpose and its effect on post-accident safety.

Vehicle reliability- this is the property of a car to perform specified functions, while maintaining its performance indicators within specified limits for a required period of time or operating time. And this means that reliability is the ability of a car to work without breakdowns and premature wear of parts, violation of adjustments of mechanisms and systems, that is, to work without stopping for technical reasons for a certain time (mileage).

Reliability mainly depends on:

From the safety margins of parts and the rationality of the design of the units that determine the performance of the car

From the stability of the adjustment mechanism;

From failure-free operation of power supply systems and engine ignition;

From the perfection of technology and manufacturing quality of both the car itself and all the products and construction materials of allied manufacturers used on it;

From the quality and timeliness of vehicle maintenance and repair.

In turn, reliability, as a complex indicator, is determined by:

Reliability,

Maintainability,

Durability.

Vehicle reliability- the property to maintain performance for a certain time or mileage without forced interruptions to eliminate failures. Indicators of vehicle reliability can be, for example, the probability of failure-free operation during the shift, between the next types of maintenance, etc.

Durability of the car- this is the property to maintain performance up to the limit state with the necessary breaks for maintenance and repair. The limiting state of a car is determined by the impossibility of its further operation due to a decrease in the efficiency of its use or because of traffic safety requirements. The indicators of durability are resource (in kilometers) and service life (in years) if we talk about the "Russian mentality", we use the car while it is driving, regardless of its post-accident and environmental safety.

Maintainability is a property of a car (unit, mechanism), which consists in its adaptability to the prevention, detection and elimination of failures and malfunctions. The indicators of the maintainability (manufacturability) of the car are the downtime during maintenance and repair and the labor intensity of these works in man-hours. The maintainability of the vehicle structure is determined by the ease of access and ease of removal of units, assemblies and parts, as well as the degree of unification of systems, assemblies, assemblies and fasteners. The main reasons for the change in the technical condition of cars

A change in the technical state of cars, units and mechanisms occurs under the influence of permanently acting reasons due to the operation of the mechanisms themselves, random causes, as well as external conditions under which the car works or is stored. Accidental causes include hidden defects and structural overloads that exceed permissible limits, etc.

The main permanent reasons for changes in the technical condition of parts and the car as a whole are:

Wear,

Plastic deformation,

Fatigue destruction

Corrosion,

Physical and chemical changes in the material of parts (aging).

Knowledge of the main reasons for the change in the technical condition is important both for improving the design of vehicles and for choosing the most effective measures to prevent malfunctions in operation.

Wear. The wear process occurs under the action of friction, which depends on the material and the quality of surface treatment, lubrication, load, the speed of relative movement of surfaces, and the thermal mode of operation of the interface. Wear is the process of destruction and separation of material from the surface of a part or the accumulation of its permanent deformation during friction, which manifests itself in a gradual change in the size and shape of parts. The wear result, expressed in fixed units (μm / km), is called wear.

In practice, wear is usually distinguished:

Abrasive (a consequence of the cutting and scratching action of solid particles);

Erosive (as a result of exposure to a flow of liquid or gas);

Fatigue (when the surface layer of the material becomes brittle and collapses as a result of friction and cyclic loading);

Oxidizing (combination of mechanical wear and aggressive action of the environment);

Dreting wear (with small oscillatory movements);

Electro-erosion wear (under the influence of a discharge during the passage of an electric current).

Plastic deformation and fracture... Such damage is associated with reaching or exceeding the yield or strength limits, respectively, in ductile (steel) or brittle (cast iron) materials.

Fatigue destruction... This type of failure occurs when cyclic loads are applied that exceed the endurance limit of metal from steel. In this case, there is a gradual accumulation and growth of fatigue cracks, leading at a certain number of loading cycles to fatigue failure of parts.

Corrosion. This phenomenon occurs due to the aggressive effect of the environment on the parts, leading to oxidation (rusting) of the metal and, as a result, to a decrease in strength and a deterioration in appearance.

Aging. Indicators of the technical condition of parts and operating materials change under the influence of the external environment. Thus, rubber products lose their strength and elasticity as a result of oxidation, thermal exposure, chemical exposure to oil, fuel and liquids, as well as solar radiation and humidity.

During operation, the properties of lubricants and operating fluids deteriorate as a result of the accumulation of wear products, changes in viscosity and loss of properties of additives. Parts and materials change not only during their use, but also during storage: the strength and elasticity of rubber products decrease, and oxidation processes are observed in fuel, lubricants and liquids, accompanied by precipitation.

The technical condition of vehicles is an important component of their safe operation. Many tragic accidents on the road occur due to a car malfunction, but any surprises can be largely avoided if you take care of its technical condition in advance and undergo a technical inspection. , for compliance with the mandatory safety requirements of vehicles - in order to admit vehicles to participate in road traffic:

• · Cars;
• · Buses;
• · Trucks;
• · Trailers.

List of required documents for passing technical inspection:

vehicle registration certificate;

· Documents confirming payment of vehicle tax for the current calendar year in the manner prescribed by the Tax Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan or the right to exempt it (for individuals).

During technical inspection, the following parameters are checked:

• · Brake control;
• · steering;
• · Visibility of glasses;
• · External lighting devices;
• · Wheels, tires, suspension;
• · Content of harmful substances in exhaust gases;
• · Condition and functioning of fasteners of components and assemblies of the chassis;
• · The condition and functioning of other equipment (seat belts, speedometer, first aid kit, fire extinguisher, etc.).

If the car is more than 7 years old, a technical inspection is carried out annually. Cars aged from 3 to 7 years undergo technical inspection at least once every two years. Vehicles that are at least 3 years old undergo technical inspection at intervals of every 36 months. Public transport (buses, minibuses, taxis) undergoes a technical inspection 2 times a year, regardless of the form of ownership and year of manufacture.

Today it is not necessary to undergo a technical inspection at the place of "registration" of the car, it can be done in the regional offices of JSC "NaTsEks". And if the technical condition of the vehicle is normal, then its owner will be able to obtain a certificate of technical inspection without any problems.

The hallmark of the Assay Office is a guarantee of quality. Examination of jewelry, as well as precious and semi-precious stones is the main task of the Assay Office. Ordering an examination means getting the most complete and comprehensive information regarding the authenticity of a jewelry item and its components - precious, semi-precious stones and metal.

• · diagnostics diamonds, pearls, colored precious and semi-precious stones with the issuance of an expert opinion;
• · Identification of precious stones for the purpose of state control;
• · Testing and hallmarking of jewelry and household items made of precious metals and their alloys, imported and domestically produced;
• · Carrying out technical expertise of precious metals;
• · Testing of jewelry;
• · Manufacture of reagents;
• · Provision of methodological and advisory assistance in the production (development) of precious metals, precious and semi-precious stones and products from them;
• · Smelting and refining of precious metals in laboratory conditions for analytical purposes and sales;
• · Purchase and sale of scrap and products from precious metals.
• · Participation in international cooperation in the development and recognition of assay marks;
• · Participation in the accreditation of bodies for certification of products, production, services and quality systems in the field of production and technical expertise of precious metals and products from them;
• Participation in the development of regulatory documents (methodological, guiding and recommendatory) in the field of examination of precious metals and products from them, including the rules for the import, sale, purchase of products from precious metal scrap, the procedure for hallmarking products with an assay mark, loss rates in the manufacture of products, collection procedure , processing, storage, accounting and delivery of scrap and waste of precious metals, the procedure for accounting and issuing names.

Gemological laboratory: The accredited gemological laboratory is equipped with the latest gemological equipment that allows to identify stones in a short time by physical and chemical properties, as well as visually using a special gemological microscope. Highly qualified specialists, expert auditors are ready to conduct a gemological examination of precious and semi-precious stones:

• · in oral and consultations;
• · With the issuance of a brief expert opinion, without a photograph of the investigated object, with confirmation of the linear dimensions, geometric parameters, weight and identification of the investigated object, indicating its quality and purity;
• · With the issuance of a full expert opinion, with a photograph of the object, with confirmation of the linear dimensions, geometric parameters, weight and identification, as well as comments on the sample under study.
• Other types of services

Attestation production facilities for working conditions Certification of production facilities for working conditions is a whole range of measures for assessing production facilities: in order to determine the state of safety, hazard, severity, intensity of work performed on them, labor hygiene and to determine the compliance of the working environment with safety and security labor, the results of which make it possible to develop measures to improve production, make it safer and less harmful. Certification of production facilities for working conditions is in itself one of the main duties of the employer to ensure safe working conditions, which allows you to assess the quality of the employer's performance of other duties:

• · Ensuring the safety of employees during the operation of buildings, structures, equipment, the implementation of technological processes, as well as tools, raw materials and materials used in the production;
• · Compliance with labor protection requirements of working conditions at each workplace;
• · Compliance of the working and resting regime of workers with labor protection standards;
• · The use in a sufficient number of the necessary means of individual and collective protection of workers;
• · Providing employees with washing and neutralizing agents.

All production facilities of organizations operating on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan are subject to certification of production facilities for working conditions. The timing of the certification is established by the organization based on changes in working conditions, but at least once every 5 years from the date of the last certification of production facilities. An extraordinary certification can be carried out at the request of the body of state supervision and control over safety and labor protection if a violation of the procedure for its conduct is detected. ...

Certification of production facilities for working conditions can be carried out by the company's own laboratory under the guidance of the employer. And in the absence of such a laboratory, specialized organizations are involved to carry out this set of events, and the services of other accredited laboratories can also be used in accordance with a civil law agreement.

Separate branches of JSC "National Center for Examination of Energy" are included in the list of specialized organizations that carry out activities for the certification of production facilities for working conditions, which can perform sanitary and hygienic, sanitary and chemical laboratory tests, measurements of noise and vibration levels, electromagnetic field strength, determination of other physical factors, assess the factors of the working environment and certification of workplaces.

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Printing services:

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• · Replication;
• · Photocopying up to A3 format inclusive;
• · Foiling up to A3 format inclusive;
• · Lamination up to A3 format inclusive;
• · Development of graphic design (layouts of printed materials, logos);
• · Bookbinding;
• · Photocopier services.
• Manufacturing:
• · Letterheads;
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• · Books, brochures, manuals, notebooks;
• · Booklets, flyers, leaflets;
• · Postcards, invitations;
• · Certificates, diplomas;
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• · Bills on a self-copy;
• · Recording and printing on CD and DVD discs;
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• Menu and much more ...

Energy saving is the implementation of legal, organizational, scientific, industrial, technical and environmental measures aimed at the efficient use of fuel and energy resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan and environmental protection, the development of measures aimed at reducing the consumption of heat and energy resources. Thermal imaging control of buildings, structures, equipment allows you to timely detect weaknesses in structures, equipment, heating or electrical networks, to minimize the risk of accidents. The branch specialists will be able to provide:

• · Thermal imaging of buildings, structures, equipment, power grids;
• · Identification of ways of energy resources leakage;
• · Calculation of annual energy savings in physical and monetary terms;
• · Recommendations on preventive measures necessary to save energy resources and minimize risks.

In the age of information technology and informatization of all spheres of life of society, information support of work becomes of paramount importance in the conditions of the formation of the market and the development of various management systems. Specialists of the West Kazakhstan branch will provide services for:

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• · Preparation of materials for the regional (republican) competition-exhibition "The best product of Kazakhstan";
• · Preparation of reports on sustainable development, analytical reports and much more;
• · Production of presentation videos for enterprises and organizations.
• · We carry out professional and high-quality translations of specialized texts of various topics and content into the state language. We work in various sectors of the economy in accordance with the national standards of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Years of experience in the field of translation on various topics allows you to translate text of any complexity.

Must meet a number of requirements. Persons with incomplete higher education in the corresponding direction or complete vocational education are allowed to work in this specialty. In this case, the experience must be at least one year.

General rules

Vehicle technical condition inspector enrolled in the staff and dismissed by order of the director. The local documents define the persons to whom the employee reports directly and whose activities he has the right to direct. Vehicle technical condition inspector in case of absence, it can be replaced by an employee appointed according to the established rules. At the same time, such a person receives the corresponding rights and is responsible for the improper performance of the tasks assigned to him.

Vehicle technical condition inspector: instruction

To carry out activities, the employee must know:

1. Design features, structure, requirement for serviceable vehicles.
2. Means and methods for checking the condition of machines.
3. Types of malfunctions to be detected.
4. Principles of operation of computer diagnostic systems, the procedure for handling them.
5. Rules for the preparation of complaint documentation for the quality of maintenance, repair of parts of machines and assemblies.
6. OT rules.

Duties of the inspector of the technical condition of vehicles

The employee checks the serviceability of the vehicle before leaving and after returning to the parking lot. In this case, the specialist uses computer diagnostic systems (if any). In the event of a malfunction, prohibits access to the line. The tasks of the employee also include checking the quality of work performed by the maintenance of the vehicle. The specialist carries out control in the process of accepting components and assemblies after their repair and assembly. If damage is detected, the employee draws up the appropriate documentation. He also prepares and records requests for troubleshooting and repairs. Thus, in realizing their tasks, the employee influences to a certain extent. In carrying out his activities, the employee must know, understand and apply the current industry regulations, including those regulating the protection of nature and labor.

Rights

The controller can:

1. Take measures to eliminate and prevent any inconsistencies and violations.
2. Receive guarantees provided by law.
3. Require assistance in the implementation of the tasks assigned to him.
4. Get acquainted with the content of draft documents related to its activities.
5. Require the formation of organizational and technical conditions for the proper performance of duties, the provision of the necessary inventory and equipment.
6. Request and receive documentation, information, materials for the implementation of their activities, the implementation of the provisions of the acts adopted by the head.
7. Improve qualifications.
8. Inform the management about all inconsistencies and violations found in the course of activity and submit proposals for their elimination.
9. To get acquainted with the documentation that defines his duties and rights, the criteria by which the quality of his work is assessed.

Responsibility

The controller is responsible for:

1. Untimely execution or delivered to him in accordance with industry, including local, acts.
2. Failure to comply with the rules of the order at the enterprise, labor protection, safety, fire protection and
3. Disclosure of information about the organization related to commercial secrets.
4. Failure to comply or improper execution of the instructions of internal acts, legal orders of the head of the enterprise.
5. Offenses committed in the course of the implementation of the assigned tasks. Responsibility occurs within the framework provided for by administrative, civil, criminal norms.
6. Causing property damage to an enterprise within the limits established by law.
7. Unlawful use of the powers granted to an employee in connection with his activities, including for personal purposes.

Release of machines on the line

Road safety regulated by federal law. In accordance with the provisions of 20 of Article 196-FZ, entrepreneurs and legal entities carrying out vehicle transportation must organize and perform a pre-trip check. The purpose of this procedure is to prevent faulty machines from entering the line. The vehicle is checked according to the established production scheme:

1. A responsible employee is determined who will act as a controller.
2. A site is equipped where the check will be carried out.
3. A list of malfunctions is determined, the presence of which is the basis for prohibiting the release of the vehicle onto the line.

Qualification

To appoint an employee of the enterprise to the position of a vehicle inspector, professional retraining. Vehicle technical condition inspector gains knowledge within the framework of special programs. They are developed by specialized educational institutions. The order of the Ministry of Education and Science established the minimum course volume that must be listened to by the inspector of the technical condition of vehicles. Training takes at least 250 hours.

Check point

The technical control area should be equipped in a heated, closed ventilated room equipped with a canopy. It provides for an inspection pit with lighting and sockets for connecting portable lamps with a voltage of 12 V. The point is equipped with a room for an employee who checks the vehicle. must comply with the parameters stipulated by the norms of ONTP 01-91. Control points are equipped with:

1. Devices for checking and adjusting headlights.
2. Tire pressure gauge.
3. A device for checking the backlash of the steering system.
4. Gas analyzer (for diesel and gasoline engines).
5. A ruler for wheel alignment control.
6. Locksmith tools.
7. A portable lamp.

Additionally

The release of the vehicle onto the line is carried out after assessing the state of individual systems, units, components of the vehicle itself and the trailer train. Indicators must comply with the requirements of regulatory enactments. For the braking system at the entrance to the inspection point, the driver abruptly stops the vehicle. The condition of the parking lot is assessed at the exit. In the inspection pit, the hydraulic brake is inspected and checked for leaks and the pneumatic system is listened to (with the pedal depressed). The total backlash of the steering is measured on a stationary vehicle with a special device that fixes the angle and the beginning of the turn. The release of the car is allowed if it is recognized as serviceable. The admission must be confirmed by the signature of the employee who performed the verification. The autograph is affixed to the Serviceable vehicle and is accepted by the driver, who confirms the proper condition of the vehicle with a signature.

Introduction

Impact of vehicles on the environment

Chemical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods to prevent it

1 Atmospheric pollution

2 Pollution of the lithosphere

3 Contamination of the hydrosphere

Physical impact of vehicles and methods of prevention

Mechanical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods of its prevention

Conclusion

List of used literature

vehicle pollution environment

Introduction

The problem of reliable environmental protection, rational and maximum use of natural resources is one of the most pressing global problems.

The transport complex, in particular in Russia, which includes automobile, sea, inland waterway, railway and aviation modes of transport, is one of the largest air pollutants. Its impact on the environment is expressed mainly in the emissions of toxicants into the atmosphere with the exhaust gases of transport engines and harmful substances from stationary sources, as well as in the pollution of surface water bodies, the formation of solid waste and the impact of traffic noise.

The main sources of environmental pollution and consumers of energy resources include road transport and the infrastructure of the road transport complex.

Air pollutant emissions from cars are more than an order of magnitude larger than those from rail vehicles. Next are (in descending order) air transport, sea and inland waterways. The non-compliance of vehicles with environmental requirements, the continuing increase in traffic flows, the unsatisfactory condition of highways - all this leads to a constant deterioration of the environmental situation.
In addition to poisoning by harmful emissions of air gases, road transport pollutes large areas with fuel and lubricants, is a powerful source of increased noise and electromagnetic radiation.

The overall picture of environmental pollution from road transport continues to deteriorate at present.
In recent decades, due to the rapid development of road transport, the problems of its impact on the environment have become much more acute. Cars burn a huge amount of petroleum products, simultaneously causing significant harm to the environment, mainly the atmosphere.

Every year the number of vehicles is growing, and, consequently, the content of harmful substances in the atmospheric air is growing. The constant increase in the number of cars has a certain negative impact on the environment and human health.

1. Impact of vehicles on the environment

Nature is an integral system with many balanced connections. Violation of these connections leads to a change in the cycles of substances and energy established in nature. Modern society involves such an amount of matter and energy in production and consumption, which is hundreds of times greater than the biological needs of a person, which is the main reason for the modern environmental crisis.

Today the production activity of mankind is associated with the use of a variety of natural resources, covering most of the chemical elements. The increased technogenic impact on the natural environment has given rise to a number of environmental problems. The most acute are associated with the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

One of the problems of urbanized areas is the change in the properties of the environment under the influence of vehicles. The types of impact of vehicles on the environment are shown in Fig. one.

Scheme 1. Impact of vehicles on the environment

2. Chemical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods of its prevention

2.1 Air pollution

The share of motor transport in a number of regions accounts for over 50% of the total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Air pollution from mobile sources of vehicles occurs to a greater extent with exhaust gases through the exhaust system of an automobile engine, and, to a lesser extent, crankcase gases.

Each vehicle emits about 200 different components into the exhaust gas atmosphere. The main types of pollutant emissions from mobile sources, their impact on the human body and the environment are presented in the table.

Harmful substances	Consequences of exposure to the human body and the environment
Carbon monoxide CO	Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of fuel; in air it burns with a blue flame with the formation of carbon dioxide. In the combustion chamber of an engine, CO is generated by poor atomization of the fuel, as a result of cold-flame reactions, during the combustion of fuel with a lack of oxygen. During subsequent combustion after ignition, combustion of carbon monoxide in the presence of oxygen is possible to form dioxide. In this case, the CO burnout process continues in the exhaust pipe.
	Appears in exhaust gases when tetraethyl lead is used, an antiknock additive for gasoline. Lead is able to accumulate in the body, entering it through the respiratory tract, with food and through the skin. Affects the central nervous system and hematopoietic organs. It causes a decrease in mental abilities in children, is deposited in bones and other tissues, therefore it is dangerous for a long time.
Nitrogen oxides NO, NO2, N2O4	Nitrogen oxides are hazardous to plant leaves. It was found that their direct toxic effect on plants is manifested when the concentration of NOx in the air is in the range of 0.5 - 6.0 mg / m3. Nitric acid is highly corrosive to carbon steels. The emission of nitrogen oxides is significantly influenced by the temperature in the combustion chamber. Early fuel injection or high compression pressures in the combustion chamber also contribute to NOx formation. Exposure to nitrogen oxides in humans leads to impaired functions of the lungs and bronchi. Children and people with cardiovascular diseases are more exposed to nitrogen oxides.
Hydrocarbons	They have an unpleasant odor. As a result of photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons with nitrogen oxides, smog is formed. Lead to an increase in lung and bronchial diseases
Sulfur compounds	In a free atmosphere, sulfur dioxide (SO2) after a while is oxidized to sulfur dioxide (SO3) or interacts with other compounds, in particular hydrocarbons. Oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric anhydride occurs in a free atmosphere during photochemical and catalytic reactions. In both cases, the end product is an aerosol or sulfuric acid solution in rainwater. In dry air, sulfur dioxide oxidation is extremely slow. SO2 oxidation is not observed in the dark. In the presence of nitrogen oxides in the air, the oxidation rate of sulfur dioxide increases regardless of the air humidity. They have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the throat, nose and eyes.
Dust particles	Irritating to the respiratory tract.

Crankcase gases are a mixture of part of the exhaust gases that have penetrated through the leaks in the piston rings into the crankcase of the engine, with engine oil vapors. The amount of crankcase gases in the engine increases with wear. In addition, it depends on the driving conditions and the operating mode of the engine.

Gasoline vapors in a car occur when the engine is running and when it is not running. They arise not only in mobile sources, but also in stationary ones, to which, first of all, gas stations should be attributed. They receive, store and sell gasoline and other petroleum products in large quantities. This is a serious channel for environmental pollution from both fuel vapor and spills.

Highways are one of the sources of dust formation in the surface air layer. When cars are moving, road surfaces and tires are abraded, the wear products of which are mixed with solid particles of exhaust gases. Added to this is the dirt brought into the roadway from the soil layer adjacent to the road. The chemical composition and amount of dust depends on the materials of the road surface.

It is difficult to imagine the modern world without a large number of vehicles, therefore, in order to maintain the ecological and economic balance, it is advisable to develop a system of measures aimed at improving the quality of atmospheric air

Scheme 2. System of measures aimed at improving the quality of atmospheric air

Only a comprehensive implementation of technological, planning, organizational and technical measures can lead to an improvement in the quality of the environment in the city.

2.2 Pollution of the lithosphere

Substances that enter the atmospheric air with exhaust gases and then settle on the ground. Soils have the ability to retain and preserve both atmospheric and groundwater, enriching the soil with chemical compounds and thereby influencing the formation of a particular type of soil. It is determined that soil makes a finite number of elements infinite. This happens because the soil is involved in a number of biospheric cyclic processes. The elements found in the soil, in water, in the soil air can enter into an almost unlimited number of contacts and form an infinite number of bonds.

Soil is an integral part of almost all biospheric cycles of substances. Metals and their compounds are the main soil pollutants. Soil pollution with lead is massive and dangerous. Lead compounds are used as additives to gasoline, making motor vehicles a significant source of lead pollution. Lead is especially abundant in soils along major motorways.

When 1 liter of leaded gasoline is burned, 200 to 500 mg of lead is released. This highly active, dispersed lead enriches the soil along the roads.

As long as heavy metals are firmly bound to the constituent parts of the soil and are difficult to access, their negative impact on the soil and the environment will be negligible. However, if soil conditions allow heavy metals to pass into the soil solution, there is a direct danger of soil contamination, there is a possibility of their penetration into plants, as well as into the body of humans and animals that consume these plants. The danger of soil and plant contamination depends on: the type of plant; forms of chemical compounds in the soil; the presence of elements that counteract the influence of heavy metals and substances that form complex compounds with them; from adsorption and desorption processes; the amount of available forms of these metals in soil and soil and climatic conditions. Consequently, the negative effect of heavy metals depends essentially on their mobility, i.e. solubility.

Self-cleaning of soils is usually a slow process. Toxic substances accumulate, which contributes to a gradual change in the chemical composition of soils, disruption of the unity of the geochemical environment and living organisms. Toxic substances from the soil can get into the organisms of animals and people and cause serious illnesses and deaths.

The size of the zone of influence of vehicles on ecosystems varies greatly. The width of roadside anomalies of lead content in soil can reach 100-150m. Forest belts along the roads block lead streams from vehicles in their crowns. In urban conditions, the size of lead pollution is determined by the building conditions and the structure of green spaces. In dry weather, lead accumulates on the surface of plants, but after heavy rains, a significant part of it (up to 45%) is washed off.

In order to reduce lead pollution, it is necessary to reduce the use of leaded gasoline. this gasoline is the source of lead emissions into the atmosphere. It is also necessary to create a number of installations that would trap lead, i.e. the amount of lead was deposited in these installations. Any type of vegetation is a natural such setting.

2.3 Contamination of the hydrosphere

The pollution of water bodies is understood as a decrease in their biospheric functions and ecological significance as a result of the intake of harmful substances into them. Water pollution with transport waste is manifested in a change in physical and organoleptic properties (violation of transparency, color, odors, taste), an increase in the content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, toxic heavy metals, a decrease in air oxygen dissolved in water, the appearance of radioactive elements. It has been established that more than 400 types of substances emitted during the operation of vehicles can cause water pollution. In case of exceeding the permissible norm for at least one of the three indicators of hazard: sanitary-toxicological, general sanitary or organoleptic, the water is considered contaminated.

Intensive pollution of the hydrosphere by vehicles occurs due to the following factors. One of them is the lack of garages for thousands of individual vehicles stored in open areas, in the courtyards of residential buildings. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the network of repair services for personal cars is not sufficiently developed. This forces their owners to carry out repairs and maintenance on their own, which they do, of course, without considering the environmental consequences. An example is private car washes or unauthorized car wash sites: due to the lack of car wash stations, this operation is often performed on the banks of a river, lake or pond.

Meanwhile, motorists are increasingly using synthetic detergents, which pose a certain danger to water bodies. Storm waste water from the surface of highways, gas station sites, from the territory of motor transport and auto repair enterprises is also a powerful source of pollution of water basins in urban areas with oil products, phenols and easily oxidized organic substances. The influx of heavy metals and toxic substances with effluents sharply limits the consumption and use of water resources.

To reduce the pollution of surface waters of open water bodies, it is necessary to create a closed-circuit water supply system in the areas used for washing cars, as well as the construction of local treatment facilities with the subsequent dilution of the residual amount of pollutants. Practice has shown that the existing technological processes for the disposal of wastewater contribute to the removal of 95-99% of organic matter and 40-99% of suspended solids. However, they practically do not reduce the content of salts, of which toxic substances, including carcinogenic ones, which include one of the most toxic, tetroethyl lead, are the most dangerous.

3. Physical impact of vehicles and methods of prevention

The level of street noise is determined by the intensity, speed and nature (composition) of the traffic flow. In addition, it depends on planning solutions (longitudinal and transverse profile of streets, building height and density) and such improvement elements as roadway coverage and the presence of green spaces. Each of these factors can change the level of traffic noise up to 10 dB.

In an industrial city, there is usually a high percentage of freight transport on highways. The increase in the total traffic of trucks, especially heavy trucks with diesel engines, leads to an increase in noise levels. Noise arising on the carriageway of the highway extends not only to the adjacent territory, but also deep into residential buildings. Noise levels measured in living rooms with open windows oriented towards the indicated highways are only 10-15 dB lower.

The acoustic characteristic of the traffic flow is determined by the vehicle's noise level. The noise generated by individual transport crews depends on many factors: engine power and operating mode, technical condition of the crew, quality of the road surface, and speed. Significant noise causes sudden braking of the vehicle when driving at high speed.

In recent years, the average noise level generated by transport has increased by 12-14 dB. That is why the problem of noise control in the city is becoming more and more acute.

In conditions of strong city noise, there is a constant voltage of the hearing analyzer. The damage caused to hearing by loud noise depends on the spectrum of sound vibrations and the nature of their changes. The risk of possible hearing loss due to noise is highly dependent on the individual.

Noise in big cities shortens a person's life span, and can also cause nervous exhaustion, mental depression, autonomic neurosis, peptic ulcer disease, disorders of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems, and also significantly disrupts sleep.

To protect people from the harmful effects of city noise, it is necessary to regulate its intensity, spectral composition, duration of action and other parameters. During hygienic rationing, a noise level is set as permissible, the effect of which does not cause changes in the entire complex of physiological parameters for a long time, reflecting the reactions of the body systems most sensitive to noise.

Currently, noise for urban development conditions is standardized in accordance with the Sanitary Standards for Permissible Noise in Residential and Public Buildings and on the Territory of Residential Development (No. 3077-84) and Building Regulations and Rules II.12-77 "Noise Protection". Sanitary standards are mandatory for all ministries, departments and organizations that design, build and operate housing and public buildings, develop projects for the planning and development of cities, neighborhoods, residential buildings, neighborhoods, communications, etc., as well as for organizations that design, manufacture and operating vehicles, technological and engineering equipment of buildings and household appliances.

GOST 19358-85 “External and internal noise of vehicles. Acceptable Levels and Methods of Measurement ”establishes noise characteristics, methods of their measurement and acceptable noise levels of cars (motorcycles) of all samples accepted for state, interdepartmental, departmental and periodic control tests.

Reducing city noise can be achieved primarily by reducing vehicle noise.

Urban planning measures to protect the population from noise include: increasing the distance between the noise source and the protected object; the use of acoustically opaque screens (slopes, walls and screen buildings), special noise-barriers for landscaping; the use of various planning techniques, rational placement of microdistricts. In addition, urban planning measures are the rational development of main streets, maximum greening of the territory of micro-districts and dividing strips, the use of the terrain, etc.

4. Mechanical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods of its prevention

Significant land areas are being alienated for highways. So, the construction of 1 km of a modern highway requires up to 10-12 hectares of area, including fertile land. Soil erosion occurs rather quickly, and it takes about 100 years to recreate a fertile layer 1 cm deep. Soil conservation is served by such main directions in the development of transport as the allocation of less agriculturally valuable land for transport facilities; preservation of traditional hydrological regimes in the area of ​​transport facilities; reduction (better termination) of soil pollution by harmful components of the work of vehicles.

Abroad and in our country, experience is accumulated in the economic use of land with the development of vehicles, for example, large underground garages are being built in cities. Many new underground structures are planned.

Excavation from the earth in large quantities of metals necessary for the production of vehicles leads to a disruption in the alignment of the energy balance, as a result of which, when this balance is leveled, energy consumption or release into space occurs mainly through faults in the lithosphere, and not through ore deposits, as this was earlier, which began to lead to local earthquakes and the occurrence of local fires.

The construction of roads affects the hydrological regime of the area, which leads to a change in the composition of biogeocenoses; and deforestation, in turn, leads to a change in the floristic composition.

Conclusion

Nature protection is the task of our century, a problem that has become social. There are several of the most important reasons for Russia's lagging behind in the field of ecology:

low culture of car exploitation. The number of faulty vehicles in service is still very high;

lack of strict legal requirements for the environmental qualities of cars. In the absence of sufficiently stringent requirements for the toxicity of emissions, the consumer is not interested in buying environmentally friendly, but more expensive cars, and the manufacturer is not inclined to produce them;

unpreparedness of the infrastructure for the operation of vehicles equipped in accordance with modern environmental requirements;

Unlike European countries, the introduction of neutralizers is still difficult in our country.

In recent years, the situation has begun to change for the better. Although the introduction of stringent environmental regulations comes with a delay of 10 years, it is important that it has begun.

The main ways to reduce environmental damage from transport are as follows:

) optimization of urban transport traffic;

) development of alternative energy sources;

) afterburning and purification of fossil fuels;

) creation (modification) of engines using alternative fuels;

) noise protection;

) economic initiatives for fleet and traffic management

List of used literature

1. Gasoline, make room // Factor. No. 3. 2011 .-- S. 40-41.

2. Golubev I.R., Novikov Yu.V. Environment and transportation. - M .: Transport, 2007

Guryanov D.I. Environmentally friendly transport: directions of development

// Engineer, technologist, worker. No. 2. 2011. - S. 12-14.

4. Zhukov S. Natural gas - motor fuel of the XXI century //

Industry today. No. 2. 2011 .-- S. 12.

5. Kirillov N.G. But things are still there - the problem of greening

automobile transport of St. Petersburg // Industry Today.

No. 11. 2011. - p.13.

6. Krinitskiy E. The environmental friendliness of vehicles should be determined

Federal law // Automobile transport. No. 9. 2010 .-- S. 34-37.

7. Lukanin V.N., Gudtsov V.N., Bocharov N.F. Reducing vehicle noise. - M .: Mashinostroenie, 2011 .-- 289 p.

8. Naumov Ya. G. Ecology of Russia. - M. 2009.

The technical condition is characterized by a power reserve until the next medium or major overhaul.

Technically sound cars are considered to be fully equipped, have a good appearance, their units and devices ensure traffic safety and reliability in operation. Only serviceable cars that have undergone scheduled maintenance are allowed for operation.

The state of the car park is characterized by an average range of vehicles. The power reserve of one car is its possible mileage in kilometers before the next medium or major overhaul.

The power reserve is calculated by the formula:ZX = H - P,

where: H is the rate of overhaul run; P is the actual mileage.

Example 1. A new ZIL-130 vehicle was received with a mileage of 6.3 thousand km. Determine the power reserve.

Solution. ZX = H - P; ZX = 135 thousand, km - 6.3 thousand * km = 128.7 thousand * km.

Example 2. The GAZ-53A car was received, which passed 23.8 thousand km after overhaul. What is its power reserve?

Solution. ZX = H - P; ЗХ = 110 thousand, km 23.8 thousand, km = 86.2 thousand km.

The power reserve of each car is checked by inspection. Actual power reserve may differ from the calculated one and depends on conditions of use, quality of maintenance, etc.

Average power reserve of cars- the ratio of the sum of the range of all cars to the list of cars of the given fleet.

The procedure for using cars. All vehicles should only be used for their intended purpose, in accordance with the relevant rules and regulations.

In combat conditions, military vehicles can be used in a wide variety of terrain, climate and road conditions: in mountainous areas, in the north, in desert-sandy areas, etc. Only a small number of military vehicles will move on relatively good roads - in the rear areas.

The bulk of the cars will have to go off-road: on the terrain, column paths and country roads.

To save motor resources in peacetime, annual operating rates are set for cars in kilometers. In accordance with this, annual and monthly plans for operation and repair are drawn up.

Control over the technical condition and use of cars is carried out by: control examinations carried out by officials; reviews of motor and tractor equipment; when inspecting.

Officials conduct control examinations periodically to check the technical condition, use, maintenance, maintenance and combat readiness of vehicles. In addition, each vehicle is subject to a weekly check by one of the unit's officials.

During the control inspection of cars, the driver of the inspected car must be present. During the inspection, they check the condition of all units and mechanisms of the car, the driver's tool, spare parts, equipment, accessories, lighting and flotation equipment, the presence of fuel and lubricants. If necessary, start up and listen at different speeds of the crankshaft. It is allowed to check the car with a short run.

Based on the results of the control examination, the technical condition of the cars is assessed and the terms for eliminating deficiencies in the maintenance and care of them are set.

Inspections of automotive equipment are carried out at least twice a year, as a rule, upon completion of the transfer of cars to the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods of operation in order to check the technical condition, correct maintenance and maintenance of cars, as well as monitor the condition of the parks.

The scope of inspection during inspection is determined by a special provision.

"Car", under. ed. I.P. Plekhanova