FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY
Chapter 10. Features of fire-fighting water supply in cities,
industrial enterprises, settlements
Classification of water supply systems
Water supply system- is a complex of engineering and technical structures designed to take water from natural sources, raise it to a height, purify (if necessary), store water supplies and supply it to places of consumption.
Water supply systems (or water pipes) are classified according to a number of characteristics.
By type of serviced object water supply systems are divided into urban, village, industrial, agricultural, railway, etc.
By the way of water supply distinguish between pressure and gravity water pipelines.
Pressure pipelines are those in which water is pumped from the source to the consumer; gravity - in which water from a high-lying source flows to the consumer by gravity. Such water pipes are sometimes arranged in the mountainous regions of the country.
By appointment water supply systems are subdivided into
household and drinking water intended for supplying water for household and drinking needs of the population; industrial, supplying water
technological production processes; fire-fighting, providing water supply for extinguishing fires.
Often they arrange combined water supply systems: household and fire-fighting, production-fire-fighting or economic-production-fire-fighting.
In cities and towns, as a rule, combined economic and fire-fighting water pipelines are arranged. From the same water pipelines, water is also supplied to industrial enterprises if the latter consume an insignificant amount of water, or according to the conditions of the technological process of production, water of drinking quality is required. With high water consumption, industrial enterprises can have an independent water supply system that provides their household, drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs. At industrial enterprises, most often, separate economic and fire-fighting and industrial water pipelines are arranged, and less often - separate industrial-fire-fighting, household-drinking or combined economic-production and fire-fighting ones.
The combination of a fire-fighting water supply system with an economic one, and not with an industrial one, is explained by the following reasons.
1. The industrial water supply network is usually sparsely branched, since water is supplied only to the largest water consumers, while the economic and fire-fighting networks must cover all the facilities of the enterprise.
2. For many technological production processes, water is supplied under a strictly defined pressure and flow rate.
If you build a production and fire-fighting water supply system, then when extinguishing a fire in the water supply network, a change in pressure will be observed, and this can lead to a violation of the operating mode of production devices.The combined economic, industrial and fire-fighting water supply system is arranged when a small amount of drinking-quality water is required for technological needs.
The device of an independent fire-fighting water supply system is allowed only if its combination with a drinking water supply or industrial water supply system is impractical for technical or economic reasons.
An independent fire-fighting water supply system is usually arranged at such fire-hazardous facilities as oil depots, cotton warehouses, timber yards, storage facilities for liquefied gases, etc.
Fire-fighting water lines (special, separate or combined) are of low or high pressure. The free head in the network of a low-pressure fire-fighting water supply system during the period of extinguishing fires should be at least 10 m. At the same time, the pressure at the trunks necessary for extinguishing a fire is created by mobile fire pumps.
In the high-pressure fire-fighting water supply system, water is supplied to the fire site through hoses directly from the hydrants, and the pressure required for fire extinguishing in the network and near the shafts is created by stationary fire pumps installed in the pumping station.
According to the degree of supply of water (according to the reliability of operation), water supply systems are divided into three categories:
I - it is allowed to reduce the supply of water for household and drinking needs no more than 30% of the estimated consumption and for production needs according to the emergency schedule. The duration of the feed reduction is no more than 3 days. A break in the supply is allowed for the period of turning off the damaged and turning on the backup elements of the system, but not more than 10 minutes.
II - the decrease in flow is the same, but it is allowed up to 10 days. A break in serving is allowed up to 6 hours.
III - feed reduction is the same, but up to 15 days is allowed. A break in serving is allowed up to 24 hours.
Localities with the number of inhabitants N> 50 × 10 3 belong to category I; at 5 × 10 3< N < 50×10 3 - относятся ко II категории; при N < 5×10 3 - относятся к III категории.
For group water pipes, the category is taken according to the settlement with the largest number of inhabitants.
Elements of water supply systems, the damage of which may interfere with the supply of water for fire extinguishing, must belong to category I.
Water supply systems can serve as one object, for example, a city or industrial enterprise, or several objects. In the latter case, these systems are called group... If the water supply system serves several large objects located at a considerable distance from one another, then such a system is called district water supply system... Small water supplies serving a single building or a small group of compact buildings from a nearby source are commonly referred to as local water supplies.
To supply water under the required pressure to various parts of the territory that have a significant difference in elevation, zone water supply can be arranged.
Water supply systems can be divided into two types. Individual water supply and centralized water supply.
Individual, it is also autonomous, water supply designed to provide water to a small number of consumers or can be made exclusively for private consumption. Individual water supply includes water supply using a membrane tank, which is called a hydroaccumulator, and water supply using a storage tank.
Centralized water supply intended for a large number of consumers. With central water supply, all consumers are connected to a common water supply source. A centralized water supply system is used in cities and urban-type settlements. It is rarely used in villages and cottage settlements. In the absence of centralized water supply, you have to make your own private source of water supply.
Let's consider in more detail the centralized and individual water supply.
Individual (autonomous) water supply
Water supply system using a hydraulic accumulator, membrane tank
This water supply system is used in the individual construction of cottages, private houses and summer cottages. The principle of its operation is as follows.
A submersible pump is installed in a pre-made well or well, a pipeline system is connected to the pump. The pipeline system is laid and brought into the house. In the house, the pipeline is connected to cleaning filters, then to a hydraulic accumulator and an automatic relay that maintains the required pressure. This symbiosis is called a water management system. From the control system, the pipeline distributes water between the points of consumption (collapsible points).
Thanks to the accumulator in this system, a high pressure is constantly maintained. The possibility of inserting a hydroaccumulator into any place in the water supply system and installing a large-volume hydroaccumulator allows maintaining high pressure in the system for a long time, even when the electricity is turned off. So what is this accumulator?
Hydraulic accumulator in the individual water supply system
Hydroaccumulator This is a metal container into which a submersible pump pumps water through purification filters. The accumulator contains a rubber bulb. Air is pumped under pressure between the pear and the tank body. The water entering the container compresses the injected air, which in turn expands the rubber bulb. When the set pressure in the system is reached, an automatic relay in the control system turns off the pump that pumps water. Ready! The system is under pressure, a good stream of water flows from the taps.
As water is consumed, the water levels in the accumulator decrease. A decrease in the water level leads to an expansion of the injected air. The air expands and compresses the rubber bulb. By expanding, the rubber bulb increases the pressure in the system.
But this cannot last forever. When the lower level, the preset pressure, is reached, the automatic relay turns on the submersible pump and water is pumped into the accumulator again and everything is repeated anew. The working pressure of such a system is 2.5-4 atmospheres. Since the water supply system using a hydroaccumulator is the most popular and convenient for private houses, cottages and summer cottages.
An alternative to hydroaccumulator water supply is a simpler autonomous water supply system using a storage tank.
Water supply using a storage tank
This system is also used to supply water to the home. Particularly relevant is a water supply system with a storage tank in places with interruptions or lack of power supply. The principle of its operation is as follows.
In the house at the highest level, usually the attic, a storage tank is installed with a float valve against overflow. The submersible pump is installed in a well or well. From it, a pipeline is laid and brought into the house. In the house, the pipeline is connected to the bottom of the filling tank. The pump pumps water into the tank. When the maximum level is reached, switches off the pump. At the minimum level, the valve turns on the pump. It's simple, but quite expensive.
Now about the centralized water supply.
Centralized water supply
For a large number of consumers, the water supply system must have a well. The centralized water supply system itself is arranged using a water tower. As wells, the best for household drinking needs are.
Water supply system using a water tower
The principle of operation of the water tower is as follows
- There are three main elements. Caisson, pumping station, main tank of the water tower.
- A caisson is a container (metal or concrete-ring) at a depth of 2-2.5 meters above the well. In the caisson, a node for withdrawing the pipeline from the well is mounted. The concrete ring caisson is not airtight and therefore can be flooded by groundwater.
- From the caisson through the pumping station, water enters the storage tank. An automatic float valve is installed in the tank. The flap valve turns on the pump when the minimum preset level is reached and turns off the pump when the maximum preset water level in the storage tank is reached.
- The pressure in the centralized water supply system is provided due to the very large volume of the storage tank. Due to its volume, the storage tank can operate autonomously for a long time even in the absence of power supply.
The cold water supply system consists of the following elements: water, a water metering unit, a special installation for increasing the pressure. Also used are spare and regulating tanks, as well as pipeline and water fittings. The water temperature in the system is about 30 degrees, it is determined by weather conditions and the selected reservoir.
The tank is equipped with a water inlet and a pressure gauge that reflects the air pressure. Water enters the system through a pump. With increasing pressure, the gas in the accumulator increases.
After reaching the permissible level, the system turns off the pump, then the water supply stops. The systematic water supply is turned on, it enters the tank, reaches the required value, then the pump turns off.
If there is a hydraulic tank, the pump is only switched on when it is necessary to fill the tank with a sufficient supply of water. With the help of a storage tank, you can increase the service life of a borehole pump.
The connection diagram of the water supply network is as follows: first, the external and internal pipelines are mounted, then the pumping and additional equipment, and then the water purification filters. The last stage is the installation of a collector and a hot water pump.
Types of water supply systems
Among the main cold water supply systems, there are those that are used in agriculture, for household needs, and for industrial purposes.
According to the method of water delivery, the following systems are distinguished:
- with mechanical water delivery;
- gravity;
- zone.
According to the method of using water, there are direct-flow, recirculating systems and systems with re-use of water. Among the types of water supply sources are water pipelines that are connected to natural and underground sources, as well as combined ones. Surface water contains many microbes and organic mixtures. Water from underground springs is of very high quality, it does not contain mineral salts, it has a minimum hardness.
Autonomous water supply systems are suitable for individual use, they provide a limited amount of water supply. Such systems are used to equip private houses.
The centralized water supply is used to supply water to a large number of users. One or more sources are used for water intake. Centralized devices can be used for urban purposes or for industrial purposes.
Among the devices, industrial and household ones are distinguished. Industrial pumping stations work with large volumes of water, are reliable, equipped with vacuum and circulation pumps. Household appliances can be automatic or self-priming. Depending on the type of water supply systems, systems with and without boost pumps are used.
The first type of devices is equipped with booster pumps that ensure a constant pressure level in the system. There are no difficulties when installing devices. But for their installation, you will need permission from the water utility, which is due to the fact that they are connected to a centralized system and this can affect the water pressure in houses. Boost pumps are used in systems because of the uninterrupted water supply. The second type of cold water supply systems is very popular, this is due to the ease of installation and low cost of construction.
Types of pipes
When choosing pipes, you should start from the water flow that you need. You should also consider the following criteria:
- length of the water supply system;
- number of pipe turns;
- roughness of the inner walls;
- overgrowth of a steel pipe.
Cast iron pipes are used for water supply and sewerage. Such devices are strong and durable. Steel pipes can be zinc coated or uncoated. Such devices are durable and tough, reliable and durable. Pipes are difficult to install, and after a while they become covered with rust.
Copper is a material on which organic and mineral chemicals do not settle. Copper pipes are produced in a polyethylene sheath. For the installation of such products, special equipment is required. They are characterized by high strength and durability. Copper tolerates significant temperature changes well. It is dangerous to install copper plumbing near combustible objects. Copper is a very ductile material, it has strength and withstands mechanical stress. It is quite difficult to reconfigure the plumbing after assembling it.
Reinforced-plastic pipes combine two materials: plastic, metal. They can be flexible, durable. This type of pipe holds water hammer well, it is necessary to check all connections for leaks. The metal-plastic has a surface of high smoothness. Such products are easy to install; to crimp the fittings, you only need a couple of adjustable fittings.
The main disadvantages of metal-plastic pipes are with a sharp drop in the temperature of the water that passes through the water supply. No welding is required to connect the pipes, they are connected to each other using press fittings.
Polypropylene pipes are used in individual and centralized water supply systems. They are durable, rustproof and easy to install. With the help of polypropylene pipes, a sealed connection is created. Most often, this material is preferred; a wide selection of polypropylene models is presented.
The material has high chemical resistance and strength. Such pipe laying should be carried out below the freezing level, after the ice has melted, the polyethylene will return to its original size. This material wins in many ways, some models are designed for pressures over 20 atmospheres.
PVC pipes are stronger and more resistant to chemical attack. The material has good dielectric properties. PVC pipes are used for cold and hot water supply. No welding or complicated tools required. Buy couplings and angles in advance.
How to choose a device
When choosing devices, be sure to pay attention to the shut-off valves. Gate valves, taps, valves, gates and other parts must be of high quality. Use systems that are highly resistant to corrosion.
Pay attention to the control and safety valves. Relief valves protect the system when operating under high operating pressures.
Reducers are also used that reduce the pressure in the system. Air vent valves are used to remove excess oxygen that dissolves in the water.
Choose devices equipped with control devices that signal the flow of water. These can be pressure gauges, meters, sensors. Individual pumps and complete pumping stations with automated control of the water supply.
Filtration equipment helps to purify water from various impurities, the water must comply with sanitary and hygienic standards. Among the devices are coal, sand, membrane and others.
Be sure to take into account the estimated water consumption, it is calculated based on the number of plumbing points and the number of residents. This influences the choice of equipment.
Installation of devices
Among the main systems for the design of water supply systems, a tee and a collector arrangement are distinguished. The tee arrangement is used in industry and the private sector. Installation is carried out in the floor, pipelines and reducing tees are used.
Among the layout features are:
- high number of connection points;
- installation of new pipes is necessary;
- short length of pipelines;
- pressure drops, temperature fluctuations;
- carrying out complex design work.
Manifold arrangement - a system in which cold and hot water distributors are used. The system has fewer connection points, which increases the reliability of the water supply system. The complexity of installation work is reduced. Temperature fluctuations and pressure drops are not so noticeable. This type of installation uses more pipes.
The main defects of cold water supply are as follows:
- leakage of pipelines and fittings;
- overgrowth of pipes with deposits;
- freezing of water;
- water does not flow to the water intake points.
Cold water supply systems must have a certain degree of reliability. When designing a water supply system, one should take into account: the more complex it is, the more comfortable it is to use. Simple systems often fail.
Try to buy only those products that are made from quality materials. It is best to use devices that are made of steel, cast iron, polypropylene. It is desirable that there are no interruptions in the water supply; there must be constant pressure in the system.
Be sure to take into account all the pluses and minuses of the system, the component parts must be made in the best possible way. I hope our tips and tricks will help you in the future. I think that now you can choose the right cold water system.
Water supply system (plumbing) is a complex of interconnected devices and structures that provide consumers with water in the required quantity and of a given quality. The water supply system includes devices and structures for water intake from a water supply source, its transportation, preparation, accumulation (storage), regulation of supply and distribution between consumers. The water supply scheme is the sequential arrangement of these structures from the source to the consumer, their relative position relative to each other.
The water supply system is divided into external and internal. The external water supply includes all structures for the intake, purification and distribution of water through the water supply network before entering the building. An internal water supply system is a set of devices that provide water from the external network and supply it to the water supply devices located in the building.
Water supply systems should be designed in accordance with the requirements for the design of external networks and water supply facilities, as well as other regulatory and technical recommendations and requirements for water by consumers. The choice of a water supply system and scheme should be made on the basis of a comparison of the technical and economic indicators of their possible options, taking into account:
- local conditions and peculiarities of water consumption objects;
- gradual development of the water supply system;
- water supply sources;
- requirements for pressure, quantity and quality of water;
- reliability of water supply.
Water supply systems (water pipes) are classified according to a number of characteristics.
1. According to the reliability of water supply :
I - it is allowed to reduce no more than 30% of the estimated consumption of drinking water for a period of no more than 3 days, while a break in the water supply or a decrease in consumption below the specified limit for no more than 10 minutes is allowed to turn off the failed and turn on the backup elements of the water supply system ( equipment, fittings, structures, pipelines);
II - it is allowed to reduce no more than 30% of the estimated consumption of the supplied drinking water for a period of no more than 10 days, while a break in the water supply or a decrease in consumption below the specified limit is allowed for no more than 6 hours to turn off the failed and turn on the backup elements of the water supply system (equipment, fittings, structures, pipelines);
III - it is allowed to reduce no more than 30% of the estimated consumption of the supplied drinking water for a period of no more than 15 days, while a break in the water supply or a decrease in consumption below the specified limit is allowed for no more than 24 hours to turn off the failed and turn on the backup elements of the water supply system (equipment, fittings, structures, pipelines).
Water supply systems for settlements with more than 50,000 inhabitants. Should be attributed to category I, from 5,000 to 50,000 people. - to the II category and less than 5000 people. - to the III category.
2.By the type of the serviced object: urban, settlement, industrial, agricultural, etc.
3. By the type of natural sources used :
- from underground sources (artesian, spring);
- from surface sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, seas).
4. By the way of water supply :
- gravity (gravitational);
- pressure (with mechanical feed by pumps).
5. By way of delivery and distribution of water:
- centralized;
- decentralized;
- combined.
Water supply systems in settlements are provided, as a rule, centralized. At the same time, depending on local conditions and economic feasibility, they can be separate - with their own sources of water supply for each of the zones (residential or industrial) or combined - with a common source of water supply for both zones.
6. By the number of serviced objects :
- group system (serves several objects or settlements);
- local or local system (serves one object, one building or a small group of compactly located buildings);
- zonal system (serves various parts of the territory with a significant difference in elevation);
- the district system (serves several large water consumers located in a certain area).
7. By appointment :
- household and drinking;
- production;
- fire-fighting;
- united.
Fire-fighting water supply system is designed to obtain the necessary water consumption under the required pressure during the standard fire extinguishing time during the hours of maximum water consumption and is subdivided into water supply and non-water supply.
An independent fire-fighting water supply system is arranged at the most fire hazardous facilities - enterprises of the petrochemical and oil refining industries, warehouses of fuels and lubricants, wood warehouses, etc., where high costs and water pressure are required.
United water pipelines are arranged mainly in settlements. This water supply system provides household, drinking, fire-fighting and industrial needs. Usually they combine household and drinking water with a fire-fighting and separately industrial water supply. The production and fire-fighting water supply is extremely rare, because the industrial water supply network does not always cover the entire territory of the facility. As a result, some fire hazardous areas may not be provided with water necessary to extinguish a fire. In addition, in some industries it is required to maintain a constant pressure and flow rate of water, which will change when extinguishing a fire.
The water supply is fire-fighting or combined with a fire-fighting one, can be of low or high pressure.
Low pressure water supply(Figure 2.1, a) is calculated in such a way that during a fire only the amount of water supplied increases, while the pressure in the network is maintained at least 10 m.In low-pressure water pipelines, the water tower or counter-reservoir is turned off during a fire. Such water pipes are widespread in cities and towns. The selection of water for extinguishing fires from such water pipelines is carried out using mobile fire pumps (auto pumps, motor pumps, etc.). A low-pressure fire-fighting water supply system, combined with an industrial water supply system, is arranged in industries where the fire consumption, in comparison with the production one, is small and does not affect the pressure of the industrial water supply system. However, if for firefighting needs it is necessary to start an additional pump, a decrease in the pressure in the network is possible, which is not always allowed by the requirements of the production technology.
High pressure water supply(Figure 2.1, b) are divided into:
a) constant high pressure water supply;
b) high pressure water supply, increased only during a fire. In this case, the pressure in the water supply network is created by stationary pumps for the direct supply of water from the hydrants installed on the network.
| a | b  |
a) low pressure water supply; b) high pressure water supply
1 - fire hydrant; 2 - fire hydrant; 3 - hose line;
4 - fire barrel
Figure 2.1 – Water supply schemes for extinguishing a fire from
Any water supply network is presented in the form of a complex of structures and elements that provide industrial and domestic facilities with water.
- pipes made of polypropylene, steel, LDPE;
- reservoir for water intake;
- pump;
- inspection well with water shut-off valves;
- storage tanks and water purification system.
In the process of arranging external water supply networks, the established norms and requirements of SNiP are observed. External water supply is classified into the following types (by purpose):
- household;
- fire-fighting;
- production;
- irrigation;
- negotiable.
According to the pipeline routing method, the network can be laid according to several schemes:
- dead-end - used to provide water for small objects;
- annular - designed for uninterrupted fluid supply. For its arrangement, a large number of consumables are used.
Experts distinguish between the following pipe laying methods:
- Ground.
- Underground.
- Trench.
- Trenchless.
System design
For the successful and uninterrupted operation of the system, it is recommended to carry out the correct constructive arrangement of the pipeline. Most often, the system is equipped with factory pipes. There are certain requirements for the arrangement of water supply:
- strength to withstand external and internal loads;
- tightness;
- smooth surface of the inner walls, which reduces friction head loss;
- durability.
The consumable used must be quickly and easily assembled at the site of the system. The water supply network must meet the requirements of increased efficiency. Pressure pipes are selected taking into account the resistance of the water. To calculate the working pressure, the footage of the entire network is taken into account, the diameter of the pipeline used. Calculations can be carried out independently or by contacting specialists for help.
Taking into account the requirements for the installation of consumables, the pipes must have the required strength. This will allow them to withstand the pressure exerted by the soil, including the deflection of their own weight. In this case, the possible loads exerted by the transport are taken into account. The tightness of pipes and joints is an important condition for the successful and economical operation of the network. If the tightness is not observed, excess fluid consumption is observed, which contributes to an increase in the cost of operating the water supply network.
Water leaks from the system can be caused by soil erosion and a serious accident on the highway. To equip the system under consideration, in order to serve any object, pipes are used, the choice of which depends on the following criteria:
- the volume of the supplied liquid;
- type of soil;
- working internal pressure.
Therefore, for water supply systems, different types of pipes can be used, taking into account the conditions of the area where construction work is being carried out. For the improvement of the external water supply system, steel, reinforced concrete and cast iron pipes are used. It is possible to lay a pipeline made of synthetic pipes. To make the right choice, it is recommended that you first familiarize yourself with the performance characteristics of all types of pipes.
Types of plumbing
Before conducting an external water supply, it is recommended to determine its type. According to the methods of transporting water to the final object, the water supply network can be technical. In this case, the water is used only for production. You can't drink it. To save money, technical networks are partially cleared. This allows the waste water resource to be reused.
The fire network is equipped for fire extinguishing. Such systems are equipped with special equipment and a hydrant. If it is necessary to save money, when performing laying work, the fire system is combined with a technical, household or dead-end scheme. For installation work, you must be guided by the principles of fire safety. Therefore, before laying the pipeline, you need to obtain permission from the relevant authorities. Installation work is carried out independently or with the help of professionals.
To use water in everyday life, the household system is being set up. The water supplied under this scheme is used for drinking. Before laying the pipeline, a plan for the primary cleaning of the liquid is developed. For this, special stations or filters can be used.
Water supply schemes
To lay a pipeline for the future water supply system, a diagram is being prepared. It indicates all the elements of the network, the main technical characteristics of the pipeline. To transport water from the source to the desired object, water conduits are used. They can consist of 2 or more pipelines, which are located parallel to each other.
To supply water to the place of consumption, an external water supply system is equipped. Water supplied to specific points of water intake inside the facility requires the arrangement of an internal water supply system. Taking into account the configuration, the external network is mounted on a closed or branched type.
The ring network provides a constant supply of fluid. But for the arrangement of such a system, a large amount of consumables will be required, including fittings, fittings.
A closed network is effective if you need to provide water for a small farm. A dead-end system is installed at facilities where there are interruptions in the water supply or frequent accidents occur.
The external water supply system consists of main and secondary lines. A separate pipeline is required for service water, which must not be mixed with drinking water. In this case, it is recommended to make 3 schemes.
A separate drawing is prepared for the technical and drinking pipeline. Additionally, a general scheme of the system is made. If the drawing is done independently, it is recommended to use graph paper. In the absence of skills in drawing up diagrams, it is recommended to consult with specialists.
Water from the water supply system enters the internal network under pressure. For this, a special input is provided in the soil, presented in the form of a pipeline branch from the external network to the water metering unit or stop valves laid inside the serviced object.
Taking into account the location of the distribution line in relation to the water points, the upper and lower distribution of the water supply system is distinguished. In the upper wiring, the line is located above the draw-off points, and in the lower one - below. Low pressure is observed in the external network, and high pressure is required in the internal network. For this, a pump and a special tank are installed.
The circular internal water supply network is being equipped for technological purposes. If it has 10 or more points, then it is connected to an external system using two or more inputs. The use of a dead-end scheme is limited.
The external water supply network is laid in the soil. In areas with permanent permafrost, the water supply is carried out above the ground. For this, special supports are prepared that require subsequent thermal insulation. Mineral wool is used as a heater.
Installation features
Before laying a pipeline, the following criteria are taken into account:
- the depth of soil freezing and pipe laying;
- fluid temperature;
- water supply mode.
If it is necessary to lay the main pipeline, then the depth of the pipes is calculated individually. This takes into account the mode in which the system will operate. Calculations can be carried out independently or with the help of specialists. In any case, the value of the main indicator depends on the external loads exerted on the soil and the climatic conditions of the area.
The pipeline line corresponds to the relief of the land plot. When arranging the system, the slope is taken into account, which must be observed on level ground. With the help of such a slope, it is possible to empty the network and the release of air masses at the maximum points of the water supply system. The last process takes place with plungers.
If fittings and fittings with special connections are used to equip the system, then brick or ready-made wells are equipped in the places of their installation. Their parameters depend on the dimensions of the used fittings and the depth of the network. The well can be rectangular or round. Above the soil, the well is closed with a special hatch. It can be bought or made from cast iron.
When installing the internal system, an open method is adhered to. The pipeline is laid over building structures. This technical solution facilitates the installation and operation of the entire system. The laying of any water supply network can be done independently or with the help of professionals.
For laying, use a level and other construction equipment. Upon completion of the installation work, the system is checked for leaks. If leaks are detected, they are eliminated as soon as possible. Only after repair work is it allowed to restart the water supply system.
