Water supply systems for cities are a complex of engineering structures for the intake, lifting, purification of water, its storage and delivery to the consumer. It includes the following structures:

water intake facilities and pumping stations of the first lift, which supply water to the places of its purification;

treatment facilities;

collection tanks of clean water;

pumping stations of the second and next rises, supplying water to the city or to industrial enterprises;

water conduits and water supply networks.

In the practice of water supply to cities, there are different systems that centrally provide consumers with water. The whole variety of water supply systems can be classified according to the following criteria:

By type of natural sources used, - water pipelines that take water from surface or underground sources, and mixed water pipelines;

by type of consumers- utilities (city, village); fireproof; industrial, which, in turn, are subdivided by industry (water pipelines of chemical enterprises, thermal power plants, metallurgical plants, etc.);

By territorial coverage of consumers - local (for one object ) and group (or centralized) water pipes that serve a group of objects;

by the way water is presented - water pipes with by gravity (gravitational) and with mechanical representation of water (using pumps);

By frequency of water use - with water circulation, with consistent use in various installations;

by the nature of water use- direct flow, reverse, sequential (with water reuse);

by types of consumers- household and drinking, industrial, fire-fighting, agricultural;

on the complexity of customer service- combined, incompletely separate, separate systems.

Unified system provides all three types of consumers, as a rule, with drinking water. Such systems are useful in cases where the industry consumes drinking-quality water or a relatively small amount of water. These systems are simpler and have a relatively lower network construction cost, which is usually about 60% of the cost of the entire water supply system.

Incomplete split system used in the case when the industry consumes a significant amount of water, the quality requirements of which are low. In this case, the construction of an integrated system is unprofitable, because the unjustified costs of purifying water for the needs of industry to drinking quality lead to a significant increase in the cost of building and operating a water supply system.

Separate systems provide for the construction of separate systems for drinking, industrial and fire fighting needs. Such systems are very rare.

Water supply schemes for cities differ in the set of structures required to provide water of the required quality and quantity. A general view of the water supply scheme, which includes a full set of water supply facilities, is shown in the figure. The source of water supply is natural and artificial reservoirs, rivers, underground artesian and ground waters, seas and oceans.

Water supply systems for industrial enterprises are classified according to the ways of using water: direct-flow, circulating and with re-use of water.

V direct-flow systems water, as a rule, is part of the final product (for example, in the production of mineral acids, liquid suspended complex fertilizers, etc.) or significantly changes its composition (for example, electrolyte water in electrolytic cells), and therefore its reuse is impractical ... In this case, it is discharged after mixing with other wastewater into the local hydrographic network or transferred to a treatment plant.

V circulating systems reuse of water supply, when water is mainly used for cooling, it is advisable to cool the heated water (for example, in cooling towers) and supply it for reuse at the same facility. At the same time, only 3-5% of the total amount of water used is supplied from the water source to replenish its losses during circulation. Sometimes the recycled water needs not only to be cooled, but also sent for purification.

V reuse systems water discharged by one of the industrial consumers can be used by another (for example, water after capturing fluorine gases in the production of superphosphate is used to obtain ammonium fluoride hydrofluoride). This makes it possible to reduce the amount of water taken from the water source.

There are 4 water supply schemes:

1– direct-flow system (water is discharged into reservoirs without purification). Qp.p. - irretrievable loss of water in production, Qisp. - loss of water for evaporation.

Qp.p. - water losses from industrial products,

Qsp is the loss of water for evaporation.

2 - system with wastewater clarification at treatment facilities.

Qos. - loss of water removed together with the sludge of treatment facilities.

3- water supply system with wastewater treatment before discharge into the reservoir

Qsl. - loss of water removed with sewage sludge.

The most widely used system.

4 - circulating water supply system. The water consumption in it is small, it is determined by the consumption necessary to replenish the irreversible water consumption in the process of production and consumption, as well as the periodic replacement of water in circulating cycles (blowdown). At a TPP with a capacity of 1 million kW, with a direct-flow water supply, 1.5 km3 of water are consumed annually, with a circulating system - only 0.12 km3, i.e. 13 times less.

Qunos - water loss with drip,

Qdischarge - water losses during system blowdown,

Qdob - water taken from a water body to replenish water losses in the system.

In this water supply system, the waste water after treatment is not discharged into the reservoir, but is reused in the production system, being regenerated after each production cycle.

5 - a closed water supply system (closed system), the most promising, but the most difficult to achieve.

Water use efficiency criteria

Water use efficiency can be measured by the following three metrics combined.

The technical perfection of the water supply system is assessed by the amount of recycled water used (%)

The efficiency of using water taken from the source is estimated by the utilization factor

Irrevocable consumption and water loss (%)

where Qob, and Qpos. - the amount of water used in circulation and sequentially;

Qist. and Q cheese. - the amount of water taken from the source and entering the water supply system with raw materials;

Q CB is the amount of wastewater discharged into the reservoir.

For the economic assessment of water supply systems, it is necessary to consider the cost of the water used, the cost of water supply and their share in the cost of production, the environmental damage caused to the environment due to discharges of polluted effluents, as well as the economic effect from the application of each of the considered schemes.






					water supply systems

Rice. The cost of water (C), capital investments (K), environmental damage (U) and economic effect (E) when using 1-4 water supply systems.

The general water supply scheme may vary depending on specific conditions. For example, if the water does not require treatment, then the treatment and associated facilities drop out of the scheme. When the source is located at higher elevations than the user object, water can be supplied by gravity and there is no need to build pumping stations. Some systems use multiple sources of water supply, resulting in an increase in the number of major facilities.

Water intakes, pumping stations and water treatment plants.

Water intake- This is a hydraulic structure that takes water from a supply source (rivers, lakes, reservoirs) for the needs of water use. In addition, there are water intakes used for the needs of hydropower, irrigation, etc. Water intake structures must ensure the presence of water in the water conduit

in a given quantity,

the required quality,

in accordance with the water use schedule.

Structures for the intake of water from surface sources are classified according to the type of source (river, reservoir, lake, sea, etc.). Of the river, the most common are onshore, channel, floating, bucket. They can be combined with pumping stations of the first lift.

Onshore water intake structures, used on relatively steep river banks, represent a large-diameter reinforced concrete well, carried by the front wall into the river. Water enters it through the holes provided with gratings, and then passes through the meshes, which provide mechanical water purification.

In-channel water intake structures, which are used on gentle banks, have a head carried out into the river bed, water flows by gravity into the coastal well, which is often combined with a pumping station of the first rise.

A floating water intake is a pontoon or barge on which pumps are installed to take water directly from the river. Water is supplied to the shore through pipes with movable joints laid along the connecting bridge.

In bucket water intake structures, water first flows from the river into a bucket located near the shore (an artificial dam). The ladle itself is used for sedimentation of sediments, as well as for combating ice phenomena - slush, deep ice.

Groundwater intake is a hydraulic structure for the intake of groundwater and supplying it to water supply and other water management systems. The choice of a site for the equipment of groundwater intake is determined by the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the area, the distance from the place of water use, etc. Structurally, such water intakes are subdivided into wells and shaft wells. Wells are the most versatile, technically more advanced type of water intake and are used for centralized water supply. They are highly productive and most fully meet the sanitary requirements. The depth of the wells can reach 800m. The flow rate can reach 50 l / s and more. The walls of wells in unstable rocks are reinforced with casing pipes, which enter one into one and, within the boundaries of the aquifer, end with a filter made of porous concrete, gravel, ceramics, metal meshes. Submersible pumps are used to lift water. Often, water wells are equipped with water towers that regulate the pressure and water loss in the water supply network. Wells have a service life of 10-15, sometimes up to 30 years.

Water intake the structures are intended for the intake of water from the source and its rough cleaning, mainly from floating objects.

Pumping stationsPumping stations I, II and other lifts are used to raise water. Station 1 lifting usually supplies water to the treatment plant, station P lifting - to the water-regulating tank. Their need is determined by the terrain and the length of water transportation. They are equipped with pumps, as a rule, with an electric drive, control, warning and control equipment. Many pumping stations are telecontrolled and fully automated.

Water treatment plant process natural water in order to give it qualities that meet the requirements of users. If the water in the source meets the requirements of the consumer, then there is no need for treatment facilities.

Surface waters, as a rule, are not suitable for drinking due to significant turbidity, color, and a higher content of bacteria than is acceptable for drinking water. Therefore, before supplying water to the water supply system at treatment facilities, it is clarified (suspended and colloidal impurities are removed), color is removed and disinfected (freed from pathogenic bacteria), softened, etc.

Treated water is supplied to the water supply facility by water pipelines and is bred on its territory with the help water supply network.

Water supply network

The water supply network is a set of water supply lines (pipelines) for supplying water to places of water use, it is the main element of the water supply system.

The water supply network laid outside the boundaries of structures is called external. The so-called house branches (pipes) are connected to the line of the water supply network, through which water is supplied to individual structures.

The houses are equipped with internal water supply networks.

For the equipment of the water supply network, apply water pipes. The choice of pipes depends on the value of the required pressure in the water supply network, the nature of the soil, the method of installation and on economic factors. For underground laying, the most common are cast iron, asbestos-cement and steel pipes; reinforced concrete and plastic are also applicable. The depth of pipe laying depends on the level of soil freezing, water temperature and operating mode (in Ukraine, about 1.5-2 m). The maximum pipe laying depth is due to the need to preserve pipes from destruction as a result of transport loads.

Water supply networks equip shut-off valves- dampers and valves for disconnecting individual sections of the network, water-folding equipment, fire hydrants, sometimes - street water-pumps. Hydrants and dampers, as a rule, are installed in special prefabricated or brick wells, covered with metal hatches.

According to technical conditions, the water pressure in the water supply network of settlements should not exceed 6 atm. To supply water to multi-storey buildings, local pumping stations are additionally equipped.

The network can be annular(consisting of separate adjacent closed circuits-rings that can be turned off in the event of an accident) and branched (dead-end), in which, in the event of an accident in any section, the supply of water to all sections of the network behind the damage is interrupted. Therefore, branched networks can be equipped only in cases where interruptions in water consumption are permissible.

The width of the route of the water supply network must be at least 40 m on both sides of the axis when laying water pipes in undeveloped territory and 10 m in built-up territory.

In places where the water supply and sewerage networks are forced to cross in the settlement, the water supply is designed above the sewerage. The vertical distance between them is at least 0.4 m.

With parallel laying of water pipes at the same level with the sewer, the distance between the pipelines should be at least 1.5 m if the diameter of the water pipes is not more than 200 mm and not less than 3 m if the diameter of the water pipes is more than 200 mm.

With parallel laying of water pipes below the sewer, the distance between the walls of the pipelines in the filtering soils should be at least 5 m.It should not be allowed to lay sewer pipes above the water pipes in those places where subsidence and accidents of water supply networks are possible with a high level of groundwater, laying the network along the plows , in seismic areas, etc.

The location of cesspools and other similar objects at a distance of less than 20 m from water supply networks is not allowed.

To regulate the pressure and flow of water, create a supply of it and align the work schedule of pumping stations, they build water towers and reservoirs.

Water tower consists of a water tank, as a rule, cylindrical in shape and a supporting structure (barrel). The regulating role of a water tower is that during a decrease in water use, excess water supplied by a pumping station accumulates in it and is consumed during an increased water consumption. The height of the water tower (the distance from the surface of the earth to the bottom of the tank), as a rule, does not exceed 25 m, sometimes 30 m; tank capacity - from several tens of cubic meters to several thousand. Support structures are made mainly of steel, reinforced concrete, sometimes bricks, tanks - mainly of reinforced concrete and steel.

Water tank, unlike a water tower, does not have a supporting structure (trunk), but is installed at elevated places of the terrain. Sometimes water tanks are used to preserve the firefighter and emergency water supply. Reinforced concrete tanks are now the most common.

The capacity of the reservoirs should ensure uninterrupted water supply during peak hours, as well as a supply of water in case of an emergency. The walls and bottom of underground tanks must be waterproof (reinforced concrete, brick). The bottom of the tank must be above the groundwater level. If necessary, lower it with the help of drainage.

Centralized water supply systems for settlements are divided into three categories according to the degree of reliability of water supply, depending on the size of the population:

I - more than 50 thousand people,

II -50-0.5 thousand people,

III - less than 0.5 thousand people.

The cold water supply system consists of the following elements: water, a water metering unit, a special installation for increasing the pressure. Also used are spare and regulating tanks, as well as pipeline and water fittings. The water temperature in the system is about 30 degrees, it is determined by weather conditions and the selected reservoir.

The tank is equipped with a water inlet and a pressure gauge that reflects the air pressure. Water enters the system through a pump. With increasing pressure, the gas in the accumulator increases.

After reaching the permissible level, the system turns off the pump, then the water supply stops. The systematic water supply is turned on, it enters the tank, reaches the required value, then the pump turns off.

If there is a hydraulic tank, the pump is only switched on when it is necessary to fill the tank with a sufficient supply of water. With the help of a storage tank, you can increase the service life of a borehole pump.

The connection diagram of the water supply network is as follows: first, the external and internal pipelines are mounted, then the pumping and additional equipment, and then the water purification filters. The last stage is the installation of a collector and a hot water pump.

Types of water supply systems

Among the main cold water supply systems, there are those that are used in agriculture, for household needs, and for industrial purposes.

According to the method of water delivery, the following systems are distinguished:

with mechanical water delivery;
gravity;
zone.

According to the method of using water, there are direct-flow, recirculating systems and systems with re-use of water. Among the types of water supply sources are water pipelines that are connected to natural and underground sources, as well as combined ones. Surface water contains many microbes and organic mixtures. Water from underground springs is of very high quality, it does not contain mineral salts, it has a minimum hardness.

Autonomous water supply systems are suitable for individual use, they provide a limited amount of water supply. Such systems are used to equip private houses.

The centralized water supply is used to supply water to a large number of users. One or more sources are used for water intake. Centralized devices can be used for urban purposes or for industrial purposes.

Among the devices, industrial and household ones are distinguished. Industrial pumping stations work with large volumes of water, are reliable, equipped with vacuum and circulation pumps. Household appliances can be automatic or self-priming. Depending on the type of water supply systems, systems with and without booster pumps are used.

The first type of devices is equipped with booster pumps that ensure a constant pressure level in the system. There are no difficulties when installing devices. But for their installation, you will need permission from the water utility, which is due to the fact that they are connected to a centralized system and this can affect the water pressure in houses. Boost pumps are used in systems because of the uninterrupted water supply. The second type of cold water supply systems is very popular, this is due to the ease of installation and low cost of construction.

Types of pipes

When choosing pipes, you should start from the water flow that you need. You should also consider the following criteria:

length of the water supply system;
number of pipe turns;
roughness of the inner walls;
overgrowth of a steel pipe.

Cast iron pipes are used for water supply and sewerage. Such devices are strong and durable. Steel pipes can be zinc coated or uncoated. Such devices are durable and tough, reliable and durable. Pipes are difficult to install, and after a while they become covered with rust.

Copper is a material on which organic and mineral chemicals do not settle. Copper pipes are produced in a polyethylene sheath. For the installation of such products, special equipment is required. They are characterized by high strength and durability. Copper tolerates significant temperature changes well. It is dangerous to install copper plumbing near combustible objects. Copper is a very ductile material, it has strength and withstands mechanical stress. It is quite difficult to reconfigure the plumbing after assembling it.

Reinforced-plastic pipes combine two materials: plastic, metal. They can be flexible, durable. This type of pipe holds water hammer well, it is necessary to check all connections for leaks. The metal-plastic has a surface of high smoothness. Such products are easy to install; to crimp the fittings, you need only a couple of adjustable fittings.

The main disadvantages of metal-plastic pipes are with a sharp drop in the temperature of the water that passes through the water supply. No welding is required to connect the pipes, they are connected to each other using press fittings.

Polypropylene pipes are used in individual and centralized water supply systems. They are durable, rustproof and easy to install. With the help of polypropylene pipes, a sealed connection is created. Most often, this material is preferred; a wide selection of polypropylene models is presented.

The material has high chemical resistance and strength. Such pipe laying should be carried out below the freezing level, after the ice melts, the polyethylene will return to its original size. This material wins in many ways, some models are designed for pressures over 20 atmospheres.

PVC pipes are stronger and more resistant to chemical attack. The material has good dielectric properties. PVC pipes are used for cold and hot water supply. No welding or complicated tools required. Buy couplings and angles in advance.

How to choose a device

When choosing devices, be sure to pay attention to the shut-off valves. Gate valves, taps, valves, gates and other parts must be of high quality. Use systems that are highly resistant to corrosion.

Pay attention to the control and safety valves. Relief valves protect the system when operating under high operating pressures.

Reducers are also used that reduce the pressure in the system. Air vent valves are used to remove excess oxygen that dissolves in the water.

Choose devices equipped with control devices that signal the flow of water. These can be pressure gauges, meters, sensors. Individual pumps and complete pumping stations with automated control of the water supply.

Filtration equipment helps to purify water from various impurities, the water must comply with sanitary and hygienic standards. Among the devices are coal, sand, membrane and others.

Be sure to take into account the estimated water consumption, it is calculated based on the number of plumbing points and the number of residents. This influences the choice of equipment.

Installation of devices

Among the main systems for the design of water supply systems, a tee and a collector arrangement are distinguished. The tee arrangement is used in industry and the private sector. Installation is carried out in the floor, pipelines and reducing tees are used.

Among the layout features are:

high number of connection points;
installation of new pipes is necessary;
short length of pipelines;
pressure drops, temperature fluctuations;
carrying out complex design work.

Manifold arrangement - a system in which cold and hot water distributors are used. The system has fewer connection points, which increases the reliability of the water supply system. The complexity of installation work is reduced. Temperature fluctuations and pressure drops are not so noticeable. This type of installation uses more pipes.

The main defects of cold water supply are as follows:

leakage of pipelines and fittings;
overgrowth of pipes with sediments;
freezing of water;
water does not flow to the water intake points.

Cold water supply systems must have a certain degree of reliability. When designing a water supply system, one should take into account: the more complex it is, the more comfortable its use. Simple systems often fail.

Try to buy only those products that are made from quality materials. It is best to use devices that are made of steel, cast iron, polypropylene. It is desirable that there are no interruptions in the water supply; there must be constant pressure in the system.

Be sure to take into account all the pluses and minuses of the system, the component parts must be made in the best possible way. I hope our tips and tricks will help you in the future. I think that now you can choose the right cold water system.

FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY

Chapter 10. Features of fire-fighting water supply in cities,
industrial enterprises, settlements

Classification of water supply systems

Water supply system- is a complex of engineering and technical structures designed to take water from natural sources, raise it to a height, purify (if necessary), store water supplies and supply it to places of consumption.

Water supply systems (or water pipes) are classified according to a number of characteristics.

By type of serviced object water supply systems are divided into urban, village, industrial, agricultural, railway, etc.

By the way of water supply distinguish between pressure and gravity water pipelines.

Pressure pipelines are those in which water is pumped from the source to the consumer; gravity - in which water from a high-lying source flows to the consumer by gravity. Such water pipes are sometimes arranged in the mountainous regions of the country.

By appointment water supply systems are subdivided into
household and drinking water intended for supplying water for household and drinking needs of the population; industrial, supplying water
technological production processes; fire-fighting, providing water supply for extinguishing fires.

Often they arrange integrated water supply systems: economic and fire-fighting, production-fire-fighting or economic-production-fire-fighting.

In cities and towns, as a rule, they arrange combined economic and fire-fighting water pipelines. From the same water pipelines, water is also supplied to industrial enterprises if the latter consume an insignificant amount of water, or according to the conditions of the technological process of production, water of drinking quality is required. With high water consumption, industrial enterprises can have an independent water supply system that provides their household, drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs. At industrial enterprises, more often than not, separate economic and fire-fighting and industrial water pipelines are arranged, and less often - separate production-fire-fighting, household-drinking or combined economic-production and fire-fighting ones.

The combination of a fire-fighting water supply system with an economic one, and not with an industrial one, is explained by the following reasons.

1. The industrial water supply network is usually sparsely branched, since water is supplied only to the largest water consumers, while the economic and fire-fighting networks must cover all the facilities of the enterprise.

2. For many technological production processes, water is supplied under a strictly defined pressure and flow rate.

If you build a production and fire-fighting water supply system, then when extinguishing a fire in the water supply network, a change in pressure will be observed, and this can lead to a violation of the operating mode of production devices.

The combined economic, industrial and fire-fighting water supply system is arranged when a small amount of drinking-quality water is required for technological needs.

The device of an independent fire-fighting water supply system is allowed only if its combination with a drinking water supply or industrial water supply system is impractical for technical or economic reasons.

An independent fire-fighting water supply system is usually arranged at such fire-hazardous facilities as oil depots, cotton warehouses, timber yards, storage facilities for liquefied gases, etc.

Fire-fighting water lines (special, separate or combined) are of low or high pressure. The free head in the network of a low-pressure fire-fighting water supply system during the period of extinguishing fires should be at least 10 m. At the same time, the pressure at the trunks necessary for extinguishing a fire is created by mobile fire pumps.

In the high-pressure fire-fighting water supply system, water is supplied to the fire site through hoses directly from the hydrants, and the pressure required for fire extinguishing in the network and near the shafts is created by stationary fire pumps installed in the pumping station.

According to the degree of supply of water (according to the reliability of operation), water supply systems are divided into three categories:

I - it is allowed to reduce the supply of water for household and drinking needs no more than 30% of the estimated consumption and for production needs according to the emergency schedule. The duration of the feed reduction is no more than 3 days. A break in the supply is allowed for the period of turning off the damaged and turning on the backup elements of the system, but for no more than 10 minutes.

II - feed reduction is the same, but up to 10 days is allowed. A break in serving is allowed up to 6 hours.

III - feed reduction is the same, but up to 15 days is allowed. A break in serving is allowed up to 24 hours.

Localities with the number of inhabitants N> 50 × 10 3 belong to category I; at 5 × 10 3< N < 50×10 3 - относятся ко II категории; при N < 5×10 3 - относятся к III категории.

For group water pipes, the category is taken according to the settlement with the largest number of inhabitants.

Elements of water supply systems, damage to which can interfere with the supply of water for fire extinguishing, must belong to category I.

Water supply systems can serve as one object, for example, a city or industrial enterprise, or several objects. In the latter case, these systems are called group... If the water supply system serves several large objects located at a considerable distance from one another, then such a system is called district water supply system... Small water supplies serving a single building or a small group of compact buildings from a nearby source are commonly referred to as local water supplies.

To supply water under the required pressure to various parts of the territory that have a significant difference in elevation, zone water supply can be arranged.

In this article, you will learn everything about water supply - a description of water supply, schemes and water supply systems, textbooks, tables, programs, design, construction, operation and much more.

What is water supply?

Water supply is the process of providing water to the population, industry, agriculture and the needs of firefighting.

Water supply for household and drinking needs is the provision of the population with drinking water to meet sanitary needs, drinking, cooking, washing and cleaning the premises.

Water supply for industrial needs is the consumption of water by industrial enterprises to ensure technological processes and for irrigation of the territory.

Water supply for agricultural needs is the irrigation of agricultural land and fields, the drinking needs of livestock.

Fire-fighting water supply is the consumption of water for external fire extinguishing (fire hydrants, fire tanks and reservoirs) and the consumption of water for internal fire extinguishing (fire hydrants, automatic fire extinguishing (sprinklers and drenchers)).

After the construction of networks and water supply facilities, you can start operating the system.

Operation of water supply systems

The operation of water supply systems is determined by technical regulations developed by the owners of networks and structures.

For example, the operation of an intra-apartment water supply network consists of:

1) Check the water supply system for leaks.
2) Timely repair and replacement of sanitary appliances in the sanitary unit of the apartment and in the kitchen.

Interesting facts on water supply (updated)

The external water supply network should be laid 0.5 m below the freezing depth.

The productivity of the water tap is 7-10 liters of water per minute.

Bringing water to the required MPC parameters can be achieved not only by purification, but also, for example, by mixing water from different aquifers.

Iron removal is a fairly simple process. Deironing of water = aeration + filtration.

As a conclusion

Water supply is a process that ensures the convenience of a person's life in everyday life and at work. First of all, a sufficient level of knowledge ensures the reliability of this process.

Everything about water supply - description, diagrams and systems, books, textbooks, tables, programs, design, construction and operation. Detailed description of the water supply system and operating principles.

Water supply goals

Water is consumed by various consumers for a wide variety of needs. However, the vast majority of these costs can be summarized in three main categories:

consumption for household and drinking needs (drinking, cooking, washing, washing, keeping houses clean, etc.),
consumption for production needs (consumption by industrial enterprises, transport, energy, agriculture, etc.),
consumption for fire extinguishing.

When supplying water, its quality is taken into account, for example, the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 “Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control". To bring the water quality up to the required standards, water treatment is used.

Sources of water supply

Shypot - an underground source of water supply

The choice of a source is one of the most important tasks in the construction of a water supply system, since it largely determines the nature of the system itself, the presence of certain structures in its composition, and, consequently, the cost of both construction and operation. The water supply source must meet the following basic requirements:

ensure the receipt of the necessary amounts of water from it, taking into account the growth of water consumption for the prospect of the development of the facility;
ensure uninterrupted water supply to consumers;
to provide water of such quality that best meets the needs of consumers or allows you to achieve the required quality by simple and cheap purification;
provide the ability to supply water to the facility with the lowest cost of funds;
have such a capacity that the withdrawal of water from it does not violate the existing ecological system.

The correct solution to the issue of choosing a source of water supply for each given object requires a thorough study and analysis of the water resources of the area in which the object is located. Almost all natural sources of water used for water supply can be classified into two main groups:

surface sources - seas or their separate parts (bays, straits), watercourses (rivers, streams, canals), reservoirs (lakes, ponds, reservoirs, flooded quarries), swamps, natural outlets of groundwater (geysers, springs), glaciers, snowfields ;
underground sources - groundwater basins, aquifers.

Mezentsev Alexander Nikolaevich, a native of the Adler region, born in 1992, candidate of the master of sports in judo-sambo, is a Professor of the SSTU named after Yu.A. Gagarin in the field of water supply and sanitation

Water supply system

The water supply system is a complex of structures for providing a certain (given) group of consumers (this object) with water in the required quantities and the required quality. In addition, the water supply system must have a certain degree of reliability, that is, ensure the supply of water to consumers without an unacceptable decrease in the established indicators of its work in relation to the quantity or quality of the supplied water (interruptions or a decrease in water supply or deterioration of its quality within unacceptable limits).

The main elements of the water supply system

The water supply system (of a populated place or an industrial enterprise) must ensure the receipt of water from natural sources, its purification, if this is caused by the requirements of consumers, and supply to the places of consumption. To accomplish these tasks, the following structures are used, which are usually part of the water supply system:

water intake structures, with the help of which water is taken from natural sources,
water-lifting structures, that is, pumping stations that supply water to the places of its purification, storage or consumption,
water treatment facilities,
water conduits and water supply networks serving for the transportation and supply of water to the places of its consumption,
towers and tanks that play the role of regulating and reserve tanks in the water supply system.

Depending on local environmental conditions and the nature of water consumption, as well as depending on economic considerations, the water supply scheme and its constituent elements can vary greatly. A great influence on the scheme of a water supply system is exerted by the adopted one: its nature, power, water quality in it, the distance from it to the object supplied with water, etc. Sometimes several natural sources are used for one object.

Classification of water supply systems

Water supply systems can be classified according to a number of basic characteristics. By appointment:

water supply systems for populated areas (cities, towns),
industrial water supply systems,
agricultural water supply systems,
fire-fighting water supply systems,
combined water supply systems (household and production, household and fire, etc.).

By the way of water supply:

gravity (gravitational),
with mechanized water supply (using pumps),
zone (in some areas by gravity, in others by pumps).

By the nature of the natural sources used :

receiving water from surface sources (river, lake, etc.),
receiving water from underground sources (spring, artesian, etc.),
mixed type.

By way of using water:

once-through water supply systems (with one-time use of water),
recycling water supply systems,
water recycling systems.

Notes (edit)

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WATER SUPPLY- WATER SUPPLY. I. Water supply of populated areas. Purpose and purpose of water supply. V. established organized and regular delivery of water to the mass consumer. quality and in a certain quantity, providing with one or another completeness ... ... Great medical encyclopedia

water supply- A set of measures to provide water to its various consumers in the required quantities and of appropriate quality [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] water supply Water supply to consumers ... ... Technical translator's guide

Water supply- Water supply. Initially, the population of St. Petersburg used water from wells (over 1.3 thousand in the 1840s), rivers, and canals. Some buildings (A.D. Menshikov's palace on Vasilievsky Island, the Marble Palace, etc.) were supplied with water from the Neva along ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

A set of measures and structures that ensure the intake, preparation, accumulation, supply and distribution of water for the needs of the population and industry. In English: Water supply English synonyms: Waterservice See also: Water supply ... ... Financial vocabulary

Water supply- - a set of measures to provide water to various consumers (population, industrial enterprises, transport, agriculture) in the required quantities and required quality. [SNiP I 2] Term heading: Water supply, water ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

A set of measures to provide water to various consumers of the population, industrial enterprises, etc. A complex of engineering structures and devices that provide water supply (including obtaining water from natural sources, purifying it, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

In mining (a. Water supply; n. Wasserversorgung; f. Alimentation en eau; and. Suministro de agua) water supply for the forge. enterprises. Necessary for the implementation of hydraulic engineering. processes of extraction and transportation of solid p. and. (cm.… … Geological encyclopedia

WATER SUPPLY, water supply, many others. no, cf. (specialist.). Water supply to the population or points of technical water consumption. Water supply and sewerage are the most important sectors of the municipal economy. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary