UDC: 656.078
Merdzhanova L.Z.
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor GBOUVO RK KIPU
Medzhitova S.R.
Master's student of the Department of Accounting, Analysis and Audit,
GBOUVO RK KIPU
STATE AND PROBLEMS OF ROAD TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT
IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The paper investigates the state of road transport in the Russian Federation, the structure and dynamics of the implementation of the corresponding type of economic activity. Also, the article analyzes the main problems of its development in the context of klizisnye phenomena in the economy.
Key words: state of motor transport in the Russian Federation, development problems, motor transport.
Currently, solving the problems of economic development of the Russian Federation is one of the first tasks for our state. A special place is occupied by the transport infrastructure, which has already become an everyday topic for an ordinary citizen. For the development of the economy of the Russian Federation, the priority is to increase the role of transport, which ensures the vital activity of the country's citizens, the development of the state economy, the preservation of defense capability and the possibility of achieving higher foreign economic relations of the country.
The transport system of the Russian Federation is presented different kinds transport: rail, road, sea, aviation, and the like.
Road transport plays a significant role. Cars take an active part in the turnover of absolutely all sectors of the national economy, thereby ensuring the delivery of all types of resources, materials, consumer goods and equipment on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad. The development of consumer cooperation industries, in modern conditions of market relations, is directly interconnected with the optimization of transport services. The quality of the road transport depends primarily on:
Organization of uninterrupted trade and meeting the needs of the population;
The level of profitability of trade, catering, procurement and production activities;
Ensuring the required volume of trade.
In the Russian Federation, there is a fairly developed market for motor transport services, which are provided by enterprises of various forms of ownership.
Motor transport enterprises of consumer cooperatives take their place in the market. And the transport service of enterprises is carried out mainly by rail and road transport, part of the transport is also carried out by river, sea and air transport.
About 67% of transportation is carried out by cars that belong to transport organizations of consumer cooperation. Economic crisis recent years negatively affected the development of all sectors of consumer cooperation: the turnover of trade and public catering enterprises decreased, and the output of products at industrial enterprises decreased. This negatively affected the development of road transport.
Today, there are a large number of problems in the industry that require immediate and priority solutions. First of all, the existence of a high level of depreciation of fixed assets of infrastructure facilities poses a threat to emergencies, and ultimately to the unstable functioning of the economy and national security of the country. The poor state of the infrastructure sector results in poor quality infrastructure services. The poor quality of the transport infrastructure leads to additional non-productive costs, which actually slow down the growth of real GDP. At the same time, infrastructure as a branch of economic activity occupies a rather important place in the economy of the Russian Federation, providing about 15% of GDP.
In recent years, there has been a large reduction in the number of vehicles in consumer cooperatives. Most abbreviated as trucks, this has led to a decrease in freight traffic. There is also a downward trend in the number of pickups, buses, and special vehicles.
In the conditions of consumer cooperation, the most economically feasible is the use of small and medium-duty vehicles, since it is these types of vehicles that provide the optimal transportation sizes for small trade, procurement, industrial enterprises consumer cooperation. But the only drawback of such vehicles is the fact that you have to carry out small-scale wholesale transportation on vehicles of increased carrying capacity. Only a third part is accounted for by light and medium-duty vehicles from the vehicles that are currently being delivered.
Having studied the development of road transport and its importance in consumer cooperation, it should be noted that:
Automobile transport is a relatively young branch of activity, which is characterized by a variety of transportation services that it provides to enterprises and organizations;
To ensure the fulfillment of the tasks of transport services for customer enterprises, the automobile transport of consumer cooperatives has a varied rolling stock, which requires updating;
Automobile transport of consumer cooperation is a promising industry that has significant reserves for development, provides services to both enterprises and organizations of consumer cooperation, and other business entities, and individuals for transportation in the Russian Federation and abroad.
The development of the potential of the road transport service will help to protect the long-term interests of the Russian Federation in the international market. The main directions for the development of the potential of road transport services of the Russian Federation in the international market should be as follows:
Priority directions in the development of transport corridors, the volume of transit, local and export-import traffic, foreign tourism, accelerating the promotion of vehicles at border crossings.
Creation of a legislative and regulatory framework that regulates the working conditions of the services of international road transport, points of automobile service, their interaction with enterprises of the country's infrastructure sectors in the process of transport support of foreign economic relations.
Transition to international standards and rules applied in the construction of automobile service facilities, transport communications, in the production of vehicles.
Development of new rules for the provision of services for vehicles and their crews under the terms of transport and forwarding services to their customers.
Ensuring safe work in transport inside and outside the country. Considering these areas, it is possible to improve transport services in the Russian Federation. So, despite the results of the study, it is necessary to accept regulations, aimed at improving the system of organizing the service of transport and forwarding activities, creating a unified system and developing export-import transportation of goods by road. The economic policy should be formed taking into account the conditions of the general economic nature of the industry's activities on the rational coordination of national and collective interests. Technical development and modernization of enterprises and services should be carried out in accordance with the legislative acts of the Russian Federation.
Literature:
1. Kuter M.I. Accounting theory: textbook / M.I. Cooter. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2015 .-- S. 32-99.
2. Nikolaeva G.A. Accounting in trade / G.А. Nikolaeva, L.P. Blitzau. - M .: Prior-Izdat, 2014 .-- S. 314-316.
3. Mikhailovskaya Yu.V. Sales of products: how to account for transportation costs? / Yu.V. Mikhailovskaya // Chief accountant. - 2015. - N 23. - S. 23-29.
4. Channova S.V. Car repair / S.V. Channova // Chief accountant. - 2015. - No. 15. - S.
It happens: The good condition of the car is a condition in which it meets all the requirements of technical conditions and design documentation. Also, the faulty state can be divided into: The operable state of the car is the state in which it is able to perform certain work with the parameters specified in its technical characteristics. The limiting state of the vehicle of the unit or part is such a state in which it is unacceptable to operate them further.
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Lecture number 1
The technical condition of a vehicle is a condition characterized by the totality of its operational properties that change during operation, measured and quantified.
It happens:
- Good condition of the car- this is the state in which it meets all the requirements of technical specifications and design documentation.
- Faulty car- this is a car in which there are mechanisms, devices and assemblies that are defective or do not meet the requirements of technical conditions and design documentation.
Also faulty conditioncan be divided into:
- Working condition of the car- this is a state in which he is able to perform a certain work with the parameters specified in his technical characteristics.
- Inoperative car- this is a car that cannot be operated as intended due to the breakdown of parts or malfunctions of its instruments or units.
- Limit state of a car, unit or part- this is a state in which it is unacceptable to continue to operate them.
Technical operation- a branch of knowledge that studies the ways and methods of maintaining equipment in good condition at a rational cost.
Schedule determining the time for passing the Maintenance, depending on the mileage:
Technical operation, as an area of applied activity, is a complex of engineering, organizational and economic measures to keep equipment in good working order.
Factors affecting the speed of the technical condition of the car:
1. External (these include traffic violation, vehicle operation, accident);
2. Internal; they are divided into:
- constructive (design errors);
- technological (incorrect manufacturing technology of a part or incorrect assembly technology);
- material defects;
The same factors are: random and constantly acting;
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Good afternoon, dear reader.
Let me remind you that legal entities and individual entrepreneurs carrying out transportation must organize a pre-trip or pre-shift inspection, and a mark on the passage must be affixed to.
In what cases are pre-trip and pre-shift control carried out?
Pre-trip control carried out if the duration of the flight is equal to or exceeds the duration of the working day. In this case, the vehicle is checked only once before the start of the trip.
Pre-shift control is carried out if the car makes several trips during the day. In this case, the vehicle is checked only once before the start of the shift.
The rest of the pre-trip and pre-shift control procedures completely coincide.
What vehicles must be checked?
Article 20, paragraph 2 Federal law"" indicates that vehicles must pass technical control, owned by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs that carry passengers or goods.
In this case, we are not necessarily talking about commercial transport. If the car transports cargo for the organization's own needs or transports at least one person other than the driver, then it must pass pre-trip or pre-shift control.
The requirement applies to all types of vehicles: cars, trucks, buses and others.
Who can do a pre-trip inspection?
7. Control is carried out inspector of technical condition of vehicles or the controller of the technical condition of urban land electric transport vehicles (hereinafter - the controller).
Technical control must be carried out by a dedicated employee - controller.
Detailed requirements for controllers are given in a separate (clause 14.3):
Pay attention to the last line of the table. Any employee of the organization with at least secondary vocational education can undergo vocational training, after which he will be able to perform work as a controller.
For example, consider the smallest organization option. An individual entrepreneur is engaged in the transportation of goods, i.e. itself acts as a driver. In this case, he can undergo professional retraining. After that, he will have the right to check the car before leaving and put a mark on the passage of control in the waybill.
However, there is another option. You can conclude an agreement with a mechanic who will come to the organization every day, check vehicles, put notes on waybills and fill out the appropriate journal.
In this case, the following point must be taken into account:
5. Pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles (hereinafter - control) is carried out before the vehicle leaves the parking lot (parking space) intended for parking the vehicle upon returning from the flight and the end of the change of the vehicle driver (hereinafter - parking).
So it is necessary to carry out checks of the car where it is in the parking lot. That is, it is impossible to conclude an agreement in accordance with which cars will go to another organization to pass pre-trip control. All checks must take place on site.
If the organization is large and there are a lot of cars, then it makes sense to hire a separate employee who will deal with pre-trip checks.
If there are only a few cars involved in transportation, then it will be cheaper to conclude an agreement with a specialized organization, whose employee will come and release the cars on the flight.
Inspection procedure
The procedure for the pre-shift control contains full list elements of the car that need to be checked (click on the picture to enlarge it):
Thus, nothing supernatural will have to be done during the check. You just need to check that the car is fully functional.
I would also like to draw your attention to the fact that the controller must, among other things, check that no changes have been made to the car's design.
Mark in the waybill
If the car is completely serviceable, then the controller puts a mark in the waybill "control of the technical condition of the vehicle has been passed", puts his signature, writes the surname and initials.
In addition, in the waybill, you must indicate the date and time of the pre-trip control. Additional field for this.
Pre-trip control results log
Also, a mark on the passage of control must be entered in a special logbook for registering the results of pre-shift control (click on the picture to enlarge):
The journal is an ordinary table, the list of columns of which is given in the normative document. If you wish, you can make such a table yourself. You can also download the following form and print it in the required quantity:
In 2020, all fields of the journal are filled in by the controller. The driver's signature is not required.
Note. The journal of registration of the results of technical control can be kept in electronic form. In this case, the information entered must be certified by a strengthened qualified electronic signature.
Penalty for the absence of a mark on pre-trip control
The penalty for violating the rules for passing the pre-trip technical inspection is provided for in Article 12.31 1 of the Administrative Code:
3. Carrying out the carriage of passengers and baggage, cargo by road transport and urban land electric transport in violation of the requirements for carrying out pre-trip control of the technical condition of vehicles -
shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of three thousand rubles; for officials - five thousand rubles; for legal entities - thirty thousand rubles.
Please note, the punishment is imposed:
- for the driver - 3,000 rubles,
- for the controller - 5,000 rubles,
- for a legal entity or individual entrepreneur - 30,000 rubles.
Well, in conclusion, I suggest that you independently familiarize yourself with the text of the new regulatory document:
Good luck on the road!
Read all comments
Hello, tell me, is there a law obliging the organization to park licensed buses only within the city?
Exactly ONLY then no.
Victor-166
Hello! At our enterprise, the head of the operation service puts a mark on the passage of the inspection in the waybill and the journal. And he doesn't even look at the car. I will say more - does not even leave the office. To my arguments that she (the woman's head of service) should inspect the car, responds that those. the condition is checked by a repair mechanic, and she simply puts a signature in the track and records it in the journal. Is she doing this rightly and, if not rightly, how and who can punish her?
Hello! Can you please tell me if there is a mandatory chronological order of recording in the log of pre-trip technical control of the condition of vehicles according to the time when the vehicle goes on line? If so, in which document is this reflected?
Nowhere. "... Pre-trip control of the technical condition of vehicles is carried out before the start of the voyage ..." and "... is carried out before the vehicle leaves the parking lot (parking space) ..." All from the order of the Ministry of Transport dated August 8, 2018 No. 296 ...
Mikhail-237
Hello. Please tell me if there are any qualification requirements (I have a diploma technician qualification) for holders of Secondary vocational education in the specialty Maintenance and repair of road vehicles in order to be a controller for the production of vehicles?
Hello,
1) A vehicle (reachstackers, tractors, forklifts, etc.) is registered and does not leave the territory of the enterprise, must it undergo a mandatory pre-trip inspection?
2) If yes, then according to which document does this vehicle belong to Order No. 141?
Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 141 was canceled on August 8, 2018 by order No. 296. It contains key phrases in clause 2: "This Procedure is mandatory for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who transport passengers on the basis of a carriage or charter agreement and (or) goods on on the basis of the contract of carriage (commercial carriage), as well as those carrying out the movement of persons, except for the driver, who are in the vehicle (on it), and (or) material objects without the conclusion of these contracts (carriage for own needs) (hereinafter - the subjects of transport activities) " ... How it becomes clear from this that everyone was equated with carriers. The tractor will obviously move something like a load. Then we will execute item 4 of the order as pre-shift control. Note that there is no definition here if your tractor is going to haul cargo on public or non-public roads. In principle, one could score on one's own territory, no one will check. But if something happens, there will be an aggravating circumstance. Therefore, I recommend to carry out on automotive equipment. As for the equipment registered with the state technical supervision, this is a separate song (recently I was engaged in this, corresponded with all departments - the song is long ...).
Michael, Hello.
The existing education should be sufficient to work as an inspector. There are no additional qualification requirements for this specialty.
Good luck on the road!
Good afternoon, we have an LLC and there is a Legkova on the balance sheet of the enterprise, on which only the director drives, on official matters, alone, without cargo, the question is, is it necessary for him to undergo a pre-trip medical examination? We also have a mechanic on our staff, can a mechanic be formalized in an order at the same time as a dispatcher?
Good afternoon, we have an LLC and there is a Legkova on the balance sheet of the enterprise, on which only the director drives, on official matters, alone, without cargo, the question is, is it necessary for him to undergo a pre-trip medical examination?
835n of the Ministry of Health is mandatory. Read on, everything is very clear there.
Do you really need a dispatcher?we have a mechanic on our staff, can a mechanic be formalized in an order at the same time as a dispatcher?
Order No. 835n of the Ministry of Health says everything about trucks or those carrying people and dangerous goods, but not a word about cars, in addition, there is a document clearly indicating that if the director drives an enterprise car in the organization, there is no need to undergo medical examination and inspection, because .To. their job function is not to carry out work related to traffic, in addition, the driver undergoes a medical examination once every 2 years
Provide a link. Already intrigued by the freight.Order No. 835n of the Ministry of Health says everything about trucks or those carrying people and dangerous goods, but not a word about cars.
Likewise. Show such a document.In addition, there is a document clearly indicating that if the director drives an enterprise car in the organization, there is no need to undergo a medical examination and technical inspection, because their job function is not to carry out work related to traffic
Survey? I also want to see such an interesting document.in addition, the driver undergoes a medical examination once every 2 years
Thanks. At least you will open my eyes. Looks like he didn't know and forgot. At least I will know now. In short, I'm waiting for the documents.
Question: There are motor vehicles on the balance of the enterprise (cars - 4 units). There are no drivers on the staff. Persons with a driver's license (director, chiefs) are allowed to drive cars. Do these workers need to undergo a periodic medical examination (clause 27 of Appendix 2 of Order 302n) and a psychiatric examination?
Answer: These workers do not need to undergo a medical examination and psychiatric examination, because their job function is not to carry out work related to traffic.
Legal justification: Employees engaged in work with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions (including underground work), as well as work related to traffic, undergo mandatory preliminary (upon admission to work) and periodic (for persons under the age of 21 - annual) medical examinations to determine the suitability of these workers to perform the assigned work and prevent occupational diseases. In accordance with medical recommendations, these workers undergo extraordinary medical examinations (part 1 of article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).
According to Art. 23 of the Federal Law of 10.12.1995 N 196-FZ "On Security road traffic"compulsory preliminary medical examinations are carried out in relation to persons employed as drivers of vehicles.
Mandatory periodic medical examinations are carried out during the entire period of work of a person as a driver of a vehicle.
Mandatory pre-trip medical examinations are carried out during the entire period of work of a person as a driver of a vehicle, with the exception of drivers who drive vehicles leaving on a call to emergency services.
Mandatory post-trip medical examinations are carried out during the entire period of work of a person as a driver of a vehicle, if such work is related to the transportation of passengers or dangerous goods.
Based on the results of a mandatory medical examination, medical organizations issue a medical report on the presence (absence) of vehicle drivers (candidates for vehicle drivers) of medical contraindications, medical indications or medical restrictions to driving.
The list of medical psychiatric contraindications for the implementation of certain types of professional activity in conditions of increased danger, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 28, 1993 N 377, provides for the obligation to undergo a psychiatric examination for vehicle drivers and persons performing work related to traffic.
I did not understand what you wanted to show by bringing the text completely out of topic? If you do not catch the difference between periodic and pre-trip inspection, then talk like a blind man with a deaf-mute. And the labor inspectorate gave an answer to the question that was asked to it. You had a question about a pre-trip medical examination, you received an answer to it in this thread. Although this is not the topic at all.
Briefly (if you understand) in your case:
1. The pre-trip medical examination must be completed.
2. Pre-trip control of technical condition - no.
Read the primary sources, and do not copy and paste what you do not understand. For development, read the Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated January 29, 2019, No. 234-O "On refusal to accept for consideration a complaint of a citizen *** about violation of his constitutional rights by parts 2 and 3 of Article 12.31.1 of the Code Russian Federation on administrative offenses, as well as the provisions of Articles 20 and 23 of the Federal Law "On Road Safety".
If you don't understand this either, then hire a DB-schnick.
I wish you good luck with your studies!
Good day!
I ask you not to throw your hats right away, I'm a beginner in this topic, the question is this:
Clause 2 of Art. 20 FZ-196 On Road Traffic Safety indicates the obligations of legal entities to subject pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles carrying passengers on the basis of a carriage agreement or a charter agreement and (or) goods on the basis of a carriage agreement (commercial transportation), as well as persons carrying except for the driver, and (or) material objects by buses and trucks without the conclusion of the specified contracts (transportation for own needs by buses and trucks))
Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 296 in clause 2 more broadly interprets the obligations of legal entities (This Procedure is mandatory for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs carrying out transportation of passengers on the basis of a carriage agreement or a charter agreement and (or) goods on the basis of a carriage (commercial transportation) agreement, and also those carrying out the movement of persons, except for the driver, who are in the vehicle (on it), and (or) material objects without the conclusion of these contracts (transportation for their own needs) (hereinafter - the subjects of transport activities))
It turns out that the order expands the effect of the Federal Law (extends the obligation to all persons using the vehicle), although it is accepted in pursuance of it, and thereby worsens the position of legal entities (we do not take into account the moral aspect of road safety).
Here I have already written everything before in the answer to the lady who evaporated. You just need to read it. Order 296 is contrary to the Law. We are guided by the superior document - 196-FZ. It clearly states what is not necessary in your case. And for whom did I write right before your post? Too lazy even to read it, it's easier to ask again. Look for a Court Determination. Everything is written there.The question is the organization in the presence of only passenger vehicles and only for their own needs - is it necessary to exercise control, keep a journal and make notes in the waybills?
Tatiana-213
Good afternoon, can you please tell me if the date set by the physician should coincide with the date of the mechanic for the production of vehicles?
Tatyana, Hello.
IN regulatory documents It does not explicitly say that the dates must match.
Good luck on the road!
Yeah. At the same time, the examination takes place in the office and remotely through the application in the smartphone presents the car for control. Joke. This is what I was talking about at one time. There were such nuances. And the time is the same for all drivers.
Marina 126
Good afternoon, tell me please, if there are a lot of cars in the garage (more than 140 units), does the controller need to write down all the equipment that goes into the line in the log? Previously, as far as I know, 10-20% was allowed
I have not seen interest anywhere. In our latest case, it is written: 15. The subject of transport activities must keep records of the passage of control.
I understand it's hard to fill in everything manually. But you need to enjoy the benefits of civilization. For example, make a name and surname stamp to the controller. Or so: 17. In the case of keeping the journal in electronic form, the information entered into it is certified by an enhanced qualified electronic signature9. I ordered myself an EDS. Less than one and a half thousand. But life made it easier by several tens of thousands.
Good afternoon. Help me understand the topic. I have one truck, IP is also registered on me. I have a diploma of a mechanical engineer specializing in Hoisting and construction road machines and equipment, do I need to pass certification or in some other way confirm my qualifications in order to sign my waybills? and in general, can I sign them myself? and a question about document flow, I need waybills written out in chronological order and a journal, is that all?
Good evening.
To sign the waybill on the "behalf" of the mechanic, or as this specialist is now called, the inspector of the technical condition of vehicles must have the appropriate "crusts".
More details here: The procedure for organizing and conducting pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles
Igor, Hello.
What is your specialty number?
Vasily-93
Hello. I have a group 01/23/07 The driver of lifting transport and construction machines. Can I work as a Vehicle Technical Inspector? Thanks in advance.
Basil, Hello.
For the controller to work, one of the following conditions must be met:
Work experience in the field of monitoring the technical condition and maintenance of vehicles for at least one year;
A diploma of professional retraining with the assignment of the qualification of an inspector of the technical condition of vehicles.
Good luck on the road!
Hello, I have a few questions, help me figure it out.
1. There is a box with a pit for passing technical control. There are many individual entrepreneurs in the city who are engaged in cargo transportation and other services to the population (dust, crushed stone, firewood, digging trenches). Physically, I will not have time to go to each of them for technical control. Is it possible for them to come to my territory to undergo technical control?
2. For example, there is an individual entrepreneur with a Gazelle car for cargo transportation, when stopped by traffic police officers, he can say that he is transporting his own things. Then it turns out he does not need to go through technical control?
3. There are also many trucks in the city that are not registered as individual entrepreneurs, but provide services to the population. Are they required to undergo technical control? If not, how do you get them to participate?
4. There is also a licensed pre-trip medical examination room. Are the drivers of cars that undergo technical control required to undergo a pre-trip medical examination?
Thanks a lot for the answers.
Medusa 555
Good afternoon, so who will examine you yourself?
Dmitry-074
Hello, why did you introduce the wording Pre-trip or Pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles (where is the type of control displayed?), If a mark is put in the waybill: "control of the technical condition of the vehicle has been passed" and a signature indicating the name and initials of the controller who carried out the control, the date and the time of its conduct, or even the journal is called the Journal of registration of the results of monitoring the technical condition of vehicles. Nowhere is a word Pre-trip or Pre-shift.
Good evening. And in connection with what such a question arose? The concept of "pre-shift" and "pre-trip" is given here: Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated 08.08.2018 N 296 "On approval of the Procedure for organizing and conducting pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles" (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia 03.12.2018 N 52861); 3. Pre-trip inspection of the technical condition of vehicles is carried out before the start of the trip if only one trip is performed during one shift (working day) or the duration of the trip exceeds the duration of the shift (working day) of the vehicle driver.
4. Pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles is carried out before the start of the shift, if during the shift (working day) the driver of the vehicle makes more than one trip.
5. Pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles (hereinafter - the control)....
7. Control is carried out by the controller of the technical condition of vehicles or the controller of the technical condition of urban land electric transport vehicles (hereinafter - the controller).
Dmitry-074
This is all clear .. The question arose in connection with the fact that where exactly is the type of this technical control displayed? There is no such thing in the voucher, neither in the magazine.
For example, in the travel must be so what? : "Pre-trip inspection of the technical condition of the vehicle has been passed" or "Pre-shift inspection of the technical condition of the vehicle has been passed"
Specifically, it is not required to display the type of inspection carried out in the log and in the waybill. Ibid, clause 12. If the control does not reveal any inconsistencies with the requirements listed in clauses 10-11 of this Procedure, a note is put on the waybill "control of the technical condition of the vehicle has been passed" and a signature indicating the name and initials of the controller who carried out the control , date and time of its holding.
Danil, Hello.
For vehicles used in the interests of individuals, technical control is not mandatory.
A pre-trip medical examination is mandatory for all drivers, including those whose cars undergo technical control.
Good luck on the road!
Technical control is required only when transporting passengers or goods. If the car reaches you without passengers and without cargo, then this will not be a violation.
Still someone would conduct classes with traffic cops. These people are literate only in cases of detection of visual violations (such as hitting the lane, etc.). And the stupid ones are provoked by the carriers themselves to be inadequate and proportionate to their stupidity. They pump from the Internet all sorts of "correct" samples such as Goskomstat Resolution 78 from "smart" accounting sites, and then they swallow the dust. It is better to make the ticket yourself in accordance with the Wishlist of the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Health, and remove that provocative item "I authorize release" under the signature of an incomprehensible "mechanic".
By the way (and digress a little). Let's appeal the UGADN protocol. They drew up a protocol on the carrier for the fact that the phrase about the pre-trip control of the technical condition was not according to the 256th, but according to the old 141th order. In the plot, they tried to prove that the wrong stamp poses a threat to the life and health of citizens. The judge almost described herself with laughter as she read the ruling "around the stamp" on three pages. The final phrase: "I barely finished reading this nonsense" ...
If the brave UGADN-sheep was eager to attract a carrier, then it was possible to simply bring it under 14.1.2 for violating licensing requirements (he is a licensee), since in the 195th resolution, the correct filling of the waybill is one of the requirements.
Evgeny-338
At the enterprise freight transport in continuous operation, does not leave the territory of the plant, the gap between loads is 4 minutes, how to inspect equipment?
Evgeny, the option is as follows. It is necessary to carry out the pre-shift control for the car once (roughly speaking, immediately after buying the car). After that, arrange all the activities of the car as one trip.
6. In case of shift work of drivers on one vehicle control is carried out before the start of the flight or change (working day) of the vehicle driver who is the first to leave the parking lot.
Carry out the next pre-shift control after the car leaves the parking lot again. For example, after maintenance or repair.
Good luck on the road!
The Ministry of Transport, I think, deliberately suits the double interpretation of the laws. Type lead to compliance, but still leave inconsistency. Litigation is not enough for them. So it is with pre-trip.
We read carefully 196-FZ, article 20, clause 2. The legal entities and individual entrepreneurs specified in clause 1 of this article, carrying out transportation of passengers on the basis of a contract of carriage or a contract of chartering and (or) goods on the basis of a contract of carriage (commercial transportation), as well as carrying out the movement of persons other than the driver and (or) objects by buses and trucks without the conclusion of the specified contracts (transportation for own needs by buses and trucks), in addition, are obliged to:
organize and conduct pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles in the manner prescribed by the federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of transport.
That is, it seems that everything is clear that the pre-trip should be carried out by those who are engaged in commercial transportation, and those who carry buses and trucks for their own needs - they specially listed it so as to exclude PASSENGERS. We read it, understood correctly, click on the link to the same ORDER. And what do we see? In the "Procedure for organizing and conducting pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles" (Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated August 8, 2018 No. 296):
2. This Procedure is mandatory for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who carry passengers on the basis of a carriage agreement or a charter and (or) cargo agreement on the basis of a carriage agreement (commercial carriage), as well as persons carrying out the movement, except for the driver, who are in the vehicle ( on it), and (or) material objects without the conclusion of these contracts (transportation for their own needs) (hereinafter - the subjects of transport activities), - practically the same phrase from 196, but already paraphrased in the way that the hint magically disappeared for PASSENGER cars, because removed by "buses and trucks" and the result was "a subject of transport activity".
The federal law is much higher in status than the ORDER. But the peasants who were recruited from the ads cannot be explained that they need to be guided in this way. Now there will again be a bunch of ships that will interpret the need to undergo pre-trip inspection of technical conditions for passenger cars used for their own needs. And the solutions will be all different. And a bunch of years will pass until this garbage is considered at the Plenum of the RF Armed Forces.
By the way, I talked with traffic cops of different ranks. Everyone is blowing the same tune that cars should pass. It turns out that then he spits on the whole of Part 2 of Article 20 and there are no exceptions even for those who are prescribed in the Law. Here they are already washing their hands with mini LLC-shki, which, at the suggestion of the traffic cops, force Vasya Pupkins to pass the pre-trip on the only Logan .. They also arrange "field sessions" for pre-trip medical examinations.
A question for the readers. Who tried to remove from the travel column about the pre-trip control of the technical condition of cars, and there were no problems when meeting with the traffic police? In the office where I earn zero point tenths of the rate from next year for cars there will be new vouchers without a pre-trip. Let's try, if what.
Good evening. If interested, read: FIFTEENTH ARBITRAL APPEAL COURT; DECISION of November 28, 2011 N 15AP-12568/2011 Case N A32-7034 / 2011
Basic requirements ... are established by Law N 196-FZ .... According to paragraph 1 of Art. 20 of Law N 196-FZ ... are obliged to organize and conduct, with the involvement of health officials, pre-trip medical examinations of drivers. .... At the same time, based on clause 1.2 of the SDA R F, approved by P P RF of 23.10.1993 N 1090 (hereinafter - SDA), a driver is understood as a person who drives a vehicle .... In accordance with clause 1 of Art. 23 of Law No. 196-FZ, the medical support of the traffic police consists in compulsory ... conducting pre-trip, post-trip and current medical examinations of vehicle drivers, ... In accordance with the Model Regulations on the organization of pre-trip medical examinations of vehicle drivers contained in Appendix No. 2 to the Letter of the Ministry of Health Russia of August 21, 2003 N 2510 / 9468-03-32, pre-trip medical examinations of drivers are carried out in organizations of all forms of ownership that have road transport (clause 1.5 of the Standard Regulation) ... Required details ... according to the Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation from 18.09.2008 N 152 ..., are obligatory for use by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs operating cars, trucks, buses, trolleybuses and trams (clause 2 of Section 1 "General Provisions") ... Thus, the requirements of the impugned prescription organize the registration and maintenance of travel documents, organize the passage of pre-trip medical examination the company operating a vehicle owned by the company ... have been rightfully recognized by the court of first instance as complying with applicable law.
A question for the readers. Who tried to remove from the travel column about the pre-trip control of the technical condition of cars ...
But what about: II. Mandatory details of the waybill; 3. The waybill must contain the following mandatory details: 7. Driver details include:
1) surname, name, patronymic of the driver;
2) date (day, month, year) and time (hours, minutes) of the pre-trip and post-trip medical examination of the driver.
I asked specifically about the pre-trip control of the technical condition, and not about the medical examination. And in the same 152-h it is written:
5) the date (day, month, year) and time (hours, minutes) of the pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of the vehicle (if the obligation to carry it out is provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
Read what's in parentheses. There are cars in the office, they carry employees. There is no obligation. The graph can be removed.
organize and conduct pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles in order...
Approved by order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated August 8, 2018 N 296. The procedure for organizing and conducting pre-trip or pre-shift control of the technical condition of vehicles.
15. The subject of transport activities must keep records of the passage of control. Journal of registration of the results of monitoring the technical condition of vehicles(hereinafter - the journal) must contain the following details ... (valid)
Alexander, Hello.
Please indicate in which normative documents you have previously encountered the concept of "Journal of registration of vehicles entering the line and returning from the line".
high school diploma vocational education in the specialty 23.02.03 "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles" without any requirements for length of service (experience);
the presence of a diploma of education not lower than secondary vocational in specialties included in the enlarged group 23.00.00 "Engineering and technology of ground transport", with the exception of the specialty 23.02.03 "Maintenance and repair of road transport", with the presentation of requirements for length of service (experience) in the field of monitoring the technical condition and maintenance of vehicles for at least one year;
the presence of a diploma of education not lower than secondary vocational in specialties not included in the enlarged group 23.00.00 "Engineering and technology of ground transport", and a diploma of professional retraining under the professional retraining program with the assignment of the qualification of an inspector of technical condition of vehicles There are no requirements for length of service (experience).
Vasily-97, Hello.
As far as I understand, your specialty is not included in the 23.00.00 group. In this case, you need a diploma of professional retraining.
Good luck on the road!
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Road improvement and gradual adaptation human body to movement with ever greater speeds allow one to reach tremendous speeds. The development of car design would seem to confirm this view. During the twentieth century, the maximum speed of a passenger car increased from 30-40 to 120-200 km / h; racing from 100 to 300 km-h, and on record cars, speeds exceeding 1000 km-h were achieved. The highest speed of domestic cars has doubled from 40-50 to 85-100 km-h, the speed of intercity buses is steadily approaching the speed of a passenger car.
The speed allowed in cities, taking into account safety requirements, has also tripled. The growth of speeds with all the acuteness constantly posed one problem after another for motorists - the need for effective braking of the car, stabilization of the wheels, handling, post-accident and environmental safety, each time a radical revision of the design of the car, other methods of driving it was required and at the same time a significant change in driving conditions, road quality and traffic management, the introduction of new rules, the organization of maintenance.
The car has reached a level of excellence where it rarely refuses to obey the driver's commands. The man, although he has developed physically and spiritually, has retained almost the same speed of reaction. While a person is young, his reaction is faster, but he is subject to the excitement of competition, keen on speed. When he is in years his reaction slows down. But at any age he is influenced by: lighting conditions, climate, experienced shortly before driving, joys or sorrows, consumed food and drugs, not to mention alcohol; It is important to note that more than half of road traffic accidents are caused by drivers.
Road safety has become the number one issue in Russia. Cars were created for the benefit and joy of people, but their development was so rapid and went in such a direction that it came into sharp conflict with the development of cities and roads, with the psychophysiological capabilities of people, with the necessary fuel and other resources. Traffic safety depends on many factors. The driver can only influence the driving performance of the car - which, however, is very significant, while all other factors directly or indirectly influence its movement.
The technical operation of vehicles determines the following factors of the transport process:
1. Material costs for maintaining the car in working order. In total, about $ 1 billion is spent annually in Russia to maintain cars in working order, in the United States - about $ 25 billion, in the world - about $ 80 billion. According to the American Automobile Association (AAA), the average annual cost of operating a car in the United States is $ 1,700.
2. Labor costs. The structure of labor costs for the entire life of a car is determined by the ratio: manufacturing - 2%, TEA - 91%, overhaul (CR) - 7%. The labor intensity of car manufacturing in Russia is about 150 standard hours, while due to the aging of vehicle fleets, the labor intensity of maintenance, maintenance(Three overhaul(KR) exceeds 1000 standard hours. Currently, more than 1.5 million people are employed in the field of TEA in Russia.
3. Harmful effect on humans and the environment. The environmental friendliness of a car is determined by the amount and composition of exhaust gases (exhaust gases) (the most harmful are CO, CnHm, NOx and benzopyrene, as well as lead for leaded gasoline), noise, vibrations, and spent technical fluids.
4. Road safety. About 27-30 thousand people die annually due to the fault of road transport in Russia, in the USA - about 50 thousand. On average, for every 200 thousand km of movement, the driver gets into an accident with serious consequences.
Technically faulty cars are the cause of about 10% of accidents, including those due to malfunctions:
Brake systems - 41.5%;
Steering - 16.4%;
Tires - 12.6%;
Lighting devices - 7.9%;
Undercarriage - 6.6%;
Mirrors and cleaners - 7.8%,
Other - 8.2%.
5. Consumption of fuel and energy resources. Their main source for AT is oil, where about 70% of fuels of petroleum origin are consumed from the total costs of the transport complex. According to forecasts, illiterate technical exploitation of automobiles causes one and a half excessive consumption of fuel and energy resources.
It is also important to note that one of the most important problems facing road transport is increasing the operational reliability of vehicles, and reducing the cost of their maintenance.
The solution to this problem, on the one hand, is provided by the automotive industry, due to:
Production of vehicles with high reliability and manufacturability (maintainability).
On the other hand, due to:
Improvements in methods technical operation cars;
Increasing labor productivity;
Reducing the labor intensity of maintenance (MOT) and car repairs;
Increases in their overhaul mileage.
This requires the creation of the necessary production base to maintain the rolling stock in good condition, the widespread use of mechanization and automation of production processes, the expansion of construction and the improvement of the quality of roads.
The requirements for the reliability of vehicles are increasing due to:
The growth of speeds and traffic intensity,
Power, carrying capacity and vehicle capacity,
Technological and organizational communication of road transport with service enterprises and other modes of transport.
A car is a complex system, a set of jointly acting elements - systems and mechanisms that ensure the performance of its functions.
In relation to a car, the elements are aggregates and mechanisms, and in relation to aggregates and mechanisms, parts. A car, an assembly, a mechanism, a part can be united by a common concept - an object or a product. A modern middle-class car consists of 15 - 18 thousand parts, of which 7 - 9 thousand lose their original properties during operation, and 3 - 4 thousand parts have a shorter service life than a car and are the object of special attention during operation. Of these, 150 - 300 parts are "critical" in terms of reliability, more often than others require replacement, cause the greatest downtime of cars, labor and material costs in operation and, as a result, can affect road safety.
During operation, the car interacts with environment, and its elements interact with each other.
This interaction causes:
Loading of parts,
Their mutual movements,
Friction, heating,
Chemical transformations and changes in the course of work physical quantities and design parameters:
Sizes,
Mutual arrangement of parts, gaps,
Electrical and other data - which carries the risk of an accident or harmful effects on the environment.
During the operation of the vehicle, the parameters of the technical condition change from the initial or nominal values to the limiting ones, which causes a corresponding change in the diagnostic parameters. For example, when the brakes are operating, as a result of wear of the brake linings and drums, the gap between the linings and the brake drums increases, which causes an increase in the braking distance and the appearance of "noise".
There are five types of vehicle technical condition:
1. Serviceable condition (serviceability)- the condition of the car, in which it meets all the requirements of the normative and technical and (or) design (project) documentation (NTKD).
2. Fault condition (malfunction)- the condition of the car in which it does not meet at least one of the requirements of the NTKD (for example, a scratch on the body).
3. Serviceable state (operability)- the state of the car, in which the values of all parameters characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions meet the requirements of NTKD.
4. Inoperative state (inoperability)- the state of the car, in which the value of at least one parameter characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions does not meet the requirements of the NTKD. An inoperative car is always faulty, and a working one may be faulty.
5. Limit state- the condition of the car or its structural element (FE), in which its further operation is unacceptable or impractical, occurs when the permissible limits of operating parameters are exceeded. When the limit state is reached, repair of the FE or the car as a whole is required. For example, the inadmissibility and inappropriateness of the operation of an automobile engine that has reached the limit state is due to an increase in the toxicity of exhaust gases (OG), noise, vibrations, consumption of fuels, oils, etc.
Events of a change in the technical conditions of a car are damage, failures, defects.
Damage - an event consisting in a violation of the serviceable state of the vehicle's FE while maintaining the operable state.
Failure is an event consisting in a violation of the vehicle's operational state.
A defect is a generalized event that includes both damage and failure.
The concept of failure is one of the most important in TEA.
A distinction should be made between the following types of failures:
Constructive failure- failure arising from a reason related to imperfection or violation of established rules and (or) standards for the design or construction of a car.
Production (technological) failure- failure arising from a reason related to imperfection or violation of the established process of manufacturing or repairing a car.
Operational failure- a failure caused by a violation of the established rules and (or) the operating conditions of vehicles (for example, when the vehicle is overloaded, a suspension element has failed).
Independent refusal- failure due to failures of other FE of the car (for example, if the oil pan is broken, engine oil flows out - scuffing occurs on the rubbing surfaces of engine parts, parts jamming).
Sudden failure is a failure characterized by an abrupt change in the values of one or more vehicle parameters (for example, a broken piston rod).
Gradual failure- a failure resulting from a gradual change in the values of one or more vehicle parameters (for example, a generator failure due to wear of the rotor brushes).
Failure is a self-correcting failure or a one-time failure, eliminated by minor intervention (for example, water ingress on the brake pads - the braking efficiency is violated until the water dries).
Intermittent failure- Repeatedly occurring self-correcting failure of the same nature (for example, the disappearance-occurrence of the contact of the lamp of the light device).
Explicit failure is a failure detected visually or by standard methods and means of control and diagnostics.
Latent failure is a failure that is not detected visually or by standard methods and means of control and diagnostics, but is detected during maintenance or special diagnostic methods.
Degradation failure- failure due to the natural processes of aging, wear, corrosion and fatigue in compliance with all established rules and / or standards for design, manufacture and operation.
Resource failure - a failure, as a result of which the vehicle or its FE reach the limit state.
Operating time - the duration of the product's operation, measured in hours or kilometers, is called .
The operating time to the limit state specified in the technical documentation is called resource.
The state of the product, in which it is able to perform the specified functions with the parameters, the values of which are established by the technical documentation, is called working capacity.
Hence, it follows that reliability is one of the most important properties of a car that determines the efficiency of using a car for its intended purpose and its effect on post-accident safety.
Vehicle reliability- this is the property of a car to perform specified functions, while maintaining its performance indicators within specified limits for a required period of time or operating time. And this means that reliability is the ability of a car to work without breakdowns and premature wear of parts, violation of adjustments of mechanisms and systems, that is, to work without stopping for technical reasons for a certain time (mileage).
Reliability mainly depends on:
From the safety margins of parts and the rationality of the design of the units that determine the performance of the car
From the stability of the adjustment mechanism;
From failure-free operation of power supply systems and engine ignition;
From the perfection of technology and manufacturing quality of both the car itself and all the products and construction materials of allied manufacturers used on it;
From the quality and timeliness of vehicle maintenance and repair.
In turn, reliability, as a complex indicator, is determined by:
Reliability,
Maintainability,
Durability.
Vehicle reliability- the property to maintain performance for a certain time or mileage without forced interruptions to eliminate failures. Indicators of vehicle reliability can be, for example, the probability of failure-free operation during the shift, between the next types of maintenance, etc.
Durability of the car- this is the property to maintain performance up to the limit state with the necessary breaks for maintenance and repair. The limiting state of a car is determined by the impossibility of its further operation due to a decrease in the efficiency of its use or because of traffic safety requirements. The indicators of durability are resource (in kilometers) and service life (in years) if we talk about the "Russian mentality", we use the car while it is driving, regardless of its post-accident and environmental safety.
Maintainability is a property of a car (unit, mechanism), which consists in its adaptability to the prevention, detection and elimination of failures and malfunctions. The indicators of the maintainability (manufacturability) of the car are the downtime during maintenance and repair and the labor intensity of these works in man-hours. The maintainability of the vehicle structure is determined by the ease of access and ease of removal of units, assemblies and parts, as well as the degree of unification of systems, assemblies, assemblies and fasteners. The main reasons for the change in the technical condition of cars
A change in the technical state of cars, units and mechanisms occurs under the influence of permanently acting reasons due to the operation of the mechanisms themselves, random causes, as well as external conditions under which the car works or is stored. Accidental causes include hidden defects and structural overloads that exceed permissible limits, etc.
The main permanent reasons for changes in the technical condition of parts and the car as a whole are:
Wear,
Plastic deformation,
Fatigue destruction
Corrosion,
Physical and chemical changes in the material of parts (aging).
Knowledge of the main reasons for the change in the technical condition is important both for improving the design of vehicles and for choosing the most effective measures to prevent malfunctions in operation.
Wear. The wear process occurs under the action of friction, which depends on the material and the quality of surface treatment, lubrication, load, the speed of relative movement of surfaces, and the thermal mode of operation of the interface. Wear is the process of destruction and separation of material from the surface of a part or the accumulation of its permanent deformation during friction, which manifests itself in a gradual change in the size and shape of parts. The wear result, expressed in fixed units (μm / km), is called wear.
In practice, wear is usually distinguished:
Abrasive (a consequence of the cutting and scratching action of solid particles);
Erosive (as a result of exposure to a flow of liquid or gas);
Fatigue (when the surface layer of the material becomes brittle and collapses as a result of friction and cyclic loading);
Oxidizing (combination of mechanical wear and aggressive action of the environment);
Dreting wear (with small oscillatory movements);
Electro-erosion wear (under the influence of a discharge during the passage of an electric current).
Plastic deformation and fracture... Such damage is associated with reaching or exceeding the yield or strength limits, respectively, in ductile (steel) or brittle (cast iron) materials.
Fatigue destruction... This type of failure occurs when cyclic loads are applied that exceed the endurance limit of metal from steel. In this case, there is a gradual accumulation and growth of fatigue cracks, leading at a certain number of loading cycles to fatigue failure of parts.
Corrosion. This phenomenon occurs due to the aggressive effect of the environment on the parts, leading to oxidation (rusting) of the metal and, as a result, to a decrease in strength and a deterioration in appearance.
Aging. Indicators of the technical condition of parts and operating materials change under the influence of the external environment. Thus, rubber products lose their strength and elasticity as a result of oxidation, thermal exposure, chemical exposure to oil, fuel and liquids, as well as solar radiation and humidity.
During operation, the properties of lubricants and operating fluids deteriorate as a result of the accumulation of wear products, changes in viscosity and loss of properties of additives. Parts and materials change not only during their use, but also during storage: the strength and elasticity of rubber products decrease, and oxidation processes are observed in fuel, lubricants and liquids, accompanied by precipitation.
CONTROL OF TECHNICAL
CONDITION OF VEHICLES
Toolkit
Irkutsk 2006
Monitoring the technical condition of vehicles.
The methodological manual contains the procedure for vehicles passing through the checkpoint of the enterprise before leaving the line and when returning to the park.
The manual is intended for managers of automotive enterprises, students of special training courses for road transport specialists, students educational institutions studying the subject "Rules and Road Safety"
Prepared by:
Irkutsk, Irkutsk branch of FGOU SPO "KATT", 2006.
Bibliography - 5 items
INTRODUCTION
Traffic intensity on highways our country is increasing every year. It is caused by the increase in the car park and the ever-growing needs of the national economy for road transport. At present, road transportation is carried out and will continue to be carried out in the future, not only along improved highways, but also along roads that are not adapted to road traffic. Taking into account the significant growth of the car park, the appearance of cars on the roads of the country foreign production with different steering positions, this can lead to further complication of traffic and an increase in road accidents if the conditions causing them are not eliminated. These conditions are:
Low discipline of many vehicle drivers;
Lack of professional selection of vehicle drivers;
Not enough high quality driver training;
Imperfection of educational and methodological means of training drivers;
Low quality of technical maintenance and current repair of the vehicle;
Poor quality or lack of medical control of drivers when leaving the line and when returning to the park;
Lack of proper control when releasing vehicles on the line and when returning them to the park, etc.
ORGANIZATION CONTROL QUALITY
TECHNICAL CONDITIONS TRANSPORTATION Of funds
1. General part
Quality control of the technical condition of vehicles is an integral part of the production process of any enterprise that has cars on its balance sheet. The main task of the technical service of the enterprise is to maintain the rolling stock in a technically sound condition, excluding sudden failures and breakdowns on the routes and contributing to the confident work of vehicle drivers.
The ultimate goal of monitoring is to prevent vehicle failures and malfunctions that could cause a traffic accident or affect the outcome of an accident. Therefore, great attention should be paid to checking the technical condition of the rolling stock when it is released to the line and returning to the enterprise, as well as to control the quality of work performed directly on the vehicle. Quality control carried out by specialists does not relieve the heads of the relevant departments of the enterprise from responsibility for poor-quality performance of work and release of faulty rolling stock onto the line.
Timely detection and elimination of car failures and malfunctions depend on the quality of control of the technical condition of rolling stock when returning from the line. Therefore, the work at the control and technical point (KTP) should be organized so that all cars are inspected in a timely manner and with high quality.
The control is carried out visually, using portable devices, as well as using the available equipment for diagnosing the technical condition of vehicles and units. The use of diagnostic tools makes it possible to objectively assess the readiness of vehicles for production on the line with a minimum amount of time.
In order to exclude the possibility of releasing technically faulty vehicles on routes and thereby prevent accidents, returns or downtime of vehicles on routes, regular technical control over their technical condition is organized. To do this, enterprises should organize (create) a checkpoint (KTP).
The KTP is equipped in a closed, heated and ventilated room and consists of a post with an inspection ditch (overpass or half-stage), a room for a control mechanic and a set of control devices.
Checking cars after returning to the enterprise is the main form of daily monitoring of the technical condition of the rolling stock. The car arrives at the KTP, where it is examined by a mechanic or inspector of the Quality Control Department (technical control department), a technical registration sheet is drawn up, after which the car is sent to a maintenance point, routine repair or to a parking lot.
When leaving the line, the rolling stock again passes through the KTP. At the same time, the completeness is checked, the presence of fire-fighting equipment, appearance cars serviced the day before and recognized as serviceable. Cars that have undergone maintenance and especially current repairs are checked in more detail.
The scope and procedure for checking the technical condition of cars when entering the line and when returning to the park, including checking for road safety, is carried out in accordance with the technical check cards.
If the inspection reveals the malfunctions specified in the Rules for the technical operation of the vehicle or the Rules of the road, then such cars should not be released on the line, but sent to the maintenance and repair area to eliminate the malfunctions.
At present, it is important to check the technical condition of buses and minibuses on the routes, the purpose of which is to warn of accidents. For this purpose, a mandatory technical inspection point should be equipped at the terminal bus stops of the most busy urban routes.
2.Control station
The control and technical point (KTP) is designed to check the technical condition of those leaving the vehicle fleet and returning to the fleet of rolling stock, the availability and correctness of the vehicle driver's travel documents, and the speedometer readings.
1.Minimum equipment required:
desk;
documentation board;
stationery;
portable box for instrumentation;
electric torch;
gas analyzer or opacimeter;
device for checking the backlash of the vehicle steering;
deselerometer;
metal ruler;
a device for checking the angles of convergence-camber of wheels;
long-handled hammer;
a device for checking the correct installation of headlights;
tire pressure gauge;
calipers;
tachometer;
inspection ditch (lift, flyover or half-stage);
horizontal asphalt site, length 100 m.
2.Main documents of the checkpoint:
manual gearbox mechanic;
instruction on labor protection and safety measures, fire safety, electrical safety;
the schedule for the passage of vehicles maintenance;
instruction (manual) for the operation of vehicles available in the enterprise;
instructions for technical inspection of rolling stock by the driver, mechanic, mechanic of quality control department, other officials;
samples of the vehicle driver's travel documentation;
technical condition control log when the vehicle is released and returned from the line.
3.Technology of inspection of rolling stock
The procedure for inspecting rolling stock is not regulated by existing GOSTs or OSTs. Cars with defects and malfunctions affecting road safety, which are stipulated in the SDA, are not allowed for operation.
1.Engine
Start-up is difficult and its unstable operation at low speeds idle move... Increased in comparison with the established standards, the content of CO and CH or the smoke of the exhaust gases (for diesel engines).
2.Transmission
Defective or misaligned clutch. Difficulty switching on or spontaneous switching off of gears.
3.Steering control , front bridge
Increased backlash in the steering wheel compared to the standard, tight travel and steering jamming. Increased backlash in the steering rod joints. Violation of the normal adjustment of the wheel bearings.
4.Brake system
Decrease the established standard efficiency, uneven operation or jamming. Fluid or air leaking from the system. Parking brake lever locking device defective. Defective brake light.
5.Undercarriage part
Damage or loosening of the springs, springs and other suspension parts. Inadequacy of tire sizes, damage to the carcass or malfunction of their beads, extreme or uneven wear of the tire tread.
6.Cabin and body
Damage to the cockpit, glazing and empennage. Faulty constipation of the sides of the body, cab doors. Dump truck body lifting mechanism malfunction.
7.Working a place driver
Malfunction of control devices, wipers, washers and heaters of the front glass, as well as its damage. Malfunction of ventilation and heating, gas contamination of the driver's cab and the interior of the bus.
8.Electrical equipment
Malfunction of sound and external light signals. Violation of their number and location.
A more detailed list of malfunctions and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited is given in the Appendix to the Traffic Rules and in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 01.01.2001 No. 000.
Driver transport funds:
On the line, while driving, monitors the technical condition of the vehicle according to the readings of the instruments;
Establishes deviations in the operation of the engine, running gear, braking system, steering;
In parking lots, by inspection, it monitors the air pressure in the tires, the condition of the coupling device, the leakage of air or fluid in the brake system, the operation of lighting and alarm systems;
If any malfunctions are found, eliminates them;
If it is impossible to eliminate the malfunctions, informs the company and waits for instructions from the responsible person for road safety
Control mechanic Checkpoint:
A long-term practice of road transport operation has established the recommended sequence for performing a technical inspection of the vehicle before leaving the line and when returning to the park, which ensures the elimination of skipping control operations, a minimum waste of time. The scope of the control examination is generally typical for various vehicles and ensures that the rolling stock that meets the requirements of the technical operation of the vehicle is ensured.
The beginning and direction of inspection is the left side of the cab, the left front wheel and further around the car.
Control operation Requirements
1.The presence and correctness of registration of the Driver's license
travel documentation, waybill, etc.
the documents
2.The condition of the driver's cab mat No cuts, etc.
3.Steering wheel play check should not exceed
established norms
4.Hand brake lever travel Full braking
should occur when
displacement locking
latches for 2-6 teeth
5. Availability of a first aid kit, signs
emergency stop, fire extinguishing equipment
sheniya, wheel chocks, wide
coy lining under the heel of the jack, start-
howling of the handle
6.Condition and fastening of the front Not allowed: through-
left wheel, steering rods, bipod steering damage in the tire,
cords breakage mechanism,
Continuation of table 1
___________________________________________________________
tread wear, noticeable
joint clearances
yacht steering rods
7.Monitoring the serviceability and fastening of the Step-ladder of the springs should
front suspension, oil leakage must be tightened securely
from the engine crankcase, front axle, guide - chickpeas, oil leakage and
bed fluid
8.Cleanness and serviceability of headlights, sidelights - Must be clean
nicknames, license plate
9.Oil level in the engine crankcase, cooling - Using the dipstick, tension
giving fluid, belt tension - by pressing
finger straps on the belt
10.Control of the condition and attachment of the right - Same as the left wheel
front wheel and fender
11. Condition and fastening of doors, stock Doors must be used
foot wheel, door locks operation and equal lock, glass
window lifters, the presence and condition of - em - etym and hinges are easy to open
the presence of rear-view mirrors, the presence of firing and closing.
in the fuel tank The spare wheel must be
be securely fastened.
Mirrors - safe and sound
12. Condition and attachment of right butts - Same as for others
them wheels wheels
13.Condition of the latching hooks of the sidewalls The latching hooks must
rear lights, direction indicators, in the closed position
presence and fastening of a license plate
14.Condition and fastening of the rear under - Nuts of the ladders of the springs,
weight clamps and fingers reagent
rods should be
securely tightened
15. Condition and attachment of left butts - Same as for others
them wheels wheels
16.Condition of the muffler
cracks and holes
17.State and fastening of the left door - The door must be used
cabins, rear-view mirrors, working - equal lock, glass
Continuation of table 1
you lock and window lifter and hinges are easy to open
close and securely
18.Checking the free travel of the clutch - Free travel of the pedals
lazyness and brakes are released by pressing the
distance by hand until
will not become tangible resistance
thawing, with simultaneous
ny measurement of the magnitude of the
pedal displacement
19.Checking the internal combustion engine at various frequencies
those rotations, serviceability control
measuring instruments
20.Check for harmful substances in the spray - Should not exceed the norm
working gases of mative values
21. The pressure in the tires of the wheels should not exceed the norm
matitive values
22. On the move - ease of movement - When braking, all wheels
gear shifting, steering work should be smoothly and simultaneously
control and the action of the brakes are belt-braked
After completing the procedure for checking the technical condition of the vehicle, the control mechanic puts his signature on the waybill, if the car is in good technical condition, and sends the car to the line. If any malfunction is detected, the car is sent to the maintenance and repair area to eliminate it, about which an entry is made in the technical condition monitoring log and the "Maintenance and repair sheet" of the car is filled in.
The control mechanic is fully responsible for putting vehicles into operation in accordance with Art. 266 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Poor-quality repair of vehicles and their release into operation with technical malfunctions", which provides for rather severe measures, especially if this entailed Accident causing serious or moderate harm to the health of the victim or material damage was caused.
Annex 1
JOB DESCRIPTION
CONTROL MECHANICS (MECHANICS
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL CONTROL)
(typical)
1. General Provisions
The mechanic of the Quality Control Department monitors the technical condition of the rolling stock when it leaves the line and returns from it, as well as after maintenance and repair; appointed to work and released from it by order of the director of the enterprise.
2. Responsibilities
The mechanic must:
Monitor the technical condition of the rolling stock when it leaves the line and returns from it, permitting the release of only technically sound rolling stock in accordance with the release schedule and the requirements set forth in the Rules of DD and Traffic Safety Inspectorate and other regulatory documents;
Check the amount of fuel in the tanks of cars, mark in the waybills the actual time of departure and return of the rolling stock, and upon release also certify its serviceability with a signature;
Keep records of the location of the rolling stock within the enterprise;
To bring to the attention of the management all cases of non-release of cars on the line due to poor quality maintenance or technical repair works;
Maintain a logbook of vehicle production on the line and return from the line.
The mechanic has the right to suspend the release of rolling stock onto the line, the technical condition and appearance of which does not meet the requirements of regulatory documents.
4.Liability
The mechanic bears administrative and criminal responsibility for the release of rolling stock on the line in a technically faulty condition, if they entailed the commission of a road traffic accident.
Bibliography
1. and others. Road safety. M., Transport. 1988.
2. Penetration of movement in road transport. M., Transport, 1976.
3. and others. Maintenance of cars. M., Transport, 1982.
4. and others. Traffic safety in road transport. M., Transport, 1988.
5. Rules of the road. M., Slavic book ", 2006.
