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Ecology in the tasks of the Unified State Examination Specification of control measuring materials for the unified state exam in biology in 2017 "FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS"
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Distribution of tasks of the examination paper on the substantive sections of the biology course Substantive sections Number of tasks All work Part 1 Part 2 1. Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge 2 1 1 2. Cell as a biological system 5-4 4-3 1 3. Organism as a biological system 4-5 3-4 1 4. System and diversity of the organic world 4 3 1 5. Human body and its health 5 4 1 6. Evolution of wildlife 4 3 1 7. Ecosystems and their inherent patterns 4 3 1
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The generalized plan for the KIM USE 2017 variant in BIOLOGY The maximum initial score for the work is 59. Task number Topic score 17 Ecosystems and their inherent patterns. Biosphere. Multiple choice (no picture) 2 points 18 Ecosystems and their inherent patterns. Biosphere. Establishing correspondence 2 points 21 Biological systems and their patterns. Data analysis, in tabular or graphical form 2 points 26 Generalization and application of knowledge in a new situation about the evolution of the organic world and environmental patterns. 3 points Total Primary score - 9 Secondary score - 22
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The seventh block "Ecosystems and their inherent patterns" Contains tasks aimed at testing knowledge about environmental patterns, the circulation of substances in the biosphere, the ability to establish the relationship of organisms in ecosystems, to identify the causes of sustainability, self-development and ecosystem change.
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Task 17. Ecosystems and their inherent patterns. Biosphere. Multiple choice (no picture) In contrast to a natural ecosystem, an artificial ecosystem is characterized by: 1. a large variety of species; 2. diversified supply chains; 3. open circulation of substances; 4. predominance of one or two species; 5. influence of the anthropogenic factor; 6. closed circulation of substances. Complete the task and explain the method of its implementation (by what algorithm)
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Unlike a natural ecosystem, an artificial ecosystem is characterized by: 3, 4, 5 - characterizes agrocenosis, 1, 2, 6 - natural biogeocenosis. Answer: 345
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Task 17. Ecosystems and their inherent patterns. Biosphere. Multiple choice (without picture) Algorithm for completing tasks for the ability to conduct multiple choice: we read the question; without looking at the proposed options, we give the maximum possible answers; choose 3 correct answers from the proposed ones; perhaps among the proposed answers there will be answers that you did not consider - evaluate their correctness; write 3 numbers in ascending order.
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Task 18. Ecosystems and their inherent patterns. Biosphere. Correspondence Establish a correspondence between groups of plants and animals and their role in the pond ecosystem: producers (1) or consumers (2) A) coastal vegetation; B) carp; C) larvae of amphibians; D) phytoplankton; D) bottom plants; E) a large pond. Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters: Complete the task and explain the method of its implementation (by what algorithm) A B C D E F
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Establish a correspondence between groups of plants and animals and their role in the pond ecosystem: producers (1) or consumers (2) Producers - plants, consumers - animals. Answer: 122112 A B C D E F 1 2 2 1 1 2
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Task 18. Ecosystems and their inherent patterns. Biosphere. Establishing correspondence Algorithm for solving tasks for the ability to establish correspondence: read the question, set the area of required knowledge; strictly in order to A, select 1) or 2); write down the number in the table; go to B, C, D, E, F and repeat the solution algorithm; write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the form without gaps and commas; be careful!
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Task 21. Biological systems and their patterns. Data analysis, in tabular or graphical form Examine the plot of squirrel abundance versus spruce seed yield. Choose the correct statements. In your answer, write down the numbers of the selected statements. The number of squirrels depends on the yield of spruce seeds. One of the reasons for population waves is an abundant food base. A decrease in the number of squirrels leads to a decrease in the yield of spruce seeds. Complete the task and explain the method of its implementation (by what algorithm)
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Task 21. Biological systems and their patterns. Data analysis, in tabular or graphical form Examine the plot of squirrel abundance versus spruce seed yield. Choose the correct statements. In your answer, write down the numbers of the selected statements. The number of squirrels depends on the yield of spruce seeds. One of the reasons for population waves is an abundant food base. A decrease in the number of squirrels leads to a decrease in the yield of spruce seeds.
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Task 21. Biological systems and their patterns. Data analysis, in tabular or graphical form Algorithm for solving tasks for data analysis, in tabular or graphical form: we read the question; go to the graph, characterize the axes; if the axes are only labeled x, y, we sign the dimension from the task with a pencil; we calculate and sign with a pencil the scale next to the graph; by the method of restoring perpendiculars we find the required value, we give the answer; in some tasks, intervals are examined according to the same algorithm
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Task 26. Generalization and application of knowledge about the evolution of the organic world and environmental patterns in a new situation. Instructions for solving tasks for the generalization and application of knowledge in a new situation of environmental patterns: We read the question We write out the maximum number of answers to the question We choose two or three of the most appropriate answers
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Specify the main properties of biogeocenoses and briefly explain them. Specify at least three properties Complete the task and explain the method of its implementation (by what algorithm)
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Specify the main properties of biogeocenoses and briefly explain them. Specify at least three properties 1) self-reproduction, which is based on the ability of organisms to reproduce; 2) sustainability, the ability to withstand changes caused by various factors; 3) self-development, i.e. restoration, change of communities.
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Assignment from the collection ed. G.S. Kalinova Red algae (crimson) live at great depths. Despite this, photosynthesis occurs in their cells. Explain how photosynthesis occurs if the water column absorbs the rays of the red-orange part of the spectrum. Explanation. For photosynthesis, rays are needed not only in the red, but also in the blue part of the spectrum. Purple cells contain a red pigment (phycoerythrin), which absorbs the rays of the blue part of the spectrum, their energy is used in the process of photosynthesis.
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Barley grown at different day lengths: 1 - 16-hour day; 2 - 10 hour day; 3 - 8-hour day Task. Which group according to the required duration of the light period does barley belong to? Explain the answer. Explanation. Barley belongs to long-day plants, since it needs more than 12 hours of daylight to bloom and bear fruit.
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In the examination paper, different types of tasks with a free answer are used. In the second part of the USE task 35, the task with two answer elements refers to tasks of an increased level of complexity, involves a detailed answer with two elements and is estimated from 0 to 2 points as much as possible. These are practice-oriented tasks that control the ability of graduates to apply biological knowledge about living systems, biological patterns, characteristic features of organisms and superorganismal systems, the driving forces of evolution in practical situations.
The practice of conducting the exam in biology and the analysis of the answers of the subjects made it possible to identify the most frequently made, typical mistakes. In the course of the research, not only errors were identified and classified, but also the causes were established. According to which schoolchildren admit them.
1. Inattentive reading of the instructions for each type of task and instructions for their implementation.
2. Lack of knowledge of compulsory educational material, inability to use it when answering a task.
3. Inability to highlight the main thing in the formulation of the task, to analyze it.
4. In tasks with a free answer, the use of secondary material that is not related to the question posed.
Examples of practice-oriented tasks in the USE materials of different years
1. Insulin is a hormone of a protein nature - regulates the content of sugar in the blood, with a deficiency in the human body, it is administered as an injection. Why can’t it be taken in the form of drops or tablets? (1. In the digestive organs, insulin is in tablets or drops with up to amino acids that are absorbed into the blood. 2. Insulin only exhibits regulatory function when stored in the form of protein)
2. A cube was cut out of a potato tuber and placed in distilled water. How to change the size of this cube? Explain the answer. (1. The size of the potato tuber cube will increase slightly. 2. Due to the difference in the concentration of solutions in the cells and the environment, water will begin to flow into the cells, increasing their volume.)
3. Some bacteria and mold fungi are used to obtain medicines. What features of these organisms underlie their use? (1.Some bacteria and fungi secrete antibiotics and hormones in the course of their life. 2.They are not demanding on living conditions and multiply rapidly)
4. Why do doctors recommend eating iodized table salt? Explain what disorders occur in the body with a lack of iodine? (Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of the hormone thyroxine in the human body. 2. With a lack of iodine in food, the production of the hormone thyroxine decreases, and thyroid disease develops)
5. What features of the diet and lifestyle of amphibians allow them to be involved in pest control of agricultural plants? What is the name of this type of struggle? (1. Amphibious nocturnal predators feed on slugs, insects and their larvae. 2. This method of pest control of agricultural plants is called biological)
6. What are the possible causes of oxygen concentration in the lower atmosphere at the present time. (1. Reduction of the green cover of the earth as a result of deforestation and the death of phytoplankton due to pollution of the World Ocean. 2. Increased oxygen consumption in industry and when using vehicles)
7. The corn plant has two types of inflorescences: cob and panicle. Why do fruits form only on the cob? (The cob consists of female flowers, in which the fruits of the grain are formed. 2. Panicle consists of male flowers that are involved in fertilization)
8. Starch is a polysaccharide that accumulates in plant cells. What function does it perform and how can it be detected in potato cells? (1. Starch is a reserve nutrient, performing an energy function. 2. It can be detected if a drop of iodine is applied to a potato cut - a blue color will appear)
9. Why harmful gene mutations persist in populations. What is the significance of these mutations for evolution? (1. Many gene mutations are recessive and remain in the gene pool of the population in heterozygotes 2. Under changed conditions, harmful recessive mutations can be beneficial and lead to new adaptations or the emergence of new species)
10. By what signs can venous bleeding be determined? (With venous bleeding, the blood has a dark red color. 2. Blood flows from the wound in an even stream. Without shocks.)
11. Why are acid rains and ozone holes currently considered environmental problems? Justify the answer. (1. Acid rain impoverishes the species composition of ecosystems, causing the death of a number of species. 2. Ozone holes transmit ultraviolet radiation, which causes harmful mutations in plants and animals)
12. Explain why leukocytes play an important role in the body's immune responses. Where are they formed? (1.Leukocytes produce antibodies and participate in phagocytosis. 2.They are formed in the red bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes)
13. In what area of scientific and practical activity does a person use analyzing crossing and for what purpose? (1. Uses analysis crosses in plant and animal breeding. 2. When breeding new varieties of plants and animals, if it is necessary to determine the genotype of a dominant individual)
14. What global changes on Earth can be caused by the “greenhouse effect”? Give 2 examples. (1. Increasing air temperature, climate change. 2. To the melting of glaciers and flooding of part of the land, a decrease in biodiversity)
15. The egg-laying breed of leghorn chickens lays eggs almost all year round - over 300 eggs per year, unlike wild bank hens. How breeders have achieved such results. Explain the answer. (1. Breeders selected chickens with high egg production (the result of artificial selection) 2. Chickens with high egg production were crossed with each other to consolidate this hereditary trait)
16. Woody plants growing in areas with a constant wind direction have a flag-shaped crown. Plants grown from cuttings of these trees under normal conditions have a normal crown shape. Explain these phenomena. What form of variability takes place in this case. (1. The flag-shaped crown is formed under the influence of external conditions (wind) and is explained by modification variability. 2. During vegetative propagation using cuttings, the genotype does not change, in the absence of wind, a normal crown is formed).
17. What is the nature of most enzymes and why do they lose their activity when the level of radiation increases? (Enzymes lose their activity when the level of radiation increases. Explain why?) (1. Most enzymes are proteins. 2. Under the action of radiation, denaturation occurs, the structure of the protein-enzyme changes)
18. Excavation work during the construction of one of the facilities led to the opening of a 100-year-old cattle burial ground. Some time later, quarantine was declared in this area in connection with the anthrax epidemic. The causative agent of which are bacteria. How can this situation be explained from the point of view of biology? (1. Anthrax-infected animals were buried in the cattle burial ground. 2. Spores remain viable for a long time, once in favorable conditions, the human or animal body causes disease.)
19. In ancient India, a suspect in a crime was offered to swallow a handful of dry rice. If he failed, the guilt was considered proven. Give a physiological justification for this process. (1. Swallowing is a complex reflex act, which is accompanied by salivation and irritation of the root of the tongue. 2. With strong excitement, salivation is sharply inhibited, the mouth becomes dry, and the swallowing reflex does not occur.)
20. Currently, heterozygous broiler chickens are widely used in poultry farming. Why are they widely used to solve food problems. How are they taken out? (1. Broiler chickens are characterized by intensive growth, they quickly gain weight. 2. Broiler chickens are obtained by crossing pure lines, the first generation hybrids show the effect of heterosis)
21. Make up a food chain using all of the named objects: humus, cross-spider, hawk, great tit, housefly. Determine the consumer of the third order in the composed chain. (1. Humus - housefly - cross spider - great tit - hawk. 2. Consumer of the third order - great tit.)
22. What is the peculiarity of the nutrition of saprophytic bacteria? Why would life on Earth be impossible without them? (1. Bacteria saprophytes are decomposers that break down organic substances to inorganic ones. 2. By decomposing organic substances, they ensure the circulation of chemical elements in the biosphere.)
23. Why is the relationship between pike and perch in a river ecosystem considered competitive? (1. Pike and perch are predators, they eat similar food. 2. They live in the same reservoir, need similar living conditions, mutually oppress each other.)
24. Explain what changes in the composition of the blood occur in the capillaries of the pulmonary circulation in humans. What kind of blood is produced? (1. The oxygen content in the blood increases, the carbon dioxide content decreases. 2. The blood from the venous turns into arterial.)
25. Why can the number of commercial herbivorous fish decrease sharply when predatory fish are destroyed in a reservoir? (1. The destruction of predators leads to a sharp increase in the number of herbivorous fish and increased competition between them. 2. A large number of herbivorous fish contributes to a decrease in the food supply, the spread of various diseases among them, this will lead to mass death of fish.)
26. If you place a plant with its roots in salted water, then after a while it will wither. Explain why? (1. In a saline solution, the root cells will lose water, plasmolysis will occur, and the cells will lose turgor. 2. Water transport to the plant will be disturbed, and it will wither.)
27. What features of a joint make it strong? (1. Intra-articular ligaments tighten the articular surfaces of the bones. 2. The bones in the joint are united by an articular bag, inside which pressure is maintained below atmospheric pressure.)
28. Currants grown in household plots, as a rule, are propagated vegetatively. What part of the plant is usually used and what kind of roots and root system do they develop? (1. Currants are propagated by stem cuttings or layering. 2. Adventitious roots develop on cuttings or layering, which form a fibrous root system.)
29. Plants absorb a significant amount of water during their life. What two main processes of life consume most of the water consumed? Explain the answer. (1. Evaporation, providing the movement of water and solutes and protection from overheating. 2. Photosynthesis, during which organic substances are formed.)
30. Siberian pine seeds are called pine nuts. Explain whether such a name is scientifically correct. (1. The gymnosperms, to which the Siberian pine belongs, do not have flowers and fruits, and the seeds develop on the scales of the cones. 2. The nut is the fruit of angiosperms, and the name “pine nuts” is conditional. woody covers that perform protective functions)
31. What plants can cause waterlogging of the forest. Explain why? (1. Waterlogging is caused by mosses, such as sphagnum. 2. Sphagnum has cells that can accumulate a lot of water.)
32. How to explain that in some flowering plants, pollen ripens before the stigma of the pistil opens? (1. The maturation of pollen before the pistil is explained by the adaptation of plants to self-pollination or wind pollination. 2. If it were the other way around, pollination would not occur.)
33. If a little salt water or alcohol is added to a fresh preparation with elodea leaf cells, the cells will wrinkle somewhat. Why? (1. The phenomenon of plasmolysis will begin. Water from the cell will begin to go into the saline solution, because there is less water than in the cell. 2. The cell will wrinkle.)
34. Under natural conditions, meadows are usually overgrown with forest. Explain why this does not happen under constant farming. (1. In the conditions of constant agriculture, the meadows are constantly mowed by people, which is accompanied by the destruction of the undergrowth of trees and shrubs. 2. In the meadows, there is a constant grazing of livestock, which destroys the undergrowth, leads to trampling of plants.)
35. Bacteria-saprophytes play an important role in nature. Explain why. (1. Saprophytes are decomposers, they destroy organic substances to minerals, participate in the circulation of substances in the biosphere. 2. They play the role of orderlies, as they decompose corpses, waste products of organisms.)
37. Why is the volume of urine excreted by the human body per day not equal to the volume of liquid drunk during the same time? (1. Part of the water is used by the body or is formed in metabolic processes; 2. Part of the water evaporates through the respiratory organs and through the sweat glands.)
38. What is the protective role of leukocytes in the human body? (1. Leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis - devouring and digesting proteins, microorganisms, dead cells; 2. Leukocytes are involved in the production of antibodies that neutralize certain antigens.)
39. Photosynthesis proceeds intensively in the leaves of plants. Does it occur in mature and unripe fruits? Explain the answer. (1. Photosynthesis occurs in immature fruits (when they are green), since they contain chloroplasts; 2. As they ripen, chloroplasts turn into chromoplasts in which photosynthesis does not occur.)
40. Ribosomes from different cells, the entire set of amino acids and the same molecules of mRNA and tRNA were placed in a test tube, and all the conditions for protein synthesis were created. Why will one type of protein be synthesized on different ribosomes in a test tube? (1. The primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids; 2. The templates for protein synthesis are the same mRNA molecules, in which the same primary structure of the protein is encoded.)
41. Explain what the toothless and barley eat. Why are they called "bottom filters"? (1. Toothless and barley feed on organic particles that enter the mantle cavity with the flow of water and are filtered out by cilia; 2. Passing a large amount of water through themselves, they purify it of organic suspensions and microorganisms.
42. What processes ensure the movement of water and minerals to the plant? Explain the answer. (1. From the root to the leaves, water and minerals move through the vessels due to transpiration, which results in a sucking force; 2. The upward flow of the plant is promoted by root pressure, it occurs as a result of the constant flow of water to the root due to the difference in the concentration of substances in the cells and the environment.
43. In the 17th century, the Dutch scientist Van Helmont conducted an experiment. He planted a small willow in a tub of soil, after weighing the plant and soil, and only watered it for several years. After 5 years, the scientist weighed the plant again. Its weight increased by 63.7 kg, the weight of the soil decreased by only 0.06 kg. Explain what caused the increase in the mass of the plant, what substances from the external environment ensured this increase. (1. The mass of the plant increased due to organic substances formed during photosynthesis; 2. In the process of photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide come from the external environment)
44. If a little salt water or alcohol is added to a fresh preparation with elodea leaf cells, the cells will wrinkle somewhat. Why? (1. The phenomenon of plasmolysis will occur. Water from the cell will begin to go into the saline solution, because there is less water than in the cell. 2. As a result, the cell will wrinkle.)
45. All plant cells contain the same number of chromosomes. Only in germ cells there are two times fewer chromosomes. How can one explain this fact, knowing about the pollination of plants. (1. After pollination, fertilization occurs, in which gametes 1n, 2 participate. When gametes merge, a 2n zygote is formed from which a new plant develops.)
46. What environmental consequences can forest fires lead to in Russia? (1. To the complete destruction of some species of animals and plants. 2. To a change in the structure of biogeocenosis, a violation of the appearance of the landscape.)
“Believe in your success. Believe in him firmly, and then you will do what is necessary to achieve success.”
Dale Carnegie
Good luck with your preparation for the exam!
Literature.
1. Popular science journal "Biology for Schoolchildren". OOO “School Press”
2. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements. USE 2007 BIOLOGY AST Astrel Moscow 2011
3. 2. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements. USE 2008 BIOLOGY AST Astrel Moscow 2012
4. 3. 2. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements. USE 2009 BIOLOGY AST Astrel Moscow 2013
5. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements. USE 2010 BIOLOGY AST Astrel Moscow 2014
6. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements. USE 2010 BIOLOGY AST Astrel Moscow 2015
7.G.S. Kalinova, E.A. Nikishova, R.A. Petrosov. Biology Solving complex tasks How to get the maximum score on the exam. Moscow Intellect Center 2014
Home > DocumentQuestions on ecology for the exam.
Choose the correct one from the given answers.
Autotrophic organisms include:
Guidelines for the preparation of assignments and organizational and methodological support of the school and municipal stages (1)
GuidelinesGuidelines for the preparation of assignments and organizational and methodological support of the school and municipal stages (2)
Guidelines
The largest biomass in the meadow biocenosis is in: a- green plants; b- bacteria; c- herbivores; d carnivores.
The productivity of an ecosystem is called: a - its total biomass; b is the growth of this biomass per unit of time; c - total biomass of producers; d - total biomass of consumers.
In the middle of summer, the growth of perennial plants living in middle latitudes slows down or stops completely. What factor and what change in it is the cause of such phenomena: a- decrease in temperature; b- decrease in the amount of precipitation; c- decrease in the length of the day; d- decrease in the intensity of solar radiation.
Name the number of links that make up the majority of food chains: a- 2-3; b- 3-5; c- 5-7; g- 7-9.
In each species of animals and plants, the state of winter dormancy occurs only at a certain stage of development. Name the stage of development at which winter dormancy occurs in the malarial mosquito and urticaria butterfly: a- egg; b- larva; c- chrysalis; g - adult (imago).
Name the scientist-founder of the doctrine of biogeocenoses: a- V.V. Dokuchaev; b- V.N. Sukachev; in- V.I. Vernadsky; Mr. N.I. Vavilov.
The sustainability of populations depends, in particular, on such indicators as fecundity and life expectancy of individuals in a population. Indicate the combination of quantitative values of these indicators, in which the population size will be the most stable: a - low fertility and short life expectancy; b- low fertility and long life span; c- high fertility and short life expectancy; d- greater fertility and longer life expectancy.
Each species of plants and animals living in the middle latitudes, in the process of evolution, has developed a characteristic annual cycle of intensive growth and development, reproduction, preparation for winter and wintering. What is the name of this phenomenon: a- modification variability; b- alternation of generations; c- biological rhythm; d life cycle.
Name one of the main reasons why most food chains contain a small (no more than 3-5) number of links: a- a limited number of species of organisms that make up biogeocenoses; b- large energy losses in power circuits; c - short life expectancy of representatives of individual links of food chains; d - formation of a food network from several food chains.
What is the name of the totality of organisms living in fresh water bodies, which includes the following living creatures: blue-green algae, green algae. protozoa, rotifers, small crustaceans (daphnia, cyclops): a-benthos; b- plankton; c- biogeocenosis; Mr. producers.
What intensity of the environmental factor is called optimal for the organism: a - the most favorable for the life of the organism; b- the smallest among those in which the existence of an organism is possible; c- the largest among those in which the existence of an organism is possible; d - the change of which does not affect the intensity of the vital activity of the organism.
What are the extreme values of the intensity of the environmental factor, at which the functioning of the organism is still possible, called: a - reaction rate; b- limiting factors; c- limits of endurance; r - optimal values.
What is the name of the totality of organisms living in fresh water bodies, which includes the following living creatures: putrefactive bacteria, sponges, round and low-bristle worms, leeches, mollusks (barley, toothless), large crustaceans, larvae of many insects, as well as various flowering plants: water lilies, cattail, reed: a- benthos; b- plankton; c- biogeocenosis; Mr. producers.
There is a lot of energy loss in power circuits. Indicate that part of the energy that passes from one link of the food chain to another: a- 0.1-0.5%; b- 1-2%; c- 5-20%; g - 25-50%.
Imagine that the living creatures listed below are part of the same food chain of biogeocenosis. Which of them is the last link in this food chain: a- grasshoppers; b- snakes; c- plants; Mr. eagle; d- frogs.
What is the name of the environmental factor that goes beyond the endurance of the organism: a- abiotic; b- limiting; c- biotic; r is optimal.
Specify the most complex terrestrial biogeocenosis: a - birch grove; b- pine forest; c- oak forest; Mr. river floodplain.
Name the producers that create the bulk of biological products in the oak forest: a- annual and biennial herbaceous plants; b- perennial herbaceous plants; c- shrubs; Mr trees.
Name the sequence of groups of organisms that make up the biogeocenosis, which ensures the conversion of energy entering the biogeocenosis and its transfer in food chains: a- consumers, producers, decomposers; b- decomposers, producers, consumers; c- producers, consumers, decomposers; g- consumers, decomposers, producers.
What is the source of energy for most natural biogeocenoses: a- visible rays of solar radiation; b- thermal energy; c- chemical energy of organic compounds; c- chemical energy of inorganic compounds; d- chemical energy of organic compounds.
Name the ecological factor that limits the distribution of many animals and plants to the north: a- violation of the alternation of day and night, characteristic of mid-latitudes; b-lack of food; c- lack of heat; d excess moisture.
What is the primary source of energy in such a biogeocenosis as a lake or pond: a- thermal energy of solar radiation; b- visible rays of solar radiation; c- chemical energy of solar radiation; d- chemical energy of inorganic compounds.
Indicate the main direction of selection in agrocenoses: a- increase in the diversity of varieties and species; b- creation of organisms with maximum productivity; c- creation of organisms resistant to adverse environmental factors; d- creation of a sustainable ecological system
Name the environmental factor that is limiting for the brook trout: a- current speed; b- temperature; c- oxygen concentration; g - illumination.
Specify the biotic factor: a- light; b- temperature; v - wind speed; d- body odour.
What is a source of energy and building material for decomposers in biogeocenosis: a- living plants and animals; b- corpses and excrement (excretions) of plants and animals; c- energy of oxidation of inorganic substances; g - light energy.
In summer and winter, insects can develop several generations, and in autumn development stops at the hibernating stage. Name the factor that determines such a feature of development: a- temperature; b- humidity; c - length of the day; d - food availability.
Name the type of struggle for existence, the result of which was the formation of layering typical for oak forests: a - interspecific; b- intraspecific; c - with unfavorable environmental factors.
How does the degree of species diversity of living beings change vertically from the upper layers to the bottom of the ocean: a- constantly decreasing; b- constantly increasing; c- first decreases, then increases; r first increases, then decreases.
Indicate the abiotic factor: a- species of an individual of the opposite sex; b- feeding; c- warning coloring; d - mechanical composition of the soil.
Specify the most light-loving plants of the oak forest: a- maple, apple, pear; b- oak, ash, linden; c- herbaceous plants; g - hazel, euonymus, buckthorn, viburnum.
Name the main feature according to which one of the groups of living beings is called autotrophic: a- synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones; b- able to provide themselves with energy; c- capable of synthesizing any substances; d- capable of converting chemical compounds.
Specify the most shade-tolerant oak forest plants: a- maple, apple, pear; b- oak, ash, linden; c- herbaceous plants; g - hazel, euonymus, buckthorn, viburnum.
There are factors that make one biogeocenosis more stable than others. Find these factors among the answers and indicate the phenomenon that does NOT belong to such factors: a- a greater number of food chains; b- greater species diversity; c - high fecundity of representatives of the species that make up the biogeocnosis; d- long life span of representatives of the species that make up the biogeocnosis.
Name a group of animals whose representatives are more important in the biogeocenosis of oak forests than animals of other groups: a- large herbivorous ungulates; b- herbivorous insects; c- birds of prey; g- predatory insects.
Indicate the answer that lists all terrestrial vertebrates that are classified as homoiothermic, capable of maintaining their body temperature at a high and constant level: a- only birds; b- only mammals; c- reptiles, birds and mammals; c - only birds and mammals.
What phenomenon is conditionally called "biological clock": a- photoperiodism - the reaction of organisms to a change in the length of the day; b- the ability of living beings to navigate in time; c- age-related changes in organisms; d-seasonal changes, consisting in structural, functional and behavioral changes in living beings.
What is the regularity called the rule of the ecological pyramid: a- representatives of each next link in the food chain are larger than the representatives of the previous link; b - the mass of the substance that serves as food for the next link in the food chain is always greater than the mass of the substance of this link; c - the number of individuals that make up each next link in the food chain is always less than the number of individuals of the previous link; d- each subsequent link in the food chain receives less energy than it received in the previous link.
There are several main reasons leading to a change in biogeocenoses. Which of these reasons leads to the most rapid change of biogeocenoses: a- change in climatic conditions; b- change in the habitat by living organisms themselves; c- impact of anthropogenic factors; d- evolutionary changes in the organic world.
Name the habitat of living organisms, which is the most complex and unstable in comparison with others, requires a higher level of organization of living beings that can exist in it and use its resources: a- water; b- ground - air; c- soil; g- bodies of other organisms.
Name the main condition under which competition occurs between two different species: a- common area; b- similar needs; c- the same intensity of reproduction; d are part of the same food chain.
Name the group of organisms whose representatives play a leading role in the process of changing terrestrial biogeocenoses: a- herbivores; b- predatory animals; c- plants; d bacteria and fungi.
Name the factor, the values of which in most cases are of the least importance for living creatures living in the soil: a- mechanical properties; b- chemical composition; c- humidity; r temperature.
What is the proportion of biomass in the biosphere: a - 0.001%; b - 0.01%; c- 0.1%; Mr. 1%.
What is the proportion of the mass of green land plants in the biomass of the biosphere: a- 13%; b- 38%, c- 52%, d- 97%.
Name the distance at which the ozone layer is formed, reflecting cosmic radiation and ultraviolet rays that are harmful to living organisms: a- 5-7 km; b- 7-15km; c- 15-35 km; g-35-75 km.
Name the chemical compound from which ozone is formed in the lower layers of the stratosphere under the action of solar radiation: a-CO2; b- O2; c-H2O; g-H2O2.
At what time of the year are the “holes” in the ozone layer the largest: a - in summer; b- in the spring; in winter; Mr. autumn.
a- forest information
Q1: Instead of dots, choose the appropriate words:
1. The reaction of organisms to the length of the day -------……………………
2. There are three groups of environmental factors: …………………………
3Relief, soil, climate, air are …………………… factors.
4. A community of organisms inhabiting the same territory, interconnected by food chains and influencing each other, …………………
5. The amount of living matter, expressed in units of mass or energy, per unit area or volume, ……………………….
6Temporary state of the organism, in which vital processes are slowed down to a minimum and there are no visible signs of life, -………………..
7. Chemo-and-photosynthetic bacteria, green plants are…………..
8. Destroyers of organic residues are…………………………………..
9. Reducers include ………………….
10. The length of the food chain is limited by ……………………………………….
11. The biological productivity of biocenoses is determined by ………………
12. The number of plant and animal species that form this biogeocenosis …………………………
13. The number of individuals of a given species per unit area or volume …………
14. Change of some types of communities by others for a certain period of time …………………….
15. The geological shell of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms - ………….……………….
16. Universal nutrients are …………………………………………
17. Living matter in the biosphere performs 3 main functions………………………………..
18. The process of photosynthesis is especially strongly affected by fluctuations in the content in the atmosphere………….
19. The most harmless and expedient in the fight against pests of agricultural crops is to use …………….. control methods.
20. The science that studies the possibilities of applying the principles of organization and function of living organisms in technology - ……………………
21. The protection and regulation of the fishing of a number of animals is carried out with the aim of …………. the number of individuals.
22. The existence of a species in the form of …………. serves as the reason for its wide distribution and life in different conditions within the aisles of the species.
23. An artificial community created as a result of human activities is called ……………..
24. The nature of the relationship between moose and hares that eat similar food is called ……………….
25. Predators perform the function of ……………… numbers in the ecosystem, limiting the number of herbivorous animals to a certain limit, without completely destroying them.
Q2: Choose 3 correct answers from the suggested answers:
Heterotrophic organisms include:
What is the significance of the circulation of substances in the biosphere:
a - weathering of rocks
B - the appearance of herbaceous plants, shrubs c - the formation of the thinnest layer of soil d - the appearance of bacteria, algae, scale lichens d - the settlement of mosses and fruticose lichens e - the appearance of forest communities - to biogeocenoses (B):
consist of a large number of species
capable of self-regulation
incapable of self-regulation
composed of a small number of species
all nutrients absorbed by plants eventually return to the soil
a significant part of the nutrients is removed from the soil. To compensate for losses, it is necessary to constantly apply fertilizers.
Sunlight is the only source of energy
the main driving force of evolution is artificial selection
natural selection is the driving force behind evolution
prosperity, conservation and high productivity of organisms are associated with human activities
1 What is the role of chemosynthetic bacteria in ecosystems?
2 Why are plants absent or very sparse on forest paths?
Build a food chain using all of the following objects: humus, spider, hawk, great tit, housefly. Determine the consumer of the third order in the composed chain.2
Why are owls in the forest ecosystem classified as second-order consumers, and mice as first-order consumers?
1. What features of psilophytes allowed them to be the first to master the land? Justify the answer. 2. What characterizes biological diversity? ANSWERS TO USE QUESTIONS ON THE TOPIC "ECOLOGY AND BIOSPHERE" PART A: 1-a 2-a 3-b 4-b 5-c 6-b 7-d 8-b 9-b 10-c 11-b 12-b 13-a 14-c 15-a 16-c 17-d 18-b 19-c 20-d 21-c 22-a 23-c 24-b 25-b 26-c 27-d 28-b 29- c 30-a 31-c 32-d 33-b 34-a 35-c 36-c 37-b 38-d 39-b 40-b 41-c 42-b 43-a 44-b 45-b 46 -c 47-g 48-g 49-g 50-c 51-b 52-c 53-b 54-a 55-a 56-g 57-g 58-a 59-c 60-c 61-a 62-g 63-a 64-b 65-a 66-c 67-g 68-g 69-g 70-b 71-b 72-d 73-a 74-c 75-a 76-a 77-a 78-c 79- a 80-d 81-a 82-d 83-c 84-d 85-c 86-c 87-b 88-a 89-b 90-a 91-d 92-a 93-c 94-b 95-d 96 -c 97-a 98-g 99-a 100-b 101-a 102-b 103-a 104-c 105-b 106-a 107-a 108-g 109-a 110-g 111-c 112-c 113-b 114-d 115-b 116 a 117-b 118-c 119-c 120-a 121-a 122-b 123-d 124-d 125-b 126-d 127-a 128-c 129-c PART B: B1 1- photoperiodism 2- abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic. 3- abiotic 4- biocenosis 5- density of life 6- anabiosis 7- producers 8- decomposers 9- bacteria 10- loss of energy 11- biomass 12- species composition 13- population density 14- succession 15- biosphere 16- CNHO 17- oxidative reduction, gas, concentration 18 - carbon dioxide 19 - biological 20 - bionics 21 - regulation 22 - population 23 - agrocenosis (agroecosystem) 24 - competition 25 - regulation B2 1- a c d 2- b c d 3- a d e C3 1- a d e c e 3- A 3 4 6 8 1 0
C1(1) They form organic substances from inorganic substances and are referred to as producers. C1(2) Constant trampling leads to compaction of the soil (violation of the water and air regime of the roots) and oppression of plants. С2(1) 1. Humus - housefly - cross-spider - marsh tit - hawk. 2. Consumer of the third order - great tit. C2(2) 1. Owls feed on herbivorous animals, so they are classified as second-order consumers. 2. Mice eat plant foods, so they are classified as first-order consumers. C4(1) 1. Appearance of integumentary tissue - epidermis with stomata - contributing to protection from evaporation; 2. Emergence of an underdeveloped conducting system that ensures the transport of substances; 3. The appearance of a mechanical tissue that performs a supporting function; 4. The formation of rhizoids, with the help of which they were fixed in the soil. С4(2) 1. Genetic heterogeneity of individuals in the population;
- Book
We solve C5 problems
Exams are coming soon, many students pay maximum attention to theoretical questions from parts A and B, missing the tasks of part C,
what they say during the check of the work of their empty forms. In vain, of course, there are few questions here and they are all of increased complexity, but after all, they “cost” three times more, and most importantly, they are not so complicated. If you look at them, you will notice that for the most part they are similar, therefore, in order to prepare for solving problems, it is important to practice solution algorithms. I suggest trying to take them seriously, as with a little time you can get extra points.
Let's begin to consider tasks C5. Analyzing the exam papers, you can see that the fifth task includes material from ecology (ecological pyramids and food chains) and molecular biology (energy metabolism and the implementation of the genetic code).
Today we will consider the solution of environmental problems, for this you need to know that the energy contained in food is transferred from the original source through a number of organisms, such a number of organisms is called power circuit community, and each link in this chain - trophic level
The first trophic level is represented by autotrophs or producers, such as plants, since they produce primary organic matter. Living organisms - heterotrophs that feed on autotrophs (herbivores) are called first-order consumers and are at the second trophic level, second-order consumers are located at the third level - these are predators, they feed on first-order consumers. The food chain may include consumers of the third, fourth ... order, but it should be noted that more than five trophic levels are almost never found in nature. The chain ends, as a rule, with decomposers, these are saprophytes that decompose organic matter into simple inorganic substances (fungi, bacteria, larvae of some insects).
Living organisms, eating representatives of the previous level, receive the energy stored in its cells and tissues. He spends a significant part of this energy (up to 90%) on movement, breathing, heating the body, and so on, and only 10% accumulates in his body in the form of proteins (muscles), fats (adipose tissue). Thus, only 10% of the energy accumulated by the previous level is transferred to the next level. That is why food chains cannot be very long.
When compiling a food chain, it is necessary to correctly position all the links and show with arrows from which level the energy was received.
For instance: The forest community is inhabited by: caterpillars, tits, pines, kites. Make a food chain and name the consumer of the second order.
Answer: pine -> caterpillar -> titmouse -> kite. Second-order consumer titmouse.
Consider another type of environmental problems.
Example: Based on the rule of the ecological pyramid, determine how much plankton is needed for one 300 kg dolphin to grow in the sea if the food chain looks like: plankton, non-predatory fish, predatory fish, dolphin.
Ecological pyramids are one way of depicting food chains. Since there are always more producers, therefore, the first level represents a wider base, there will be fewer and fewer organisms at subsequent levels, and therefore the image takes the form of a pyramid. Knowing this, you can easily solve the problem.
Solution: The dolphin, eating predatory fish, has accumulated in its body only 10% of the total mass of food, knowing that it weighs 300 kg, let's make up the proportion.
300kg - 10%,
X - 100%.
Let's find what X is equal to. X \u003d 3000 kg. (predatory fish) This weight is only 10% of the mass of non-predatory fish that they fed on. Let's re-proportion
3000kg - 10%
X - 100%
Х=30 000 kg (mass of non-predatory fish)
How much plankton did they have to eat in order to have that weight? Let's make a proportion
30 000kg - 10%
X \u003d 100%
X = 300,000kg
Answer: In order for a 300 kg dolphin to grow. 300,000 kg of plankton are needed
There is one little trick that can help simplify the whole process, especially for those who are not very friendly with mathematics. If you look closely at the solution, you will notice that one zero is added to the number denoting each new result. That is, it is multiplied by 10. If you need to perform the reverse action (calculate what mass the dolphin will have if 300,000 kg of plankton lives in the sea), then you need to remove zero every time you go to the next level.
Tasks
1. Based on the rule of the ecological pyramid, determine how much grain is needed for one eagle owl weighing 3.5 kg to grow in the forest if the food chain looks like: cereal grain -> mouse -> vole -> ferret -> eagle owl.
2. Based on the rule of the ecological pyramid, determine how many eagles can grow in the presence of 100 tons of cereal plants, if the food chain looks like: cereals -> grasshoppers-> frogs-> snakes-> eagle.
3. Based on the rule of the ecological pyramid, determine how many eagles can grow in the presence of 100 tons of cereal plants, if the food chain looks like: cereals -\u003e grasshoppers -\u003e insectivorous birds -\u003e eagle.
The exam in biology is taken at the choice of a student who plans to enter a higher educational institution with a certain specialization. In terms of popularity, this item ranks 5-6th every year.places, about 18% of schoolchildren pass it. Which universities offer biology? This subject is taken in educational institutions of the following direction: medicine, biology, pedagogy with a degree in biology teacher, agriculture, veterinary medicine, physical education, psychology, garden design, ecology, technical specialties where biology borders on physics. Professions: psychologist, ecologist, athlete, engineer, doctor.
The work consists of tasks, which are conditionally divided into two parts. In 2018, there were 28 tasks: 21 - tests, you need to choose an option from the proposed ones, 7 - of increased complexity, you need to give a detailed answer.
210 minutes are given for work - the student decides on his own how to allocate time for answers.
The threshold score for admission to various universities depends on the requirements of a particular educational institution - this information must be clarified at the university.
- The first part contains tasks for knowledge of the theory and the ability to use this knowledge. Types of tasks of the first part: for multiple choice (may be accompanied by a picture), for establishing a logical sequence, for solving problems, supplementing data in a table, for analyzing data.
- The second part aims to identify the features and depth of knowledge of the subject. The purpose of such tasks is to test the ability to establish causal relationships, draw conclusions, use theory in practice, justify one's position, and think logically. It is this part of the test that is key in the process of selecting potential university students.
The first part is checked automatically by a computer. The second is analyzed by experts.
How difficult is the biology exam?
- The main difficulty lies in the significant amount of information that needs to be repeated. The school course begins in grades 5-6, so you will have to "dig deep" in preparation.
- Difficulties are also related to the structure of the exam. High-quality theoretical knowledge does not necessarily guarantee the successful passing of the exam - you need to learn how to perform tasks of certain types. This can be learned with the help of a professional tutor or by taking an online test. Every year, tasks of a new type are introduced into the structure - you need to be prepared for this.
- The most difficult topics are: photosynthesis, DNA, energy metabolism. With these sections and assignments on this topic, it is better to contact the tutor.
How to effectively prepare for the exam?
- The main thing is to listen carefully in class and study textbooks. This will become a solid basis for the successful passing of the exam.
- Planning: systematic preparation requires a stable and thorough study of the material of the USE program.
- Self-education: read manuals, on one's own.
- Take an online test.
The main advantage of online testing is the ability to work out to automatism the ability to solve tasks of various types and levels of complexity, to correctly allocate time in the exam. With a teacher or tutor, it is recommended to prepare for the second part.
