P in Simonov biography. Simonov Pavel Vasilievich

From the authors
Introduction
The problem of human cognition and the role of P.V. Simonov in the development of the doctrine of the motivational-emotional aspects of the brain in the second half of the 20th century
Some biographical data and personality traits of P.V.Simonov
Scientific schools and P.V.Simonov
Is there a danger at present of turning science into a kind of "pure commodity"?
Peculiarities of P.V.Simonov as a person, scientist and supervisor
P.V.Simonov: "I believe that every scientist should have a unique combination of mental ability and artistic vision of the world"
Experiments by P.V. Simonov to identify "egoists" and "altruists"
Consequences arising from the law of conservation of "egoists" and "altruists"
The concept of P.V.Simonov about "egoists" and "altruists" and our "eternal" problems
P.V. Simonov as a psychologist
What role do we play in this life?
PV Simonov: "What have we lost with the scientific and technological revolution?"
P.V.Simonov and his individual actions in the context of time
P.V.Simonov: "What are the "pluses" and "minuses" of the former and present life?"
P.V.Simonov: "We are responsible for what is happening in the world, and especially for what is happening around us"
The last years of the life of P.V. Simonov
Instead of an epilogue
List of the main works of P.V.Simonov, presented in the PubMed system
Appendix

Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov was one of the leading physiologists of the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. In 1981 he became a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1987 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1982 to 2000 PV Simonov headed the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and then of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the 90s (post-perestroika) years of the XX century. He was Academician-Secretary of the Physiology Department. During his scientific activity P.V.Simonov published 16 books and more than 400 articles. For the monographs "The Theory of Reflection of Psychophysiological Emotions" and "Higher Nervous Activity of Man. Motivational and Emotional Aspects" P.V.Simonov was awarded the I.P.Pavlov Prize. He developed, theoretically substantiated and expressed ideas about the scope of a whole range of methods for diagnosing and predicting the functional state of the human brain. For these studies P.V.Simonov was awarded the State Prize in 1987. For those readers who do not like author's prefaces, but, nevertheless, want to know who and what our book is about, we can briefly answer as follows. Our book is about the physiologist Pavel Vasilievich Simonov and the secret, still far from known structures that underlie our "I", which are revealed in behavior. P.V.Simonov was a naturalist-philosopher. However, his work had an extremely important practical value and were capable (if used correctly) to bring billions in profits, and could also be used to prevent demographic cataclysms.

In a small book dedicated to the memory of Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov, we will not be able to retell or reveal the wealth of ideas, concepts and theories that are contained in his books and articles. What then is the purpose of writing this work? We would like to tell about P.V. Simonov - a man, a scientist and a teacher, or rather, about the image that has been preserved in our memory. It is known that no one has yet developed general rules to write a memoir, although many have realized that it is sometimes more convenient to state facts than to express their own thoughts, judgments and ideas. It should also be borne in mind that the memory of each person is selective, therefore all known memories differ not only in the style of writing, but also in what some prefer to talk about, while others are silent. Meanwhile, it is noted that the brighter and more subjective the memories, the more they cause controversy among contemporaries. However, sometimes it also happens that the memories indirectly say more about the author himself than about the people he remembers. They also say that memoirs about contemporaries cannot be written in such a way that everyone will like them. However, you can try to make sure that they are minimally annoying to everyone who believes that it is he, she or they better than others know and remember the hero of memories. Our modest task was only to express our personal ideas about Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov. These memories will reflect only those facts, events and thoughts of P.V.Simonov, which made our own life more meaningful. Therefore, our memories and personal point of view on the events of the past are subjective, one-sided, and, as they now write in the media, may differ from other officially or unofficially recognized points of view.

The book dedicated to Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov is written in the form of an essay. Initially, we did not think that individual reflections, recorded in different years, would ever find their readers. They recorded "for themselves". Why? Probably because they could not help writing: no one itches if it does not itch. So, once A. Einstein answered the question: why does science and culture exist at all? Everything we wrote was sincere. However, our individual generalizations were written "on the table" for a long time. As the "table" filled up, it suddenly turned out that some of them were connected with the activities of Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov. Moreover, some thoughts could not have arisen if it were not for Pavel Vasilyevich's periodic speeches during conferences, meetings of the Academic Councils and individual meetings with him on various occasions. So gradually the idea made sense. Then came the urge to write. It is known that it is always interesting to try yourself in something that you have not done before. Gradually, a feeling of some unity began to appear, as if the individual strokes of impressionist painting were united by one common idea, which could be called the scientific activity of Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov.

Every scientist should have gratitude to his predecessors, respect for his contemporaries and responsibility to future scientists. Then his work will be many years on Earth...
D.S. Likhachev

Genuine truth is possible only where it is sought not for self-affirmation, but for its own sake.
A.A. Ukhtomsky

Scientists belong to the category of people who are rarely shown on television, they are not recognized on the street, no one asks for their autographs. A halo of glory among people of science is acquired by a few. Not everyone Nobel laureates have the opportunity to see their lifetime portrait in books and textbooks. Few of them are sure that his name will be known and remembered by descendants. They say that scientists are widely known in a narrow circle of professionals. However, it is from this milieu of little-known professionals that people come out who have the strongest influence on the scientific and technological progress of society.

Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov was one of the leading physiologists in the field of higher nervous activity. He created the "need-information theory of emotions and behavior", which made it possible to understand the mechanisms of the emergence of positive and negative emotions, their role in the organization of behavior. Thanks to the theory of P.V. Simonov, it was possible to find experimental approaches to the study of motivations and emotions, to discover new stages and patterns of emotional stress in a human operator, to develop methods for an objective assessment of emotional stress. In 1979 P.V.Simonov was awarded the I.P.Pavlov Prize for the monographs "The Theory of Reflection of Psychophysiological Emotions" and "Higher Nervous Activity of Man. Motivational and Emotional Aspects". He developed, theoretically substantiated and expressed ideas about the scope of a whole range of methods for diagnosing and predicting the functional state of the human brain. For these studies P.V.Simonov was awarded the State Prize in 1987. "The need-information theory of emotions and behavior", created by P.V. Simonov, found its development in his books: "Emotional Brain" (1981), "Motivated Brain" (1987) and "Creative Brain" (1993). The works of P.V.Simonov laid the foundation for a new approach to a whole range of problems of consciousness, memory, conscious and unconscious internal states in the organization of human conscious activity.

P.V. Simonov is known to many, first of all, as a scientist who created needs-information theory of behavior. Before Pavel Vasilyevich, many spoke about needs. However, he was the first to declare needs to be the main primary source of behavioral activity, the regulator of evolution, the coordinator of history, the source of the creative process and the driving force of all individual and collective action, both in man and animals. Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov showed for the first time in history that there is no independence of action in the world. Any behavior, action or inaction is determined by a satisfied or unsatisfied need. The need, according to the definition of P.V. Simonov, is "a specific (essential) force of living organisms, ensuring their connection with the external environment for self-preservation and self-development ... The preservation and development of a person is the essence of the manifestation of this force ..."

Natural scientists have repeatedly confirmed the position according to which theory generalizes the previous stage of knowledge. However, the theory does not only generalize the previous stage of knowledge. It always represents a new, quite definite and fixed stage in the history of knowledge. This is due, first of all, to the fact that in the theoretical development of an object or subject of research, a scientist always strives to have a holistic coverage, when the object acts not only as an observed phenomenon, but also as an already derived regularity. Thus, the creation of P.V. Simonov needs-information theory of behavior for the first time brought many unconscious needs out of the abyss of unconscious (roughly earthly) human nature into the area of the "illuminated circle of consciousness", where they became conscious motivations.

On the pages of a brief brochure, we cannot go into the details of a complex and, at the same time, beautiful needs-information theory of behavior. Yu.P. Vyazemsky in the book "Armament of Odysseus" in a short, entertaining and accessible form for the general reader analyzed the theory of P.V. Simonov. In our work, we would like to draw the readers' attention only to some provisions of P.V. Simonov's teaching on the motivational-emotional aspects of the brain, which could be briefly defined as the concept of "egoists" and "altruists". These provisions, from our point of view, are of great practical importance and are very relevant in our time.

The country:

USSR →
Russia

Scientific area: Place of work:

Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS

Academic degree: Academic title: Alma mater: Scientific adviser: Known as:

specialist in experimental neurophysiology of emotions, problems of higher nervous activity

Awards and prizes

Pavel Vasilievich Simonov(nee Stankevich, April 20, Leningrad - June 6, Moscow) - Soviet, Russian psychophysiologist, biophysicist and psychologist. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1961), Professor (1969). Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987, in a team) for the creation and development of methods for diagnosing and predicting the state of the human brain.

Biography

Father P. V. Simonov - former officer Stanislav Stankevich - was repressed in 1937. As members of the "enemy of the people" family, Pavel and his mother were expelled from Leningrad. Their neighbor in the house on the landing was the famous sculptor Vasily Lvovich Simonov, who later took an active part in arranging the fate of the boy, adopted him and gave his last name.

In 1944 he entered flight school. In 1945 he transferred for health reasons to the Military Medical Academy, graduating in 1951. Almost from the first years of medical practice, he began to engage in research work. In 1951-1960 - researcher, head of the laboratory of the Main Military Hospital. N. N. Burdenko. From 1961 to 1962 - Senior Researcher at the Physiological Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1962, P. V. Simonov began to work under the leadership of E. A. Asratyan in the position of head of the laboratory, then deputy director, and since 1982 he became the director of this institute.

Professor of the Department of Higher Nervous Activity of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University since 1996. He was the Academician-Secretary of the Department of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. I. P. Pavlov (since 1982), member of the editorial board of the popular science journal Science and Life.

He was awarded the title "Honored Professor of Moscow University" (1999).

Scientific research

The scientific works of P. V. Simonov are devoted to the physiology of higher nervous activity, that is, to the study of the brain foundations of behavior. He created and experimentally substantiated a need-information approach to the analysis of behavior and higher mental functions of humans and animals, which made it possible to give a natural scientific justification for such key concepts. general psychology, as need , emotion , will , consciousness . The interdisciplinary nature of P. V. Simonov's research creates the basis for a comprehensive study of man by physiologists, psychologists, sociologists, and representatives of other fields of knowledge. “Science is based on the principles of the presumption of the proven…,” wrote Academician P.V. Simonov. “Everything else belongs to the realm of faith, and you can believe in anything, since freedom of conscience is guaranteed by law.”

Information theory Simonov

Simonov tried in a brief symbolic form to present the totality of factors influencing the emergence and nature of emotions. He proposed the following formula for this:

E \u003d f [P, (Is - Ying), ...],

where E - emotion (its strength, quality and sign); P - the strength and quality of the actual need; (In - Is) - an assessment of the probability (possibility) of meeting a given need, based on innate (genetic) and acquired experience; In - information about the means that are predictively necessary to meet the existing need; Is - information about the means that a person has in this moment time.

Actually, the above formula is very general, and in a simplified form can be represented as follows:

E \u003d P (Is - Ying).

From this simplified formula, it is clearly seen that when Is > In, the emotion acquires a positive sign, and when Is<Ин - отрицательный.

Membership in scientific and public organizations

Member of the Commissions for the award of State Prizes of the Russian Federation, the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the fight against pseudoscience (since 1999).
One of the honorary founders of the Science of Longevity Foundation.
Chairman of the editorial board of the series of publications of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Classics of Science".
Member of the editorial board of the illustrated scientific-journalistic and informational journal "Science in Russia".
Member of the Executive Committee of the International Organization for the Study of the Brain (1985-1997).
Member of the International Academy of Astronautics.
Member of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Member of the American Association for Aviation and Space Medicine (1971).
Honorary Member of the Pavlovsk Scientific Society of the USA.

Awards

Awarded with the Orders of the Badge of Honor (1981), the Red Banner of Labor (1986), "For Services to the Fatherland" IV degree (1996), the medals "30 Years of the Soviet Army" (1958), "For Military Merit" (1955), " For 15 years of service in the Soviet Army" (1959), "For Valiant Labor. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970).

Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987), Prize of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Prizes to them. I. P. Pavlova (AN USSR, 1979) . Awarded with a gold medal. I. M. Sechenov (RAS, 1999).

Family

Father - Stankevich Stanislav Venediktovich (1895-1937) - a native and resident of Leningrad, a Pole, non-partisan, temporarily acting head of the food and fodder department of the LVO, quartermaster of the 3rd rank (captain). Arrested on October 5, 1937 by the commission of the NKVD and the USSR Prosecutor's Office. On November 3, 1937, he was sentenced under Article 58, ch. 6, 7, 10 and 11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR to capital punishment. Shot in Leningrad on November 12, 1937.

Mother - Maria Karlovna Stankevich.

Sister - Stankevich Galina Stanislavovna, lives in Sweden with her family.

Wife - Olga Sergeevna Vyazemskaya, teacher of a foreign language.

Granddaughters: Simonova Anastasia Yurievna (born 08/26/1975), Simonova (Kaidanovskaya) Zoya Alexandrovna (born 11/05/1976), Simonova Ksenia Yuryevna (born 05/14/1979) and Eshpay Maria Andreevna (born 01/19/1986).

Works of the scientist

Information theory of emotions - Journal "Psychological Issues" No. 6, 1964.
What is an emotion? - M., 1966.
The theory of reflection and psychophysiology of emotions. - M., 1970.
Higher nervous activity of man. Motivational-emotional aspects. - M., 1975.
Emotional brain. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 215 p.
Motivational brain. - M, 1987.
The Creative Brain: The Neurobiological Foundations of Creativity. - M., 1993
Lectures on the work of the brain. Need-information theory of higher nervous activity. - M., 1998.

Notes

Literature

Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov is 75 years old. // Psychological journal. - 2001. - T. 22. - No. 5.
V. P. Reutov, E. G. Sorokina, V. E. Okhotin, N. S. Kositsyn. Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov and his concept of "altruists" and "egoists". - M., 2007

Links

Profile of Pavel Vasilievich Simonov on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
"Information approach" (in philosophy) and "information theory of emotions" P.V. Simonova V.A. Kaplunov on the site Philosophy.ru

Categories:

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Born in 1926
Born in St. Petersburg
Deceased June 6
Deceased in 2002
Deceased in Moscow
Doctors of Medical Sciences
Full members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
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Cavaliers of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class
Knights of the Order of the Badge of Honor
Cavaliers of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor
Awarded with the medal "For Military Merit"
Laureates of the State Prize of the USSR
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Psychologists of Russia
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Psychologists alphabetically
Awarded with the gold medal named after I. M. Sechenov
Moscow State University teachers
Laureates of the I. P. Pavlov Prize

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See what "Simonov, Pavel Vasilyevich" is in other dictionaries:

- (b. 1926), Russian physiologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Major works on experimental neurophysiology of emotions, problems of higher nervous activity. USSR State Prize (1987) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (b. 1926) Russian physiologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Major works on experimental neurophysiology of emotions, problems of higher nervous activity. USSR State Prize (1987) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (b. 04/20/1926) special. in psychophysiology, speaks in philosophy. aspects of the problem of consciousness; dr med. sciences, prof. Genus. in Leningrad. Graduated from military medical school. academy. S.M. Kirova (1951). Since 1960 at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences ...

- ... Wikipedia

SIMONOV Pavel Vasilievich- (p 20 4 1926, Leningrad), neuro and psychophysiologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. since 1987), medical sciences (1961), prof. (1969). Graduated from the Military. Medical Academy in Leningrad (1951), worked there in the military. clinical hospital Since 1960 in the system of the Academy of Sciences, since 1962 in the Institute ... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Clerk, 1678 1680 Addition: Simonov, Pavel Vasilyevich, clerk, 1676; nobles. Moscow. 1671 (mentioned in the boyar book until 1677). (Polovtsov) ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov, born Stankevich (1926-2002) Russian psychophysiologist, biophysicist and psychologist. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Director of the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences. State Prize of the USSR (1987). Contents ... Wikipedia

Simonov Pavel Vasilievich,20.04.1926 - 06.06.2002

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Academician (Academician-Secretary of the Department of Physiology) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Honored Professor of Moscow University.

Professor of the Department of Higher Nervous Activity of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University since 1996. Director of the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1982.

Member of the Commissions for the award of State Prizes of the Russian Federation, the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the fight against pseudoscience (since 1999). One of the honorary founders of the Science of Longevity Foundation.

Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. I. P. Pavlov "(since 1982). Member of the editorial board of the popular science journal "Science and Life". Chairman of the editorial board of the series of publications of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Classics of Science". Member of the editorial board of the illustrated scientific-journalistic and informational journal "Science in Russia".

Member of the Executive Committee of the International Organization for the Study of the Brain (1985-1997). Member of the International Academy of Astronautics. Member of the New York Academy of Sciences. Member of the American Association for Aviation and Space Medicine (1971). Honorary Member of the Pavlovsk Scientific Society of the USA.

In 1944 he entered the flight school. In 1945 he transferred for health reasons to the Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated in 1951. Almost from the first years of medical practice, he began to engage in research work. In 1951-1960 - researcher, head of the laboratory of the Main Military Hospital. N. N. Burdenko. From 1961 to 1962 - Senior Researcher at the Physiological Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1962, P.V. Simonov began working at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences as a head of a laboratory, then a deputy director and director.

Sphere of scientific interests: psychophysiology, biophysics.

The scientific works of P. V. Simonov are devoted to the physiology of higher nervous activity, that is, to the study of the brain foundations of behavior. He created and experimentally substantiated a need-information approach to the analysis of behavior and higher mental functions of humans and animals, which made it possible to give a natural scientific justification for such key concepts of general psychology as need, emotion, will, and consciousness. The interdisciplinary nature of P. V. Simonov's research creates the basis for a comprehensive study of man by physiologists, psychologists, sociologists, and representatives of other fields of knowledge.

P.V. Simonov tried in a brief symbolic form to present the totality of factors influencing the emergence and nature of emotions, proposing a special formula.

Main works:

What is an emotion? - M.: Nauka, 1966. - 94 p.
The theory of reflection and psychophysiology of emotions. - M., 1970.
Higher nervous activity of man. Motivational-emotional aspects. - M., 1975.
Emotional brain. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 215 p.
Temperament. Character. Personality / P. V. Simonov, P. M. Ershov. - M.: Nauka, 1984. - 161 p.
Motivated brain. - M.: Nauka, 1987. - 271 p.
The Creative Brain: The Neurobiological Foundations of Creativity. - M., 1993.
Lectures on the work of the brain. Need-information theory of higher nervous activity. - M.: Publishing House "Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 1998. - 98 p. - ISBN 5-201-02277-4, ISBN 5-201-02295-2.
Information theory of emotions // Questions of psychology. - 1964. - No. 6.
The brain and creativity // Questions of Philosophy. - 1992. - No. 11. - S. 3-24.

Awards:

Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987, in a team) for the creation and development of methods for diagnosing and predicting the state of the human brain, the USSR SM Prize, the Prize. I. P. Pavlova (AN USSR, 1979). Awarded with a gold medal. I. M. Sechenov (RAS, 1999). Awarded with the Orders of the Badge of Honor (1981), the Red Banner of Labor (1986), "For Services to the Fatherland" IV degree (1996), the medals "30 Years of the Soviet Army" (1958), "For Military Merit" (1955), " For 15 years of service in the Soviet Army" (1959), "For Valiant Labor. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970).

(b. 04/20/1926) - special. in psychophysiology, speaks in philosophy. aspects of the problem of consciousness; dr med. sciences, prof. Genus. in Leningrad. Graduated from Military medical school. academy. S.M. Kirova (1951). Since 1960 - at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Cand. and doc. diss. devoted to the problems of psychophysiology. Acad. RAN. S. deals with the problems of psychophysiology of motivations, emotions and consciousness. In his writings, he considers needs as the basis and driving force of behavior. S. offers a classification of needs, dividing them into vital, social, ideal, needs of armament (competence) and overcoming obstacles (will). Distinguishes social. needs for oneself and for others. Interprets emotions as a reflection of the actual need and the probability (possibility) of its satisfaction at the moment. Substantiates the position on the fundamental complementarity of determinism and free will, depending on the position of the observer. Distinguishes consciousness, subconsciousness and superconsciousness (creative intuition). Creative. considers as a special case of the processes of self-development of living nature, self-determination of behavior - as occurring due to the activity of the superconscious, its ability to create such recombinations of memory traces that have never been encountered before in the experience of the subject. The history of civilization, according to S., is the history of the means of satisfying needs that influence the development (elevation) of the needs themselves.

Op.: The theory of reflection and psychophysiology of emotions. M., 1970 ;Category of consciousness,subconsciousness and superconsciousness in the creative system of K.S.Stanislavsky // Unconscious. T.2. Tbilisi, 1978 ;On the cognitive function of empathy // VF. 1979. No. 9;Emotional brain. M., 1981 ;Emotions and education // VF. 1981. No. 5;Determinism and freedom of choice // Methodological problems of physiology of higher nervous activity. M., 1982 ;Temperament. Character. Personality.[In col.]. M., 1984 ;On two varieties of the unconscious mental:sub- and superconscious // Unconscious. T.4. Tbilisi, 1985 ;Motivated brain. Higher nervous activity and natural scientific foundations of general psychology. M., 1987 ;Interdisciplinary human concept:need-information approach. M., 1989 ;Origin of spirituality.[In col.]. M., 1989 ;Anatomy of conscience // Man. 1990. No. 5;Brain and creativity // VF. 1992. No. 11;Creative brain. Neurobiological foundations of creativity. M., 1993.

Simonov, Pavel Vasilievich

Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1987), Academician-Secretary of the Department of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology; born April 20, 1926; graduated in 1951 from the Military Medical Academy; main directions of scientific activity: neurophysiology and psychophysiology of motivations and emotions; Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987); married, has two children; hobbies: skiing and hiking.

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Shmakov Pavel Vasilievich

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SHM) of the author TSB

Admiral Pavel Vasilyevich Chichagov

From the author's book

Admiral Pavel Vasilyevich Chichagov Pavel Vasilyevich Chichagov was born into the family of a naval officer, in 1767 in St. Petersburg, he was sent to the German School, which was then considered one of the best educational institutions in Russia. In 1779, Chichagov left school and was enrolled in the military.

Gladkov Pavel Vasilievich

From the book I fought in Stalingrad [Revelations of survivors] author Drabkin Artem Vladimirovich

Gladkov Pavel Vasilyevich In June 1942 we graduated, we were given the rank of lieutenants and we were all sent to Gorky. And from there I ended up in the Moscow region, in Kuntsevo, where the 26th tank corps was being formed. I was appointed as a platoon commander in the 226th Army Air Defense Regiment. But

(b. 1926) - Russian psychophysiologist and neurophysiologist, author of the need-information theory of emotions. Doctor of Medical Sciences (1961), professor (1969). Director of the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity (since 1982). D. ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Academician-Secretary of the Department of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1988). Ch. ed. Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. I.P. Pavlova (since 1982). Member a number of foreign academies of sciences. Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987, in a team) for the creation and development of methods for diagnosing and predicting the state of the human brain. He graduated from the Military Medical Academy in Leningrad (1951). He also worked in the military clinical hospital. From 1960 to 1962 he worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1962 - an employee of the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, later the director of this institute. S.'s main scientific interests are connected with the neurophysiology and psychophysiology of motivations and emotions. According to the need-information theory of emotions developed by him (1964), emotion is a reflection by the brain of some actual need and the probability of its satisfaction. The subject estimates this probability involuntarily, comparing - often unconsciously - ideas about the means, time, resources necessary to achieve the goal, with the information received at the moment (Emotional Brain, 1981). Along with the information system of the brain, a person has a motivational system that establishes a dynamic hierarchy of competing needs (Motivated Brain, 1987). S. created a classification of needs, in which, along with the three basic needs (vital, social, ideal) singled out the need for weapons (knowledge, skills) and the need to overcome obstacles to the goal (will). He described the phenomenon of emotional resonance, which is found in the early stages of the evolution of living nature and which in a person by education can be developed into the ability to sympathize and empathize. According to S., creativity in the activity of the brain is represented by an unconscious recombination of experience previously accumulated by the consciousness and partly by the subconscious. This reconstruction is driven and directed by the dominant need. Consciousness formulates problems for the cognizing mind, selects hypotheses through their logical evaluation and practice. S.'s theory of emotions became the basis for the development of methods for the objective control of emotional stress and its influence on a person's creative and operator activity. Author of works: The Origin of Spirituality, et al. , M., 1989; Creative brain, M., 1993, etc. E.A. Kostandov