Ryadovki belong to the genus of ground agaric mushrooms from the family of the same name. Characteristic features are colored hats with a scaly or fibrous surface, rather dense legs, as well as a very strong and pungent odor. Most of the rows are edible, but there are also poisonous representatives. The habitat of the rows is a coniferous or mixed forest with sandy soil. Harvested mainly from August to October.
What types of rows exist
In nature, there are a huge number of varieties of rows, which differ significantly from each other both in appearance and in properties. The list is quite large, and includes about thirty items, including:
- green rowing, which is often called greenfinch or greenfinch;
- matsutake;
- elm, or elm lyophyllum;
- brown;
- white;
- dove, or bluish;
- water-spotted, or brown-yellow;
- pointed;
- yellow-red;
- earthy gray;
- calocybe, also known as May row or May mushroom;
- gray, which is often called mice;
- bandaged;
- fused;
- sulfur yellow;
- crowded;
- tiger, or poisonous;
- purple;
- poplar;
- violet, and some others.
It should be borne in mind that among these species there are edible and poisonous rows. Therefore, when going to the forest for these mushrooms, it is important to learn how to understand them well.
What do mushrooms look like
It is very important for lovers of mushroom dishes to have an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat rows look like so as not to mistakenly send a dangerous poisonous specimen to their basket. Depending on the species, these mushrooms can have different shapes and colors, so it is very important to know how to distinguish one variety from another.
Rows are edible, conditionally edible and poisonous. It is quite difficult for inexperienced mushroom pickers to tell the difference between them at a glance. Therefore, we will first consider those types of rows that can be collected without any fear.
One of the most popular varieties is edible. It is characterized by a hat diameter of 3 to 12 cm. The color of the hat is gray, in some cases with an olive or purple tint. Its shape may initially be slightly conical or convex, but becomes flatter with time. Roughness or ripples are visible along the edges. The leg of this type of mushroom can reach a height of 5 to 16 centimeters. Its color is usually white or slightly yellowish, in most cases, powdery. The pulp has a fibrous structure, as well as a mild odor.
Row purple belongs to the category of conditionally edible mushrooms. Young specimens are characterized by a bright and rich purple color, which eventually begins to fade and turn pale. Like many other species, the cap has a slightly curved and wavy shape. Another distinctive feature of this species is a pleasant taste and aroma, somewhat similar to the aroma of anise. Like many other types of conditionally edible mushrooms, before preparing rows, they must be processed in accordance with all the rules.
Another popular species is poplar rowing., which belongs to the category of edible mushrooms of the third category. This type of fungus got its name due to the ability to form mycorrhiza (symbiosis) with poplar roots. His hat is spherical and rather fleshy with slightly curled edges - its diameter can vary from 6 to 12 cm. Its color is very interesting, since it varies from gray-reddish to olive-brown.
As the fungus grows, uneven cracks begin to form on the edges of the cap. The color of the pulp of this fruit is whitish, and directly under the cap is reddish.
Where do they grow?
For everyone who is interested in cooking delicious mushroom dishes, it is important to know where the rows grow. Most often they are found in those types of terrain, which are characterized by sandy soils covered with moss. They grow mainly in coniferous forests and pine forests, which is why they are often called sunflowers. In addition, rows often grow in parks and gardens. The very name of these mushrooms suggests that they grow in rows, which are often quite long.
It should be borne in mind that representatives of different varieties of rows prefer different habitats. So, for example, May can be found not only in coniferous forests, but also in deciduous, as well as in meadows and fields.
When can you collect?
Another important question that interests everyone who would like to cook something tasty from these mushrooms is when to collect rows. The very first mushrooms begin to appear in May, but the bulk of the crop is usually harvested from early August to late October.
Experienced mushroom pickers prefer such types of this mushroom as gray, red, and also crowded rows. Using these fruits, you can cook many delicious dishes. They can be fried, pickled or salted, however, when starting cooking, it is imperative to pre-process them:
- carefully remove the skin from the caps,
- Rinse each fruit thoroughly under running water.
It is necessary to rinse very carefully, since the smallest grains of sand and debris can clog between the plates in the cracks.
Edible and non-edible: how to distinguish
Even before harvesting mushrooms, it is important to understand how rows of edible and inedible rows are distinguished from each other.
Fortunately, most varieties are edible and completely safe. These include:
- May;
- purple;
- gray;
- crowded;
- poplar;
- red;
- yellow;
- green;
- earthy.
Each of these species is characterized by individual properties and features.
May rows ka is characterized by a creamy color, which begins to turn white over time. White plates, on the contrary, turn gray over time. According to its taste and aromatic properties, the pulp of this mushroom resembles fresh flour.
It is quite easy to recognize a twisted row. Often these mushrooms grow together so closely that it becomes very problematic to separate them from each other. This explains their characteristic name. The cap of this variety is fleshy, but at the same time brittle. The grayish-brown pulp has an elastic and fibrous texture, a pronounced floury smell, as well as a delicate and pleasant taste that leaves no gourmet indifferent.
Earthy Row quite widely used in cooking in many European countries. The color of the cap can vary from gray to grayish brown. Its flesh has a dense texture and white color. Pronounced taste and aromatic properties are not characteristic of it.
Row poplar- one of the largest species. Its color is predominantly yellowish or terracotta with noticeable lightened edges. The dense pulp, as a rule, has a whitish color.
As for inedible varieties, they include.
Ryadovka (tricholoma) is a mushroom that can be both edible and poisonous. Row mushrooms belong to the division Basidiomycetes, the class Agaricomycetes, the order Agaric, the family Row, the genus Row. Often the name "ryadovka" is applied to other mushrooms from the family of ryadovka and other families.
Row mushrooms got their name due to the peculiarity of growing in large colonies arranged in long rows and witch circles.
Rows grow on poor sandy or calcareous soils of coniferous and mixed forests. Usually appear in late summer and bear fruit until frost. But there are also species that can be harvested in the spring.
Mushrooms grow singly, in small or large groups, forming long rows or ring colonies - "witch circles".
Row mushrooms: photos, types, names
The genus Ryadovka includes about 100 species of mushrooms, 45 of which grow in Russia. Below are the types of rows (from the family of rows and other families) with descriptions and photographs.
Rows are edible, photo and description
- Row gray(Tricholoma portentosum)
This is an edible mushroom. Popular names: mice, mouse, little mouse. The fleshy hat of the serushka with a diameter of 4 to 12 cm is initially rounded, and over time becomes flat and uneven, with a flattened tubercle in the middle. The smooth skin of old mushrooms cracks, and its color is mouse or dark gray, sometimes with a greenish or purple tint. The smooth leg has a height of 4 to 15 cm, wider at the base, covered with a powdery coating at the top, becoming hollow over time. The color of the legs is whitish with a gray-yellow tint. The plates of this variety of rowing are wide, rare, at first white, with time they turn yellow or gray. The dense whitish pulp of serushka often turns yellow at the break and has a characteristic, mild, powdery taste and mild aroma.
The gray row mushroom is a mycorrhizal partner of pine, therefore it grows mainly in pine forests throughout the temperate zone, often adjacent to greenfinch. Appears in September, and departs only at the end of autumn (in November).
- Lilac-legged rowing (blue-legged, blue root, two-color rowing, lepista lilac-legged) (Lepista personata, Lepista saeva)
An edible mushroom from the genus Lepista, the Ordinary family. You can distinguish this rowing by the purple color of the legs. The hat has a diameter of 6-15 cm (sometimes up to 25 cm) and a smooth yellowish-beige surface with a purple tint. The plates of the fungus are frequent, wide, yellowish or cream in color. The leg is 5-10 cm high and up to 3 cm thick. In young rows, a fibrous ring is clearly visible on the leg. The fleshy flesh of the two-color rows can be white, grayish or gray-purple with a mild sweet taste and a slight fruity aroma.
Purple-footed mushrooms grow mainly in deciduous forests of the temperate zone with a predominance of ash. They are found throughout Russia. They bear fruit in large families, in the harvest year - from mid-spring (April) to stable frosts (November).
- Earthy rowing (earthy gray rowing, ground rowing)(Tricholoma terreum)
Edible mushroom. In young mushrooms, a cap with a diameter of 3-9 cm has the shape of a cone, and over time it becomes almost flat with a sharp or not very pronounced tubercle in the middle. The silky-fibrous skin of the cap is usually murine or gray-brown in color, although red-brown (brick-colored) specimens are found. The leg of this type of rowing is 5-9 cm long and up to 2 cm thick, straight or curved with a screw, white, in old mushrooms it is hollow, with a yellowish lower part. The plates of the earthy row are sparse, uneven, white or with a grayish tint. The pulp is elastic, white, almost tasteless, with a slight floury smell.
The earthy row is in symbiosis with pine, therefore it grows only in the coniferous forests of the European territory of Russia, in Siberia and the Caucasus. Row mushrooms bear fruit from August to mid-October.
- Mongolian rowing(Tricholoma mongolicum )
Edible mushroom with excellent taste. It has an appearance uncharacteristic for most rows. If not for the plates, an inexperienced mushroom picker could mistake the Mongolian row for a porcini mushroom. The cap of young species has the shape of an egg or a hemisphere, and over time becomes convex-prostrate with tucked edges. The white glossy skin of the cap becomes dull and off-white with age. On average, the diameter of the cap reaches 6-20 cm. The leg of the Mongolian row is 4-10 cm high, thick, expanded at the base. In young mushrooms, the stem is white, with age it becomes yellowish, hollow. The pulp of the mushroom is white, fleshy with a good taste and mushroom aroma.
Ryadovka Mongolian grows in Central Asia, Mongolia and western China. Fruits twice: the first time - from March to May, the second - in the middle of autumn. It grows in the steppes among the grass, mostly in large groups, often forming "witch circles". It is valued in Mongolia as the main type of mushroom and a medicinal remedy.
- Matsutake (shod rowing, spotted rowing)(Tricholoma matsutake)
Translated from Japanese, it means "pine mushroom" and is highly valued in Asian cuisine for its specific spicy-pine smell and delicious mushroom taste. Matsutake mushroom has a wide silky cap with a diameter of 6 to 20 cm. The skin can be of different shades of brown, in old mushrooms the surface cracks, and white flesh shines through it. The stem of the matsutake, 5 to 20 cm long and 1.5 to 2.5 cm thick, holds firmly in the soil and is often tilted all the way to the ground. At the top, the leg of the spotted row is white, brown below, under the cap itself there is a membranous ring - the remains of a protective cover. Matsutake plates are light, the flesh is white with a spicy aroma of cinnamon.
Matsutake mushroom grows in Japan, China, Korea, Sweden, Finland, North America, Russia (Urals, Siberia, Far East). It is a mycorrhizal partner of coniferous trees: pine (including red Japanese) and fir. It occurs in ring colonies under fallen leaves on dry, poor soils. Fruiting from September to October.
- Giant rowing (giant rowing, giant rowing, colossus rowing, huge rowing)(Tricholoma colossus)
Edible mushroom. The diameter of the cap of the giant row varies from 8 to 20 cm, and the hemispherical shape changes with age to a flat one with a raised edge. The skin of the cap is smooth, reddish-brown, with lighter edges. An elastic straight leg with a tuberous seal at the base grows up to 5-10 cm in length and has a thickness of 2 to 6 cm. The upper part of the leg is white, in the center it is yellow or reddish-brown. The plates of the edible gigantic row are frequent, wide, white, and in old mushrooms they acquire a brick color. The white pulp of the rowing mushroom turns red or yellow when damaged, has a pleasant mushroom aroma and a tart nutty taste.
Giant rows are mycorrhizal partners of pine, therefore they grow in pine forests in European countries, in Russia, in North Africa and in Japan. Peak fruiting is in August and September.
- Yellow-brown rowing (brown rowing, red-brown rowing, brown-yellow rowing)(Tricholoma fulvum)
Edible mushroom, slightly bitter when cooked. The convex hat of young rows eventually acquires a flattened shape with a small tubercle in the middle. The skin is sticky, in old mushrooms it can be scaly. The diameter of the hat of the yellow-brown row varies from 3 to 15 cm, the color of the hat is reddish-brown with a lighter edge. The stem of the fungus is straight or with a slight thickening in the lower part, grows from 4 to 12 cm in height and has a thickness of up to 2 cm. The surface of the stem is white above, becoming yellowish-brown below, penetrated by thin red-brown fibers. The plates are frequent or sparse, uneven, pale yellow, covered with brown spots in old mushrooms. The flesh of the brown row is white or yellowish, has a characteristic mealy aroma and a bitter taste.
The yellow-brown row is in symbiosis only with birch, therefore it grows exclusively in deciduous and mixed forests of the temperate zone, especially abundant in August and September.
- Row crowded (lyophyllum crowded, group row)(Lyophyllum decastes)
An edible mushroom of low quality, belongs to the genus Lyophyllum, the Lyophyllic family. One fusion of mushrooms consists of fruiting bodies with different shapes. The caps are rounded, with a tucked edge, convex-prostrate or slightly concave. The diameter of the cap of this variety of rowing varies from 4 to 12 cm. The smooth, sometimes scaly skin of the cap has a grayish, gray-brown or off-white color, which brightens with time. The light legs of mushrooms, often fused at the base, grow from 3 to 8 cm in height and have a thickness of up to 2.5 cm. The shape of the leg is straight or slightly swollen, with a gray-brown tuberous thickening at the base. The plates of the fungus are frequent, fleshy, even, grayish or yellowish, darken when damaged. The dense, elastic pulp of the crowded rowweed has a mouse or brownish color with a characteristic floury aroma and a slight pleasant taste.
Row crowded is a typical soil saprophyte that grows throughout the temperate climate zone. Grows in tight, hard-to-separate groups in forests, parks, gardens, meadows, along roads and edges from September to October. In a number of Asian countries, it is grown and used in pharmacology for the production of drugs for diabetes and oncological diseases.
- (May mushroom, May calocybe, St. George's mushroom)(Calocybe gambosa)
An edible fungus of the genus Calocybe, Lyophyllic family. The diameter of the cap of the May mushroom is only 4-6 cm, and the flat-round shape of young mushrooms changes to convex-prostrate as it grows. The flaky-fibrous skin of the cap at the beginning of growth has a light beige color, then turns white, and turns yellow in overgrown mushrooms. A straight leg 4 to 9 cm high and up to 3.5 cm thick can expand downward or, conversely, narrow. The main color of the leg of the May row is whitish with yellowness, and at the base it is rusty yellow. Often growing plates are white at first, then become cream or light yellow. The fleshy pulp of the May row is colored white and has a floury taste and aroma.
Ryadovka Mayskaya is common throughout the European part of Russia and grows in forests, groves, parks, meadows and pastures from April to June, but bears fruit especially abundantly in May.
Rows are conditionally edible, photo and description
- Poplar rowing (Tricholoma populinum)
Conditionally edible mushroom. The fleshy cap of the poplar row has a diameter of 6 to 12 cm, at first convex, gradually straightens, and its glossy and slippery surface becomes uneven. The skin of the cap is colored yellow-brown. The fleshy leg is 3-8 cm long and up to 4 cm thick, light in a young mushroom, becomes red-brown with age, darkens when pressed. The plates are white at first, in overgrown mushrooms they are red-brown. The pulp is dense, fleshy, white, has a pronounced floury smell. Under the skin of the cap it is pink, in the stem it is gray-brown.
Poplar row mushroom forms mycorrhiza with poplar, therefore it is distributed mainly under poplars, in the forest-park zone of Siberia and southern Russia. Fruits in long rows from late summer to October. In regions poor in other types of mushrooms, poplar rows are valued as an important food product.
- Row purple(Lepista nuda)
A conditionally edible mushroom, which was originally attributed to the genus lepista, and now belongs to the genus govorushka, or clitocybe ( Clitocybe). Purple rowing is a fairly large mushroom with a cap diameter of 6 to 15 cm (sometimes up to 20 cm). The shape of the cap is initially hemispherical, gradually straightens out and becomes convex-prostrate, and sometimes concave inward with a wavy, tucked edge. The smooth glossy skin of young rows is distinguished by a bright purple color, as the fungus grows, it fades and becomes brownish or yellowish-brown. The leg, 4 to 10 cm high and up to 3 cm thick, can be even, slightly thickened near the ground, but always covered at the top with a scattering of light flakes. In young mushrooms, the stem is elastic, purple, brightens with age, and turns brown in old age. Violet row plates up to 1 cm wide, thin, frequent, purple, brownish in overgrown specimens. The fleshy pulp is also distinguished by a light purple color, becoming yellowish with time, with a mild taste and an anise aroma that is unexpected for mushrooms.
Violet rows - typical saprophytes, grow on the ground, rotting foliage and needles, as well as in vegetable gardens on compost. Purple row mushrooms are common in coniferous and mixed forests throughout the temperate zone, appear at the end of summer and bear fruit until December, both singly and in ring colonies.
- Row yellow-red (pine honey agaric, yellow-red honey agaric, red honey agaric, blushing row, yellow-red false row) (Tricholomopsis rutilans)
Conditionally edible mushroom. Due to the unpleasant bitter taste and sour smell, it is often considered inedible. In the blushing row, at first a rounded, then prostrate hat with a diameter of 5 to 15 cm. The skin is dry, velvety, orange-yellow in color, dotted with small, red-brown fibrous scales. The straight or curved stem grows up to 4-10 cm in height, has a thickness of 1 to 2.5 cm and a characteristic thickened base. The color of the stem corresponds to the color of the cap, but with lighter scales. The plates are wavy, pale or bright yellow. The dense, fleshy pulp of the rowing mushroom is distinguished by a juicy yellow color, bitter and has a sour smell of rotten wood.
Unlike most other rows, the blushing row is a saprotroph that grows, like mushrooms, on dead wood in pine forests. It is a common mushroom of the temperate zone and bears fruit in families from mid-summer to late October.
- Ryadovka open-shaped, she is bandaged rowing(Tricholoma focale)
Conditionally edible rare mushroom with low taste. Fleshy mushrooms on a thick stem are distinguished by a heterogeneous color of the cap, which can be red, yellowish-brown with greenish spots and veins. The diameter of the row cap is from 3 to 15 cm, the shape is narrow and convex in a young mushroom, over time it becomes flat-convex with a tucked edge. The leg is 3 to 11 cm high and up to 3 cm thick and has a fibrous ring. Above the ring, the leg is white or cream, from below it is covered with scales and brick-colored belts. The rowing plates are frequent, pale pink or cream at the beginning of growth, then they become uneven, dirty yellow, with brown spots. The flesh is white, with an unpleasant taste and smell.
Rowberry is a mycorrhizal partner of pine and grows on infertile soils of light pine forests in Europe and North America. Row mushrooms bear fruit from August to October. You can eat them in a salted, pickled form, as well as after boiling for 20 minutes (the water must be drained).
- or woolly rowing(Tricholoma vaccinum)
Conditionally edible mushroom, widespread throughout the temperate climate zone. The bearded row is easily identified by its reddish or pinkish-brown, woolly-scaly skin. The hat at first has a convex, conical shape, in old mushrooms it is almost flat, with a low tubercle. The edges of young mushrooms are characteristically tucked up, and over time they almost completely straighten out. The cap diameter is 4-8 cm, the length of the stem is 3-9 cm with a thickness of 1 to 2 cm. White or yellowish-cream plates rarely planted, turn brown when broken. The flesh is white or pale yellow, without a pronounced taste and aroma.
Mycorrhiza of the bearded row is associated with spruce, less often bearded row mushrooms grow in pine and fir forests, as well as in swamps with a predominance of willow and alder. The mushroom bears fruit from mid-August to mid-October.
- Zelenushka (green row, green, yellow, golden row, lemon row)(Tricholoma equestre, Tricholoma flavovirens)
A conditionally edible mushroom, which got its name due to the persistent green color that persists even in boiled mushrooms. It is suspected that the mushroom is poisonous, due to several deaths after eating this mushroom. The green row has a fleshy hat with a diameter of 4 to 15 cm, first convex, then becomes flat. The skin is smooth, slimy, green-yellow in color with a brownish center, usually covered with a substrate (such as sand) on which the rowweed mushroom grows. The smooth yellowish-green leg of the greenfinch, 4 to 9 cm long, has a slight thickening at the bottom and is often hidden in the soil, and at the base it is dotted with small brown scales. The plates are thin, frequent, lemon or greenish-yellow in color. The flesh of young specimens is white, turns yellow with age and has a floury smell and a mild taste.
Greenfinch grows in dry, pine-dominated coniferous forests throughout the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Unlike most rowing mushrooms, green rowing mushrooms bear fruit singly or in small groups of 5-8 pieces from September until frost.
- Row scaly (fibrous scaly), she is sweetie or brownish row(Tricholoma imbricatum)
Conditionally edible mushroom with a convex dark brown cap and club-shaped leg. Some mycologists classify these row mushrooms as inedible. The velvety, covered with small scales cap grows from 3 to 10 cm in diameter, at first it looks like a cone, then it becomes flat-convex with a protruding tubercle in the middle. Leg length from 4 to 10 cm, fibrous, brown below, pinkish or yellow in the middle, white under the cap. The plates of this type of rows are white or cream, when damaged they become brown. White or light beige pulp of mushrooms has a light fruity aroma and a mealy taste with a slight bitterness.
The scaly rowweed is the mycorrhizal partner of pine and is often found in coniferous and mixed forests of the temperate zone, growing in large colonies, often in the form of "witch circles". Fruiting from mid-August to mid-October.
- Row white-brown or white-brown (lashanka)(Tricholoma albobrunneum)
Conditionally edible mushroom. Some mycologists classify it as an inedible mushroom. The cap is burgundy at first, becoming reddish-brown with a pale edge over time. The skin of the cap is mucous, prone to cracking. The cap grows from 3 to 10 cm in diameter, at first it resembles a wide cone, it flattens as it grows, but has a characteristic tubercle in the middle. The stem can be from 3 to 10 cm in height and up to 2 cm in thickness, smooth or thin below, pinkish-brown with a white zone under the cap itself. The plates are frequent, white, in old mushrooms they are covered with brown spots. The pulp is white, powdery, bitter in old mushrooms.
White-brown rowing mushrooms are associated with pine mycorrhiza, sometimes found in spruce, less often mixed forests with acidic sandy soil. Fruiting from late August to October.
Rows are inedible, photo and description
- Row white(Tricholoma album)
Inedible, and according to some sources, a poisonous mushroom. Outwardly, it resembles champignon and resembles another inedible representative of trichol - stinky row (lat. Tricholoma inamoenum). White rowing differs from champignon in its pungent smell and pungent taste, and also in the fact that its plates do not darken. The cap of a white row with a diameter of 6 to 10 cm, at first convex-rounded, then acquires a convex-outstretched shape. The dry dull skin of the cap is initially gray-white, and then becomes yellow-brown and covered with brownish spots. The leg of the row, 5-10 cm high, has a slight thickening at the bottom and repeats the color of the cap, in overgrown specimens it turns brown at the base. The plates are wide, frequent, at first white, with time they turn noticeably yellow. The pulp of the fruiting body is white, fleshy, turns pink on the cut and has a bitter, burning taste. The smell of old mushrooms is musty, somewhat similar to the smell of radish.
White rows are found in birch-dominated deciduous forests throughout the temperate climate zone. They grow from August to mid-autumn in huge families forming long rows and circles.
- Soap row ( Tricholoma saponaceum, Agaricus saponaceus)
A non-toxic mushroom, recognized as inedible due to its unpleasant taste and fruity-soapy odor, which persist even when cooked. The soapwort has a smooth, hairless olive-green or olive-brown cap with a reddish center and pale margins. The shape of the cap is initially conical, then becomes flat-convex with a pronounced tubercle, the diameter is from 3 to 12 cm. The stipe is even or club-shaped, white or greenish-yellow, often dotted with red spots in older specimens. The height of the leg is from 6 to 12 cm with a thickness of 1 to 5 cm. Dense white or yellowish flesh turns red on the cut.
Soapy mushrooms grow in coniferous and deciduous forests with a predominance of pine, spruce, oak and beech. Fruiting from late summer to late autumn.
Rows are poisonous, photo and description
- Row sulfuric (sulphurous), she rowing sulfur-yellow ( T richoloma sulphureum)
A slightly poisonous, low toxic mushroom that can cause mild poisoning. The fruit body of this mushroom has a characteristic gray-yellow color, which acquires a rusty-brown hue in old mushrooms. The velvety hat is 3 to 8 cm in diameter, convex at first, and eventually becomes flat with a small hole in the middle. The leg of this type of rowing with a height of 3 to 11 cm sometimes expands towards the bottom or vice versa, thickens towards the top, at the base it can be covered with brown scales. The plates are rare, with an uneven edge. The pulp is distinguished by a pronounced smell of hydrogen sulfide, tar or acetylene and an unpleasant, bitter taste.
Sulfuric mushrooms grow in deciduous and mixed forests throughout the European territory, are in symbiosis with oak and beech, sometimes with fir and pine. Fruiting from mid-August to October.
- Pointed rowing (mouse rowing, striped rowing, burning-sharp rowing)(Tricholoma virgatum)
Poisonous mushroom (some consider it inedible). The hat, 3-5 cm in diameter, at first looks like a pointed cone or bell, and as it grows, it becomes plano-convex, with a pronounced sharp tubercle in the middle. The shiny fibrous skin of the pointed rows is distinguished by a dark gray mouse color. The leg of this type of rowing is long and thin, grows from 5 to 15 cm in length and is even or gradually expands downwards. The surface of the leg is white, near the ground it may be yellow or pinkish. The plates of the mouse row are frequent, uneven, white or grayish, in overgrown mushrooms they are covered with yellow spots. The dense white pulp of the fruiting body has no pronounced odor and is distinguished by a sharp pungent taste.
Row pointed is a mycorrhizal partner of pine, spruce and larch. Abundantly grows in coniferous forests of the temperate zone from early September to late autumn.
- , she is leopard row or rowing poisonous(Tricholoma pardinum)
A rare, poisonous, toxic mushroom that is easily confused with some edible species of rowweed. The hat with a diameter of 4-12 cm initially has the shape of a ball, then resembles a bell, and in old specimens it becomes flat. Off-white, grayish or black-gray skin of the cap is covered with concentric flaky scales. In a similar edible species, gray rows, the hat is slimy and smooth. The leg of the tiger line is from 4 to 15 cm long, straight, sometimes club-shaped, white in color with a slight buffy coating, rusty at the base. The plates are wide, fleshy, rather rare, yellowish or greenish. In mature mushrooms, droplets of released moisture are visible on the plates. The pulp of the fruiting body is gray, at the base of the stem it is yellow, with a floury smell, devoid of bitterness. A similar view is the earthy row (lat. Tricholoma terreum), does not have a floury taste and smell, and its plates are white or gray.
Tiger mushrooms grow on the edges of coniferous and deciduous forests throughout the temperate climate zone. They bear fruit from the end of August to October singly, in small groups or form "witch circles".
Useful properties of rowing
Edible rowan mushrooms are an excellent dietary product that has a positive effect on the tone of the gastrointestinal tract, promotes the regeneration of liver cells and the removal of toxins from the body. Rows are distinguished by a rich chemical composition, in which a number of substances useful for the human body are found:
- vitamins of group B, A, C, D2, D7, K, PP, betaine;
- minerals (phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese);
- amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine, aspartic, glutamic and stearic acids);
- natural antibiotics clitocin and fomecin, which fight bacteria and cancer cells;
- phenols;
- ergosterol;
- flavonoids;
- polysaccharides.
Chemical analysis of edible species of rows revealed antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of these mushrooms. Row mushrooms have a positive effect in the complex treatment of a number of pathological conditions:
- diabetes;
- normalization of blood pressure;
- arrhythmia;
- rheumatism;
- osteoporosis;
- disorders of the nervous system;
- diseases of the genitourinary sphere;
- oncological diseases.
Harm of rows and contraindications for use
Row mushrooms tend to accumulate various atmospheric pollutants, as well as heavy metals, so old overgrown mushrooms will not bring benefits, but rather harm the body.
The abuse of mushrooms can cause flatulence, pain and heaviness in the abdomen.
You should not eat a large number of rows with low acidity, chronic gastrointestinal diseases, gallbladder dysfunction, pancreatitis and cholecystitis.
Symptoms (signs) of poisoning by rows
Symptoms of poisoning with poisonous rows appear 1-3 hours after eating and are similar to the toxic effects of many poisonous mushrooms:
- increased salivation;
- weakness;
- nausea;
- vomit;
- diarrhea;
- pain in the stomach;
- headache.
Poison rows usually do not cause confusion, hallucinations and delusions, but at the first symptoms of poisoning, you should consult a doctor.
- In many countries, rowan mushrooms are considered a delicacy: some species are successfully grown and sold for export.
- Rows are easy to grow at home, and the method of growing is very similar to mushroom cultivation.
- Powder from the dried fruiting bodies of the row is used in cosmetology in the manufacture of facial lotions, which help to get rid of acne and excess oily skin.
- Among the Japanese, matsutake mushroom is valued no less than among Europeans truffle, and fried matsutake is a rather expensive delicacy, because the cost of individual specimens can be about $ 100.
Along with poisonous, there are several types of edible rows. True, they can be used in food only after preliminary boiling. According to the photo and description, rowing mushrooms are similar, so it can be very difficult for amateurs to distinguish poisonous mushrooms from non-poisonous ones. Experienced mushroom pickers are advised to determine these gifts of the forest for edibility as follows: look at how rowing mushrooms look in daylight - if their hats do not have any shade, they are painted in a smooth, white color, such mushrooms should be avoided. Edible rowing mushrooms are always colored: lilac, purple, pinkish, etc. Poisonous varieties also have a pronounced odor. If you do not know what rows are, it is better not to collect mushrooms of this species in order to avoid poisoning.
In this article, you will see photos of edible rows of various types (yellow-red, gray, purple, pigeon and violet), give their description, and tell you where they grow.
The hat of Tricholomopsis rutilans (diameter 6-17 cm) is yellow-red, with reddish scales, convex. Over time, it changes shape to almost flat. Velvety, dry to the touch.
Leg of yellow-red rowing (height 5-12 cm): hollow and curved, with fibrous scales along the entire length and a noticeable thickening at the very base. The color is similar to the hat.
Records: sinuous, bright lemon or rich yellow.
Pay attention to the photo of the yellow-red line: its flesh is the same color as the plates. It has a bitter taste, smells like rotten wood.
Doubles: missing.
When growing: from mid-July to the end of October in the temperate zone of Russia.
Where to find: in coniferous forests on rotten stumps and dead wood.
Eating: mostly young mushrooms in salted or pickled form, subject to preliminary boiling.
does not apply.
Other names: pine honey agaric, blushing row, yellow-red honey agaric, false yellow-red honey agaric, red honey agaric.
Edible gray row: photo and description (Tricholoma portentosum)
Hat (diameter 3-13 cm): usually grayish, rarely with a purple or olive tint, more intense in the center, with a clearly defined tubercle. Convex or conical, becomes prostrate over time, in old mushrooms it turns up. The edges are usually uneven and wavy or covered with cracks, bent to the inside. In wet weather, slippery, often with particles of earth or grass stuck to it.
Leg (height 4.5-16 cm): white or yellowish, usually powdery. Thickened at the base, continuous and fibrous, hollow in old mushrooms.
Records: sinuous, white or yellowish.
Pulp: dense and fibrous, the same color as the plates. Does not have a pronounced aroma.
The photo and description of the edible gray row is similar to the poisonous variety of the mushroom, so you need to be careful when picking mushrooms.
Doubles: earthy rowing (Tricholoma terreum), which is smaller and has small scales on the cap. Soap row (Tricholoma saponaceum) is easy to distinguish by the smell of laundry soap at the cut point. The poisonous pointed row (Tricholoma virgatum) has a burning taste, there is a gray sharp tubercle on the ash-white hat. And the row is different (Tricholoma sejunctum), which belongs to the conditionally edible group, has an extremely unpleasant odor and a greenish tint of the leg.
When growing: from late August to mid-November in temperate countries of the Northern Hemisphere.
Eating: the mushroom is tasty in any form, only you must first remove the skin and rinse it thoroughly. After cooking, the color of the pulp often darkens. Mushrooms of various ages are suitable for culinary purposes.
In the form of a tincture. Has antibiotic properties.
Where can I find: on sandy soils of coniferous or mixed
Other names: rowing hatched, podsosnovnik, podzelenka.
Row mushroom purple: photo and description
Violet row mushroom cap (Lepista nuda) (diameter 5-22 cm): purple with varying degrees of intensity, noticeably fades, especially at the edges, in old mushrooms it becomes brownish-buffy. Meaty and large. The shape of the hemisphere gradually changes to prostrate, strongly depressed or funnel-shaped. The edges of the mushroom cap are noticeably bent towards the inside. To feel smooth, without bumps or cracks.
Look at the photo of the purple row: the mushroom has a smooth, dense stem 5-12 cm high. Basically, the stem is longitudinally fibrous, in old mushrooms it can become hollow. It has a cylindrical shape, under the cap itself there is a flaky coating, and at the very base there is a purple mycelium. Tapers from bottom to top. Over time, it brightens significantly from bright purple to gray-lilac and light brown.
Records: in a young mushroom, they are wide and thin, with a lilac-violet tint, eventually turn pale and acquire a brown tint. Noticeably behind the legs.
Pulp: light purple and very soft, the smell is similar to anise.
The photo and description of the purple row is similar to the violet row.
Doubles: earthy rowing (Tricholoma terreum), which is smaller and has small scales on the cap. Soap row (Tricholoma saponaceum) is easy to distinguish by the smell of laundry soap at the cut point. The poisonous pointed row (Tricholoma virgatum) has a burning taste, there is a gray sharp tubercle on the ash-white hat. And the row is different (Tricholoma sejunctum), which belongs to, has an extremely unpleasant odor and a greenish tint of the leg.
When growing: from mid-August to early December in temperate countries of the Northern Hemisphere.
Where can I find: on the litter of coniferous and mixed forests, mainly near oaks, spruces or pines, often on heaps of compost, straw or brushwood. Forms "witch circles".
Eating: after heat treatment in any form. It is strongly fried and boiled down, so drying is the best option.
Use in traditional medicine (data are not confirmed and have not been clinically tested!): as a diuretic.
Important! Since purple rows belong to the category of saprophytic mushrooms, they should never be consumed raw. Such carelessness can result in serious stomach disorders.
Other names: titmouse, naked lepista, cyanosis, purple lepista.
What other rows are: pigeon and violet
Pigeon row(Tricholoma columbetta)- mushroom.
Hat (diameter 5-12 cm): white or grayish, may be with green or yellow spots. Fleshy, often with wavy and cracked edges. In young mushrooms, it has the shape of a hemisphere, which eventually changes to a more prostrate one. The surface is very sticky in wet weather.
Leg (height 6-11 cm, diameter 1-3 cm): often curved, white, may be greenish at the base.
Records: wide and frequent. Young mushrooms are white, adults are reddish or brown.
As can be seen in the photo of the edible rowing mushroom, the pulp of this species is very dense, it turns slightly pink at the cut site. Emits a distinct floury odor.
Doubles: inedible white row (Tricholoma album) with a brown base of the stem and an extremely unpleasant odor.
When growing: from the beginning of August to the end of September in the countries of the Eurasian continent with a temperate climate.
Where can I find: in deciduous and mixed forests. It can also grow in open spaces, in particular in pastures or meadows.
Eating: the mushroom is suitable for salting and pickling. Under the influence of high temperatures during the heat treatment, the flesh of the rowing turns red, but this does not affect its taste properties.
Application in traditional medicine: does not apply.
Other names: bluish row.
Row violet(Lepista irina) also belongs to the category of edible mushrooms.
Hat (diameter 3-14 cm): usually white, yellowish or brown. In young mushrooms, it has the shape of a hemisphere, which eventually changes to almost flat. The edges are uneven and wavy. Feels smooth to the touch.
Violet row leg (height 3-10 cm): slightly lighter than the cap, tapering from bottom to top. Fibrous, sometimes with small scales.
Pulp: very soft, white or slightly pinkish, without pronounced taste, smells like fresh corn.
Doubles: smoky talker (Clitocybe nebularis), which is large and has very wavy edges.
When growing: from mid-August to early November in temperate countries of the Northern Hemisphere.
Where can I find: in mixed and deciduous forests.
Eating: subject to preliminary heat treatment.
Application in traditional medicine: does not apply.
Along with summer, there are many autumn types of rows: according to fans of "mushroom hunting", these mushrooms have a richer taste. Moreover, in the fall you can find only two varieties of inedible rows, and these mushrooms are easy to distinguish from edible ones by their characteristic unpleasant odor. Despite the fact that these fruit cases are ranked only in the 4th category, mushroom pickers collect them with pleasure.
September rows are usually located among mixed forests with a predominance of spruce. Outwardly, they are pleasing to the eye, dense, stately, with a good shape. There are many lovers of these spicy mushrooms with a peculiar specific aroma.
In October, smelly rows are often found. They grow very widely near paths and in forest clearings. In October, you must definitely smell all the mushrooms. As a result, you will quickly identify these chemical-smelling mushrooms that are dangerous to eat. Then you will distinguish them from similar edible pigeon rows that do not smell of anything.
In October, you can still find beautiful edible red-yellow rows. If the frosts have not passed, then they are bright and attractive. After frost, the color of the cap fades.
Before heading into the forest, find out what row mushrooms look like and where they grow.
Row gray (Tricholoma portentosum).
Habitats of this variety of autumn mushrooms:
Season: September - November.
Hat 5-12 cm in diameter, sometimes up to 16 cm, at first convex-bell-shaped, later convex prostrate. A distinctive feature of the species is a light gray or light cream surface with a darker greyish-brown center, sometimes with a violet or olive tinge; the surface is radially fibrous with darker radial fibers in the middle. In the center of the cap of the mushroom, the gray row often has a flat tubercle. In young specimens, the surface is smooth and sticky.
Leg 5-12 cm tall, 1-2.5 cm thick, grayish-yellowish, covered with powdery coating in the upper part. The stem is short, thickened at the base.
The flesh is whitish and dense with a powdery taste and smell, at first solid, later grooved. Under the skin of the cap, the flesh is gray. In older mushrooms, the smell can be pungent.
The plates are whitish, cream or grayish-yellow, straight and attached with a tooth to the stem or free. The edge of the cap and plate, as they age, may become covered with yellowish spots.
Variability:
Similar types: according to the description, the gray row mushroom can be confused with the soap row (Tricholoma saponaceum), which is similar in shape and color at a young age, but differs in the presence of a strong soapy smell in the pulp.
Habitats: mixed and coniferous forests, growing in groups.
Cooking methods: frying, boiling, salting. Given the pungent odor, it is not recommended to pick the most mature mushrooms, in addition, to mitigate the pungent odor, it is recommended to boil in 2 waters.
These photos clearly illustrate the description of the gray row:
Crowded Row (Lyophyllum decastes).
Habitats: forests, parks and gardens, lawns, near stumps and on humus-rich soil, grow in large groups.
Edible mushroom picking season twisted row: July - October.
Hat 4-10 cm in diameter, sometimes up to 14 cm, at first hemispherical, later convex. The first distinctive feature of the species is the fact that the mushrooms grow in a dense group with fused bases in such a way that they are difficult to separate. The second distinguishing feature of the species is the bumpy, uneven surface of the cap of brownish or gray-brown color with lowered wavy edges.
As you can see in the photo, in this row in the center, the color of the cap is more saturated or dark than on the periphery:
There is often a small, wide tubercle in the center.
Leg 4-10 cm tall, 6-20 mm thick, dense, completely white above, gray-white or grayish-brown below, sometimes flattened and curved.
The pulp is white, thickened in the center of the cap, the taste and smell are pleasant.
The plates are adherent, frequent, white or off-white, narrow.
Variability: the fungus is highly variable in color depending on the stage of development, time and humidity of the season.
Poisonous similar species. The crowded row looks almost like poisonous yellowish gray entoloma (Entoloma lividum), which also has wavy edges and a similar grey-brown cap color. The main difference is the smell of flour in the pulp of entoloma and a separate, rather than crowded growth.
Cooking methods: salting, frying and marinating.
Look at the photos that illustrate the description of edible rows:
Pigeon row (Tricholoma columbetta).
Habitats:
Season: July - October.
Cap 3-10 cm in diameter, sometimes up to 15 cm, dry, smooth, at first hemispherical, later convex-prostrate. A distinctive feature of the species is the bumpy and strongly wavy surface of the cap, ivory or white-cream. There are yellowish spots on the central part.
Look at the photo - in the mushroom rowing, the surface of the pigeon cap is radially fibrous:
Leg 5-12 cm high, 8-25 mm thick, cylindrical, dense, elastic, at the base has a slight narrowing. The pulp is white, dense, fleshy, later pinkish with a mealy smell and a pleasant mushroom taste, turning pink at the break.
The plates are frequent, first attached to the stem, later free.
similarity to other species. According to the description, the edible pigeon row at an early stage of growth is similar to the gray row (Tricholoma portentosum), which is edible and has a different pleasant smell. As they grow, the difference increases due to the grayish color of the hat of the gray row.
Yellow-red rowing (Tricholomopsis rutilans).
Habitats: mixed and coniferous forests, often on pine and rotten spruce stumps or fallen trees, usually grow in large groups.
Season: July - September.
The cap has a diameter of 5 to 12 cm, sometimes up to 15 cm, in the youngest specimens it looks like a sharp cap, has a bell-shaped shape, then it becomes convex with edges bent down and a small blunt tubercle in the center, and in mature specimens it is prostrate, with a slightly depressed middle. A distinctive feature of the species is the red-cherry uniform color of the cap in the youngest specimens, then it becomes yellow-red with a darker shade at the blunt tubercle, and in maturity with a slightly depressed middle.
Look at the photo - this edible row has a dry, yellow-orange skin with small fibrous reddish scales:
Leg 4-10 cm high and 0.7-2 cm thick, cylindrical, may be slightly thickened at the base, yellowish, with reddish flaky scales, often hollow. The coloration is the same color with the cap or slightly lighter, in the middle part of the stem the coloration is more intense.
The pulp is yellow, thick, fibrous, dense with a sweetish taste and a sour smell. Spores are light cream.
The plates are golden yellow, egg yellow, sinuous, adherent, thin.
similarity to other species. The yellow-red row is easily recognized due to its elegant coloring and beautiful appearance. The species is rare and in some areas is listed in the Red Book, status - 3R.
Cooking methods: salting, marinating.
These photos show rowing mushrooms, which are described above:
Inedible varieties of rows
Pseudo-white rowing (Tricholoma pseudoalbum)
Habitats: deciduous and mixed forests, found in small groups and singly.
Season: August - October.
The cap has a diameter of 3 to 8 cm, at first hemispherical, later convex. A distinctive feature of the species is a white, white-cream, white-pink hat.
As shown in the photo, this inedible row has a stem 3-9 cm tall, 7-15 mm thick, first white, later white-cream or white-pink:
The flesh is whitish, later slightly yellowish with a powdery odor.
The plates are first adherent, later almost free, cream-colored.
Variability: the color of the cap varies from white to white-cream, white-pink and ivory.
similarity to other species. The pseudo-white rowing is similar in shape and size to May row (Tricholoma gambosa), which is distinguished by the presence of delicate pinkish and greenish zones on the hat.
Inedible due to unpleasant taste.
Stinky rowweed (Tricholoma inamoenum).
Where the smelly row grows: deciduous and mixed forests, in humid zones, grow in groups or singly.
Season: June - October.
The cap is 3-8 cm in diameter, sometimes up to 15 cm, dry, smooth, at first hemispherical, later convex prostrate. Edges become slightly wavy with age. The color of the cap is whitish or ivory at first, and with age with brownish or yellowish spots. The surface of the cap is often bumpy. The edge of the cap is bent down.
The leg is long, 5-15 cm high, 8-20 mm thick, cylindrical, dense, elastic, has the same color as the cap.
The pulp is white, dense, fleshy. A distinctive feature of the species is the smelly, strong smell of both young mushrooms and old ones. This smell is the same as that of DDT or lighting gas.
Records of medium frequency, adherent, whitish or cream color.
similarity to other species. The smelly row at an early stage of growth is similar to gray row (Tricholoma portentosum), which is edible and has a different smell, not caustic, but pleasant. As they grow, the difference increases due to the grayish color of the hat of the gray row.
They are inedible due to a strong unpleasant smell, which is not eliminated even with a long boil.
In this collection you can see photos of edible and inedible rows:
- Division: Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
- Subdivision: Agaricomycotina (Agaricomycetes)
- Class: Agaricomycetes (Agaricomycetes)
- Subclass: Agaricomycetidae (Agaricomycetes)
- Order: Agaricales (Agaric or Lamellar)
- Family: Tricholomataceae (Tricholomovye or Ryadovkovye)
- Genus: Tricholoma (Tricholoma or Ryadovka)
- View: Tricholoma pardinum (poisonous rowweed)
- Other names for mushroom:
Synonyms:
Row leopard
- Agaricus unguentatus
- Tricholoma unguentatum
First officially described by Person (Christiaan Hendrik Persoon) in 1801, the Poison Row (Tricholoma pardinum) has a convoluted taxonomic history that spans over two centuries. In 1762, the German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer described the species Agaricus tigrinus with an illustration consistent with what is thought to be T. pardinum, and consequently the name Tricholoma tigrinum was erroneously used in some European writings.
As of now (spring 2019): some sources consider the name Tricholoma tigrinum to be synonymous with Tricholoma pardinum. However, authoritative databases (Species Fungorum, MycoBank) support Tricholoma tigrinum as a distinct species, although the name is hardly practical at present and there is no modern description for it.
Description
Hat: 4-12 cm, under favorable conditions up to 15 centimeters in diameter. In young mushrooms it is spherical, then bell-convex, in mature mushrooms it is flat-prostrate, with a thin edge wrapped inside. It is often irregular in shape, with cracks, curvatures and bends.
The skin of the cap is off-white, grayish white, light silver gray or blackish gray, sometimes with a bluish tinge. It is covered with darker, flaky scales arranged concentrically, which give some "banding", hence the name - "brindle".
plates: wide, 8-12 mm wide, fleshy, of medium frequency, adherent with a tooth, with plates. Whitish, often with a greenish or yellowish tint, in mature mushrooms they secrete small watery droplets.
spore powder: White.
controversy: 8-10 x 6-7 microns, ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, colorless.
Leg: 4-15 cm in height and 2-3.5 cm in diameter, cylindrical, sometimes thickened at the base, solid, in young mushrooms with a slightly fibrous surface, later almost naked. White or with a light buffy coating, ocher-rusty at the base.
pulp: dense, whitish, at the cap, under the skin - grayish, in the stem, closer to the base - yellowish on the cut, on the cut and break does not change color.
chemical reactions:KOH is negative on the cap surface.
Taste: mild, not bitter, not associated with anything unpleasant, sometimes slightly sweet.
Smell: soft, floury.
Season and distribution
It grows on the soil from August to October in coniferous and mixed with coniferous, less often deciduous (with the presence of beech and oak) forests, on the edges. Prefers calcareous soils. Fruiting bodies appear both singly and in small groups, can form, can grow in small "growths". The fungus is distributed throughout the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, but is quite rare.
Edibility
Mushroom poisonous, often referred to as deadly poisonous
.
According to toxicological studies, the toxic substance has not been accurately identified.
After taking the tiger row in food, extremely unpleasant gastrointestinal and general symptoms appear: nausea, increased sweating, dizziness, convulsions, vomiting and diarrhea. They occur within 15 minutes to 2 hours after consumption and often persist for several hours, with full recovery usually taking 4 to 6 days. Cases of liver damage have been reported. The toxin, whose identity is unknown, appears to cause sudden inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the stomach and intestines.
At the slightest suspicion of poisoning, you should immediately consult a doctor.
Similar species
(Tricholoma terreum) is much less “fleshy”, pay attention to the location of the scales on the cap, in “Mice” the hat is radially hatched, in the tiger scales they form stripes.
Other rows with white-silvery scaly caps.
