The official name of Leningrad since August 18, 1914, was adopted after Russia's entry into the 1st World War as more "patriotic" instead of the "German" name St. Petersburg. Previously encountered in fiction(A. S. Pushkin) ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
Petrograd- Petrograd, the official name of Leningrad since August 18, 1914, was adopted after Russia's entry into the 1st World War as more "patriotic" instead of the "German" name St. Petersburg. Previously encountered as in fiction ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"
PETROGRAD, the name of the city of St. Petersburg in 1914 24. Source: Encyclopedia Fatherland ... Russian History
Existing, number of synonyms: 5 city (2765) Leningrad (12) Petersburg (13) ... Synonym dictionary
Saint Petersburg place names World: Toponymic Dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Federal city of St. Petersburg Flag Coat of arms ... Wikipedia
PETROGRAD- (name; see also LENINGRAD, PETERSBURG, PETROPOL) We / each / keep drive belts in our five / worlds! / This brought audiences to Calvary / Petrograd, Moscow, Odessa, Kiev, M914 15 (393); When everyone settles in heaven and hell, / the earth ... ... Proper name in Russian poetry of the XX century: a dictionary of personal names
Petrograd- Saint Petersbourg Pour les articles homonymes, voir Saint Petersbourg (homonymie). Saint Petersbourg Saint Petersburg ... Wikipedia en Français
The name of the city of St. Petersburg in 1914 24. * * * PETROGRAD PETROGRAD, the name of the city of St. Petersburg (see SAINT PETERSBURG) in 1914 24 ... encyclopedic Dictionary
See Petersburg… Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer
Books
- , Yarov Sergey Viktorovich, Balashov Evgeny Mikhailovich, Musaev V.I.
- Petrograd at the turn of the era. The city and its inhabitants during the years of the revolution and the Civil War,. This book of essays on the history of Petrograd during the Civil War, without exaggerating, shows the difficulties and shady sides of life, without neglecting the positive that is already reflected in ...
Instruction
Some believe that the city on the Neva received the name "St. Petersburg" in honor of its founder, Peter I. But this is not so. The Northern Capital got its name in honor of the heavenly patron of the first Russian emperor - the apostle Peter. "St. Petersburg" literally means "City of St. Peter", and Peter the Great dreamed of founding a city in honor of his heavenly patron long before Petersburg was founded. And the geopolitical significance of the new Russian capital has also enriched the name of the city with a metaphorical meaning. After all, the Apostle Peter is considered the keeper of the keys to the gates of heaven, and the Peter and Paul Fortress (it was from it that the construction of St. Petersburg began in 1703) was called upon to guard the sea gates of Russia.
The name "St. Petersburg" was carried by the Northern Capital for more than two centuries - until 1914, after which it was renamed "in the Russian manner" and became Petrograd. It was a political move by Nicholas II, associated with Russia's entry into the First World War, which was accompanied by strong anti-German sentiments. It is possible that the decision to "Russify" the name of the city was influenced by Paris, where Germanskaya and Berlinskaya streets were promptly renamed Zhores and Liege streets. The city was renamed overnight: on August 18, the emperor ordered to change the name of the city, the documents were issued immediately, and, as the newspapers wrote the next day, the townspeople "went to sleep in St. Petersburg, and woke up in Petrograd."
The name "Petrograd" existed on the maps for less than 10 years. In January 1924, on the fourth day after the death of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the Petrograd Soviet of Deputies decided that the city should be renamed Leningrad. The decision noted that it was adopted “at the request of the grieving workers,” but the author of the idea was Grigory Evseevich Zinoviev, who at that time held the post of chairman of the city council. At that time, the capital of Russia had already been moved to Moscow, and the importance of Petrograd had declined. Assigning the name of the leader of the world proletariat to the city significantly increased the "ideological significance" of the city of three revolutions, making it in fact the "party capital" of the communists of all countries.
At the end of the 80s of the last century, during the democratic transformations in the USSR, another wave of renaming began: cities with "revolutionary names" received their historical names. Then the question arose about the renaming of Leningrad. The author of the idea was the Leningrad City Council Vitaly Skoybeda. On June 12, 1991, on the first anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR, a referendum was held in the city, in which almost two-thirds of the voters took part - and 54.9% of them voted for returning the name "St. Petersburg" to the city.
With the beginning of the war with Germany, Petersburg began to be called by the Russian word - Petrograd. The industry of the city, although slowly, was rebuilt on a military footing. Private enterprises were loaded with military orders.
In 1915-1917 Petrograd factories produced more than half of the total number of guns, mortars and carriages, up to 50% of the shells manufactured in Russia. As a result of military orders, the factories of Petrograd significantly expanded their production. So, for example, the Izhora plant in 1913 produced products for 16.6 million rubles, and in 1915 for 27.8 million rubles. The production of the Obukhov plant in the 1st half of 1914 was estimated at 4.5 million rubles, and in the 2nd half of 1914 - 25.5 million rubles. 30 Riga and 25 Lithuanian enterprises evacuated from the Baltic were placed in Petrograd.
The profits of the war industrialists were enormous. The lion's share of them fell on large and large enterprises. The newspapers wrote about the turnover of the "Triangle": "The figures of the" Triangle "positively suppress. This is some kind of fountain of millions. " regulation of industry.The Central Military-Industrial Committee was in Petrograd.
During the war the composition of the Petrograd proletariat changed. Already during the first mobilizations in 1914, about 40% of the industrial workers of the city were called up. In the future, the tsarist authorities deliberately sent leaders of the strike movement to the army. In their place came immigrants from the village, as well as small proprietors who hid from the front in defense factories. The petty-bourgeois population of the city also increased significantly due to the influx of refugees from the areas occupied by German troops. All these small property elements supported the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries. However, there were still many cadre workers in Petrograd who had gone through the school of the first revolution of 1905-1907. and a new revolutionary upsurge. They, as before, followed the Bolsheviks. Despite police persecution, the destruction of legal workers' organizations, the militarization of a number of enterprises, and the bourgeoisie's economic offensive against the workers, the revolutionary struggle of the Petrograd proletariat did not cease.
The Petrograd organization of the Bolsheviks, in spite of all the persecutions and frequent failures, which were repeatedly reported by the tsarist secret police, retained its leading role in the labor movement. Its number reached at times 2 thousand people.
At the beginning of the war, the Duma faction of the Bolsheviks (A. E. Badaev, M. K. Muranov, G. I. Petrovsky, F. N. Samoilov, N. R. Shagov) played an important role in organizing party work. Keeping close contact with V. I. Lenin, the Petrograd organization launched socialist propaganda among the workers and the entire working population of the city, calling for proletarian internationalism and a proletarian revolution. Not limited to verbal agitation, the Bolsheviks of Petrograd issued dozens of leaflets in mass circulation, and in 1915-1916. published 4 issues of the illegal newspaper "Proletarian voice".
Of great importance in this explanatory work was the surviving legal magazine "Questions of Insurance". Along with this, the Bolsheviks retained their influence in the remaining legal organizations - sickness funds and insurance authorities.
During re-elections and by-elections to these organizations in 1915-1916. the Bolsheviks were victorious.
In 1915 they also successfully carried out a campaign to boycott the military-industrial committees. V. I. Lenin repeatedly praised the activities of the Petrograd Bolsheviks during the war years.
As a result of the active propaganda of the Bolsheviks, the attempts of the Mensheviks to poison the workers with the poison of chauvinism were unsuccessful. V. I. Lenin emphasized that the infection of chauvinism touched only the darkest sections of the workers, and in general the working class of Russia turned out to be immunized against chauvinism.
Already the first days of the war were marked in Petrograd by anti-war strikes, demonstrations and rallies. On November 12, 1914, workers responded with protest strikes to the arrest of Bolshevik deputies in the Duma.
In 1915 the strike movement assumed a large scope; in total in the province, i.e., mainly in Petrograd itself, there were 125 strikes, in which 130,000 people took part.
The largest were the August strike in protest against the massacre of the tsarist authorities against the workers of Ivanovo-Voznesensk and Kostroma, as well as the September political strike, held under Bolshevik slogans. In terms of the scope of the strike struggle, the Petrograd province was second only to the Moscow and Vladimir provinces.
In 1916 the revolutionary struggle of the workers grew with even greater force.
In 1916, 352 strikes took place in Petrograd (27% of all strikes in the country) with the participation of more than 300,000 workers (about 38% of the total number of strikers).
On January 9, 1916, in memory of the events of January 9, 1905, about 100,000 people went on strike in Petrograd.
On the Vyborg side, over 40,000 workers were on strike. Lessner's factory workers with red banners and revolutionary songs went out into the street and marched along Bolshoi Sampsonievsky Prospekt.
About 15,000 workers were on strike in the Moscow region.
Demonstrations of workers were organized at the Nobel, Aivaz, Metallic and other factories. On the evening of January 10, a crowded demonstration of workers with the participation of soldiers under the slogan "Down with the war!" took place on Bolshoi Sampsonpevsky Prospekt.
On February 4, a strike of workers in the electrical shop of the Putilov plant began. All the striking workers were fired. In this regard, the strike swept the entire plant.
On February 6, rallies were held at the Lessner, Ayvaz, Metallichesky and other factories in support of the striking Putilov workers. In the same month, the Putilovites went on strike for the second time.
In response to the repressions against the workers of the Putilov plant, mass protest strikes began at the factories of Lessner, Nobel, Erickson, Baranovsky and others.
In March, tens of thousands of Petrograd workers took part in a political strike in solidarity with the workers of the Putilov factory.
Carrying out day-to-day leadership of the strike movement, the Bolsheviks sought to transform the spontaneous economic struggle into an organized political struggle aimed at overthrowing tsarism. In terms of the number of political strikes, the working class of Petrograd occupied the first place in the country.
Under the influence of revolutionary events and propaganda of the Bolsheviks, a turning point occurred in the soldier's mind.
In October 1916, the soldiers of the 181st Infantry Regiment, which included many mobilized Petrograd workers, fraternized with the strikers.
By the autumn of 1916, the revolutionary struggle sharply escalated. The October strikes of 1916 were especially grandiose, in which 130,000 workers took part.
The scope of the revolutionary struggle was so great that the head of the Petrograd Military District was forced to temporarily close a number of factories that were on strike: Mine, Shell, the Russian Society plant, the L. M. Erickson and Co, Nobel, New Lessner, Petrograd Metallurgical Plant, etc.
Under the leadership of the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the Bolshevik Party, the workers of Petrograd launched a powerful strike struggle at the end of 1916 and in January-February 1917 under the slogans: "Down with the autocracy!", "Down with the war!", "Bread!"
Peter is a city on the Neva, which changed its name three times. Founded in 1703 by Peter I, it became St. Petersburg. The Russian emperor named it in honor of the Apostle Peter. There is another version: Peter I lived for some time in the Dutch Sint-Petersburg. He named his city after him.
Base
Peter - which was once a small fortress. In the XVIII century, the construction of each settlement began with the citadel: it was necessary to create reliable fortifications from enemies. According to legend, the first stone was laid by Peter I himself in May 1703, on Hare Island, located near the Gulf of Finland. Petersburg is a city built on human bones. At least that's what many historians say.
Civilian workers were brought in to build the new city. They worked mainly on draining the swamps. Many foreign engineers arrived in Russia to supervise the construction of structures. However, most of the work was carried out by masons from all over Russia. Peter I from time to time issued various decrees that contributed to the accelerated process of building the city. So, he forbade the use of stone in the construction of any structures throughout the country. Modern man It is difficult to imagine how hard the work of the workers of the 18th century was. The necessary equipment, of course, was not then, and Peter I sought to build a new city as quickly as possible.
First inhabitants
Peter is a city that in the first half of the 18th century was inhabited mainly by soldiers and sailors. They were needed to protect the territory. Peasants and artisans from other regions were brought here forcibly. became the capital in 1712. Then the royal court settled here. The city on the Neva was the capital for two centuries. Until the revolution of 1918. Then in St. Petersburg (St. Petersburg) events that were quite important for the whole history took place.
sights
We will tell about the Soviet period in the history of the city later. First, it is worth mentioning what was done in tsarist times. St. Petersburg is a city that is often called the cultural capital. And it is no coincidence. There are a huge number of historical monuments, unique sights. St. Petersburg is a city that combines Russian and Western culture in an amazing way. The first palaces, which later became the property of culture, began to appear already in the first half of the 18th century. Then the famous palaces were built. These buildings were designed by I. Matarnovi, D. Trezin.
The history of the Hermitage begins in 1764. The name of the attraction has French roots. "Hermitage" in translation from the language of Walter means "hermit's hut". It has existed for over 250 years. During its long history, the Hermitage has become one of the most famous. Tourists from different parts of the world visit it every year.
In 1825, an event took place on Senate Square in St. Petersburg that influenced the course of national history. Here the Decembrist uprising took place, which served as an impetus for the abolition of serfdom. There are many more significant dates in the history of St. Petersburg. It is impossible to tell about all cultural and historical monuments within the framework of one article - a lot of documentary works are devoted to this topic. Let's briefly talk about the impact that the February Revolution had on the status of the city.
Petrograd
Peter lost the status of the capital after the revolution. However, it was renamed earlier. First World War had a strong influence on the fate of the city. By 1914, anti-German sentiments were so strong that Nicholas I decided to rename the city. So capital Russian Empire became Petrograd. In 1917, there were problems with the supply, there were queues in grocery stores. In February, Nicholas II abdicated the throne. The formation of the Provisional Government began. Already in November 1917, power passed to the Bolsheviks. The Russian Soviet Republic was created.
Leningrad
Peter lost the status of the capital in March 1918. After Lenin's death, it was renamed Leningrad. After the revolution, the population of the city decreased significantly. In 1920, just over seven hundred thousand people lived here. Moreover, most of the population from the workers' settlements moved closer to the center. In the 1920s, housing construction began in Leningrad.
In the first decade of the existence of the Soviet region, the Krestovsky and Elagin Islands were equipped. In 1930, the construction of the Kirov Stadium began. And soon new administrative units were allocated. In 1937, they developed a master plan for Leningrad, which provided for its development in a southerly direction. Pulkovo airport was opened in 1932.
St. Petersburg during WWII
More than a quarter of a century ago, the city was given back its former name. However, what he had Soviet times, will never be forgotten. The most tragic pages in the history of St. Petersburg fell on the period when it was called Leningrad.
The capture of the city on the Neva by the German command would achieve important strategic goals. Namely:
- Take over the economic base of the USSR.
- Capture the Baltic Navy.
- Consolidate dominance in the Baltic Sea.
The official beginning of the blockade of Leningrad is September 8, 1941. It was on that day that the land connection with the city was interrupted. The inhabitants of Leningrad could not leave it. Rail traffic was also interrupted. In addition to the indigenous people, about three hundred thousand refugees from the Baltic and neighboring regions lived in the city. This greatly complicated the situation.
In October 1941, famine began in Leningrad. First, he expressed himself in cases of loss of consciousness on the street, then in the mass exhaustion of the townspeople. Food supplies could only be delivered to the city by air. Movement through Lake Ladoga was carried out only when severe frosts set in. The blockade of Leningrad was completely broken in 1944. Many emaciated residents who were taken out of the city could not be saved.
Return of historical name
Petersburg ceased to be called Leningrad in official documents in 1991. Then a referendum was held, and it turned out that more than half of the inhabitants believe that their hometown return the historical name. In the nineties and early 2000s, many historical monuments were installed and restored in St. Petersburg. Including the Savior on Blood. In May 1991, the first church service for almost the entire Soviet period was held in the Kazan Cathedral.
Today, more than five million people live in the cultural capital. It is the second largest city in the country and the fourth largest in Europe.
The official date of the founding of St. Petersburg is May 27, 1703 (May 16 according to the old calendar). Initially, until 1914, it was called St. Petersburg, then as Petrograd, and until September 6, 1991, it was called Leningrad.
The history of the founding of the city on the Neva
The history of the beautiful city on the Neva of St. Petersburg dates back to 1703, when Peter I founded a fortress called St. Peter-Burkh on the land of Ingermanland, conquered from the Swedes. The fortress was planned personally by Peter. The name of this fortress was given to the Northern capital. The fortress was named Peter in honor of the holy apostles Peter and Paul. After the construction of the fortress, a wooden house was built for Peter, with walls painted with oil paint, imitating brick.
In a short time, the city began to grow on the current Petrograd side. Already in November 1703, the first temple in the city called Trinity was built here. It was named in memory of the date of the foundation of the fortress, it was laid on the feast of the Holy Trinity. Trinity Square, on which the cathedral stood, became the first city pier where ships approached and unloaded. It was on the square that the first Gostiny Dvor and the St. Petersburg tavern appeared. In addition, here one could see the buildings of military units, service buildings and craft settlements. The new city island and the Hare, where the fortress stood, were connected by a drawbridge. Soon buildings began to appear on the other side of the river, and on Vasilyevsky Island.
It was planned to make the central part of the city. Initially, the city was called in the Dutch way "St. Peter Burch", since Holland, namely Amsterdam, was something special for Peter I and one might say the best. But already in 1720 the city began to be called St. Petersburg. In 1712, the royal court, and after that official institutions, began to slowly move from Moscow to St. Petersburg. From that time until 1918, St. Petersburg was the capital, and during the reign of Peter II, the capital was again transferred to Moscow. For almost 200 years St. Petersburg was the capital of the Russian Empire. It is not for nothing that St. Petersburg is still called the Northern capital.
Significance of the founding of St. Petersburg
As mentioned above, the foundation of St. Petersburg is associated with the foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress, which had special purpose. The first building in the city was supposed to block the fairways along two branches of the delta of the Neva and Bolshaya Nevka rivers. Then, in 1704, the fortress of Kronstadt was built on the island of Kotlin, which was supposed to serve as a defense of the sea borders of Russia. These two fortresses are of great importance both in the history of the city and in the history of Russia. Founding the city on the Neva, Peter I pursued important strategic goals. First of all, this ensured the existence of a waterway from Russia to Western Europe, and, of course, the foundation of the city cannot be imagined without trading port located on the spit of Vasilyevsky Island, opposite the Peter and Paul Fortress.
