For the first time the expression "cold war" was used by the famous English writer George Orwell on October 19, 1945 in the article "You and the Atomic Bomb" in the British weekly "Tribune". In an official setting, this definition was first voiced by the adviser to US President Harry Truman Bernard Baruch, speaking before the House of Representatives of the state of South Carolina on April 16, 1947. Since that time, the concept of "cold war" began to be used in journalism and gradually entered the political lexicon.
Strengthening influence
After the end of World War II, the political situation in Europe and Asia changed dramatically. The former allies in the fight against Hitlerite Germany - the USSR and the USA - had different views on the future structure of the world. The leadership of the Soviet Union provided serious assistance to the liberated countries of Eastern Europe, where the communists came to power: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Many Europeans believed that replacing the capitalist system, which was going through difficult times, with a socialist one, would help to quickly restore the economy and return to normal life. In most Western European countries, the share of votes cast for communists during elections was between 10 and 20 percent. This happened even in countries that are alien to socialist slogans such as Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Sweden. In France and Italy, the communist parties were the largest among other parties, the communists were part of the governments, they were supported by about a third of the population. In the face of the USSR, they saw not the Stalinist regime, but above all, the force that overthrew the "invincible" Nazism.
The USSR also considered it necessary to support the countries of Asia and Africa that had freed themselves from colonial dependence and embarked on the path of building socialism. As a result, the Soviet sphere of influence on the world map expanded rapidly.
Disagreement
The United States and its allies viewed the further world development in a completely different way, they were irritated by the growing importance of the USSR on the world arena. The United States believed that only their country - the only power in the world at that time with nuclear weapons - could dictate its terms to other states, and therefore they were not satisfied that the Soviets sought to strengthen and expand the so-called "socialist camp".
Thus, at the end of the war, the interests of the two largest world powers entered into irreconcilable conflict, each country sought to extend its influence to a greater number of states. A struggle began in all directions: in ideology, in order to win over as many supporters as possible; in an arms race to speak to opponents from a position of strength; in the economy - to show the superiority of their social system, and even, it would seem, in such a peaceful sphere as sports.
It should be noted that at the initial stage, the forces that entered the confrontation were not equal. The Soviet Union, which bore the brunt of the war on its shoulders, emerged from it economically weakened. The United States, on the other hand, largely thanks to the war, has become a superpower - economically and militarily. During the Second World War, the United States increased its industrial capacity by 50% and agricultural production by 36%. Industrial production in the United States, excluding the USSR, exceeded that of all other countries in the world combined. In such circumstances, the United States considered the pressure on its opponents to be completely justified.
Thus, the world was actually divided in two in accordance with social systems: one side led by the USSR, the other led by the United States. The Cold War began between these military-political blocs: a global confrontation, which, fortunately, did not reach an open military clash, but constantly provoked local military conflicts in various countries.
Churchill's Fulton speech
The famous speech of the former British Prime Minister W. Churchill in Fulton (Missouri, USA) is considered the starting point or signal for the beginning of the Cold War. On March 5, 1946, speaking in the presence of US President H. Truman, Churchill announced that "the United States is at the pinnacle of world power and is opposed by only two enemies -" war and tyranny. " Analyzing the situation in Europe and Asia, Churchill said that the Soviet Union is the cause of "international difficulties" because "no one knows what Soviet Russia and its international communist organization intend to do in the near future, and whether there are any limits to their expansion." ... True, the prime minister paid tribute to the merits of the Russian people and personally to his "military comrade Stalin", and even reacted with understanding to the fact that "Russia needs to secure its western borders and eliminate all possibilities of German aggression." Describing the current situation in the world, Churchill used the term "iron curtain", which descended "from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, across the entire continent." Countries to the east of it, according to Churchill, have become not only objects of Soviet influence, but also of growing control from Moscow ... achieve totalitarian control in everything ”. Churchill declared the danger of communism and that "in a large number of countries, communist" fifth columns "have been created, which work in complete unity and absolute obedience in carrying out the directives received from the communist center."
Churchill understood that the Soviet Union was not interested in a new war, but noted that the Russians "yearn for the fruits of the war and the unlimited expansion of their power and ideology." He called on the "fraternal association of English-speaking peoples", that is, the United States, Great Britain and their allies, to rebuff the USSR, and not only in the political, but also in the military sphere. He further noted: “From what I saw in our Russian friends and associates during the war, I conclude that they admire nothing more than strength, and they respect nothing less than weakness, especially military weakness. Therefore, the old doctrine of the balance of power is now unfounded. "
At the same time, speaking about the lessons of the past war, Churchill noted that “there has never been a war in history that could have been easier to prevent by timely action than the one that had just devastated a huge area on the planet. Such a mistake cannot be repeated. And for this, it is necessary, under the auspices of the United Nations and on the basis of the military force of the English-speaking community, to find mutual understanding with Russia. The maintenance of such relations for many, many years of peace should be ensured not only by the authority of the UN, but also by the entire might of the United States, Great Britain and other English-speaking countries, and their allies. "
This was outright hypocrisy, since in the spring of 1945 Churchill ordered the preparation of the military operation "Unthinkable", which was a war plan in the event of a military conflict between the Western states and the USSR. These developments were met with skepticism by the British military; they were not even shown to the Americans. In comments on the project presented to him, Churchill indicated that the plan was "a preliminary sketch of what, I hope, is still a purely hypothetical probability."
In the USSR, the text of Churchill's Fulton speech was not fully translated, but was retold in detail on March 11, 1946 in a TASS report.
I. Stalin learned the content of Churchill's speech literally the next day, but, as often happened, he preferred to pause, waiting for the reaction to this speech from abroad. Stalin gave his answer in an interview with the Pravda newspaper only on March 14, 1946. He accused his opponent of calling the West to war with the USSR: in English, something like an ultimatum: accept our domination voluntarily, and then everything will be in order, otherwise war is inevitable. " Stalin put W. Churchill on a par with Hitler, accusing him of racism: “Hitler started the war by proclaiming the racial theory, declaring that only people who speak German represent a full-fledged nation. Mr. Churchill also begins the cause of unleashing the war with a racial theory, arguing that only the nations that speak English are full-fledged nations, called upon to decide the fate of the whole world. "
Truman Doctrine
In 1946-1947. The USSR increased pressure on Turkey. From Turkey, the USSR sought to change the status of the Black Sea straits and provide territory for the deployment of its naval base near the Dardanelles to ensure security and unhindered access to the Mediterranean Sea. Also, until the spring of 1946, the USSR was in no hurry to withdraw its troops from Iran. An uncertain situation arose in Greece, where there was a civil war, and the Albanian, Bulgarian and Yugoslav communists tried to help the Greek communists.
All of this aroused extreme discontent in the United States. President H. Truman believed that only America is capable of promoting progress, freedom and democracy in the world, and the Russians, in his opinion, “do not know how to behave. They look like an elephant in a china shop. "
Speaking at the American Congress on March 12, 1947, Harry Truman announced the need to provide military assistance to Greece and Turkey. In fact, in his speech, he announced a new US foreign policy doctrine, which sanctioned US intervention in the internal affairs of other countries. The reason for this intervention was the need to resist the "Soviet expansion".
The Truman Doctrine assumed the "containment" of the USSR throughout the world and meant the termination of cooperation between the former allies who defeated fascism.
Marshall plan
At the same time, the Cold War front ran not only between countries, but also within them. The success of the left in Europe was evident. In order to prevent the spread of communist ideas, in June 1947, US Secretary of State George Marshall presented a plan to help European countries to rebuild their ruined economies. This plan was called the "Marshall Plan" (the official name of the European Recovery Program - "Program for the restoration of Europe") and became an integral part of the new US foreign policy.
In July 1947, representatives of 16 Western European countries met in Paris to discuss the amount of aid for each country separately. Together with representatives of Western Europe, representatives of the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe were also invited to these negotiations. And although Marshall stated that “our policy is not directed against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, despair and chaos,” the help, as it turned out, was not selfless. In exchange for American supplies and loans, European countries pledged to provide the United States with information about their economies, supply strategic raw materials, and also prevent the sale of "strategic goods" to socialist states.
For the USSR, such conditions were unacceptable, and it refused to participate in the negotiations, forbidding the leaders of the Eastern European countries to do so, promising them, in turn, preferential loans from their side.
The Marshall Plan began to be implemented in April 1948, when the US Congress passed the Law on Economic Cooperation, which provided for a four-year (from April 1948 to December 1951) program of economic assistance to Europe. Aid was received by 17 countries, including West Germany. The total appropriation was about $ 17 billion. The main share went to England (2.8 billion), France (2.5 billion), Italy (1.3 billion), West Germany (1.3 billion) and Holland (1.1 billion). Financial assistance to West Germany under the Marshall Plan was provided simultaneously with the collection of indemnities (reparations) from it for material damage caused to the victorious countries in World War II.
The formation of the CMEA
The Eastern European countries that did not participate in the Marshall Plan formed a group of states of the socialist system (except for Yugoslavia, which took an independent position). In January 1949, six countries of Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia) united into an economic union - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). One of the main reasons for the creation of the CMEA was the boycott of trade relations with the socialist states by the Western countries. In February, Albania joined the CMEA (withdrew in 1961), in 1950 - the GDR, in 1962 - Mongolia and in 1972 - Cuba.
Creation of NATO
A kind of continuation of Truman's foreign policy was the creation in April 1949 of a military-political alliance - the North Atlantic bloc (NATO), led by the United States. Initially, NATO included the United States, Canada and Western European countries: Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and France (withdrew from the military structures of the bloc in 1966, returned in 2009). Later, Greece and Turkey (1952), the Federal Republic of Germany (1955) and Spain (1982) joined the alliance. NATO's main task was to strengthen stability in the North Atlantic region and counter the "communist threat". (The Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe created their own military alliance - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD) - only six years later, in 1955). Thus, Europe was divided into two warring parts.
German question
The division of Europe had a particularly hard impact on the fate of Germany. At the Yalta Conference in 1945, a plan for the post-war occupation of Germany was agreed upon between the victor countries, to which, at the insistence of the USSR, France joined. According to this plan, after the end of the war, the east of Germany was occupied by the USSR, the west by the USA, Great Britain and France. The capital of Germany - Berlin - was also divided into four zones.
West Germany in 1948 was included in the scope of the Marshall Plan. Thus, the unification of the country became impossible, since different economic systems were formed in different parts of the country. In June 1948, the Western Allies unilaterally carried out a monetary reform in West Germany and West Berlin, canceling the old-style money. The whole mass of old Reichsmarks poured into East Germany, which forced the USSR to close the borders. West Berlin was completely surrounded. The first serious conflict arose between the former allies, dubbed the Berlin Crisis. Stalin wanted to use the situation with the blockade of West Berlin to occupy the entire capital of Germany and obtain concessions from the United States. But the United States and Great Britain organized an air bridge to connect Berlin with the western sectors and broke the blockade of the city. In May 1949, the territories located in the western zone of occupation were united into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the capital of which became Bonn. West Berlin became an autonomous self-governing city linked to the Federal Republic of Germany. In October 1949, another German state, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), was created in the Soviet zone of occupation, with East Berlin as its capital.
The end of the US nuclear monopoly
The Soviet leadership understood that the US, which possessed nuclear weapons, could afford to speak to it from a position of strength. Moreover, unlike the United States, the Soviet Union emerged from the war economically weakened and, therefore, vulnerable. Therefore, accelerated work was carried out in the USSR to create its own nuclear weapons. In 1948, a nuclear center was established in the Chelyabinsk Region, where a plutonium production reactor was built. In August 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tested a nuclear weapon. The United States lost its monopoly on atomic weapons, which sharply tempered the ardor of American strategists. The famous German researcher Otto Hahn, who discovered the process of fission of the atomic nucleus, having learned about the test of the first Soviet atomic bomb, said: "This is good news, since the danger of war has now significantly decreased."
It must be admitted that the USSR was forced to allocate colossal funds to achieve this goal, which caused serious damage to the production of consumer goods, agricultural production and the socio-cultural development of the country.
Dropshot plan
Despite the creation of atomic weapons in the USSR, the West did not abandon plans to deliver nuclear strikes against the USSR. Such plans were developed in the United States and Great Britain immediately after the end of the war. But only after the formation of NATO in 1949 did the United States have a real opportunity to implement them, and they proposed another, already more large-scale plan.
On December 19, 1949, NATO approved the Dropshot plan "to counter the proposed Soviet invasion of Western Europe, the Middle East and Japan." In 1977, its text was declassified in the United States. According to the document, on January 1, 1957, a large-scale war of the forces of the North Atlantic Alliance against the USSR was supposed to start. Naturally, "because of an act of aggression by the USSR and its satellites." In accordance with this plan, 300 atomic bombs and 250 thousand tons of conventional explosives were to be dropped on the USSR. As a result of the first bombing, 85% of industrial facilities were to be destroyed. The second stage of the war was to be followed by an occupation. NATO strategists divided the territory of the USSR into 4 parts: the Western part of the USSR, Ukraine - the Caucasus, the Urals - Western Siberia - Turkestan, Eastern Siberia - Transbaikalia - Primorye. All these zones were divided into 22 sub-zones of responsibility, where NATO military contingents were to be deployed.
Expansion of the socialist camp
Immediately after the start of the Cold War, the countries of the Asia-Pacific region turned into an arena of fierce struggle between supporters of the communist and capitalist paths of development. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed in the capital of China - Beijing.
With the creation of the PRC, the military-political situation in the world changed radically, since the communists won in one of the most populous states in the world. The socialist camp advanced significantly to the east, and the West could not ignore the vast territory and powerful military potential of socialism, including Soviet nuclear missiles. However, subsequent events showed that there was no unambiguous certainty in the alignment of military-political forces in the Asia-Pacific region. For many years China has become the “favorite card” in the global game of the two superpowers for world domination.
Growing confrontation
In the late 1940s, despite the difficult economic situation in the USSR, the rivalry between the capitalist and communist blocs continued and led to a further build-up of armaments.
The opposing sides sought to achieve superiority both in the field of nuclear weapons and in their means of delivery. These means, in addition to bombers, were missiles. The nuclear missile arms race began, which led to extreme tension in the economies of both blocs. Colossal funds were spent on defense needs, the best scientific personnel worked. Powerful associations of state, industrial and military structures were created - military-industrial complexes (MIC), where the most modern equipment was produced, working primarily for the arms race.
In November 1952, the United States tested the world's first thermonuclear charge, the explosion power of which was many times greater than the atomic one. In response to this, in August 1953, the world's first hydrogen bomb was detonated at the Semipalatinsk test site in the USSR. Unlike the American model, the Soviet bomb was ready for practical use. From that moment until the 1960s. The USA overtook the USSR only in the number of weapons.
Korean War 1950-1953
The USSR and the USA were aware of the full danger of a war between them, which forced them not to go into direct confrontation, but to act "bypassing", fighting for world resources outside their countries. In 1950, shortly after the victory of the Communists in China, the Korean War broke out, which became the first military clash between socialism and capitalism, putting the world on the brink of a nuclear conflict.
Korea was occupied by Japan in 1905. In August 1945, at the final stage of World War II, in connection with the victory over Japan and its surrender, the United States and the USSR agreed to divide Korea along the 38th parallel, assuming that Japanese troops will surrender to the Red Army, and American troops will accept surrender to the south. Thus, the peninsula was divided into the northern - Soviet, and southern, American, parts. The countries of the anti-Hitler coalition believed that after a while Korea should be reunited, but under the conditions of the Cold War, the 38th parallel essentially turned into a border - the “iron curtain” between North and South Korea. By 1949, the USSR and the United States withdrew their troops from the territory of Korea.
Governments were formed in both parts of the Korean Peninsula, north and south. In the south of the peninsula, with the support of the UN, the United States held elections in which a government headed by Rhee Seung Man was elected. In the north, Soviet troops handed over power to the communist government led by Kim Il Sung.
In 1950, the leadership of North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea - DPRK), referring to the fact that the troops of South Korea invaded the DPRK, crossed the 38th parallel. On the side of the DPRK, the armed forces of China (called "Chinese volunteers") fought. Direct assistance to North Korea was provided by the USSR, supplying the Korean army and "Chinese volunteers" with weapons, ammunition, aircraft, fuel, food and medicine. Also, a small contingent of Soviet troops took part in the hostilities: pilots and anti-aircraft gunners.
In turn, the United States passed a resolution through the UN Security Council calling for the necessary assistance to South Korea and sent its troops there under the UN flag. In addition to the Americans, contingents of Great Britain (more than 60 thousand people), Canada (more than 20 thousand), Turkey (5 thousand) and other states fought under the UN flag.
In 1951, US President H. Truman threatened to use atomic weapons against China in response to Chinese aid to North Korea. The Soviet Union also did not want to concede. The conflict was resolved diplomatically only after Stalin's death in 1953. In 1954, at a meeting in Geneva, the division of Korea into two states - North Korea and South Korea - was consolidated. At the same time, Vietnam was divided. These sections have become a kind of symbols of the split of the world into two systems on the Asian continent.
The next stage of the Cold War was 1953-1962. Some warming, both in the country and in international relations, did not affect the military-political confrontation. Moreover, it was at this time that the world repeatedly stood on the verge of a nuclear war. The arms race, the Berlin and Caribbean crises, the events in Poland and Hungary, ballistic missile tests ... This decade was one of the most intense in the 20th century.
Summary of the lesson on the topic "Cold War".
Subject: history
Teacher: Maksimova Victoria Mikhailovna
Grade: 11
Lesson topic: Cold War
Lesson type: combined
Lesson form: traditional
Lesson type: problem lesson
Lesson objectives:
1) Educational
Expand the concept of "cold war", the reasons for its occurrence, its impact on international relations and the consequences for the development of world politics;
Understand the changes in the position of the USSR in the world as a result of the victory in the Great Patriotic War; explain what this caused changes in the foreign policy of the Soviet leadership;
To form in schoolchildren a holistic idea of the political, ideological and economic confrontation between the USSR and the United States, which determined the content of a major period of world history;
Identify the culprits of the Cold War.
2) Developing:
Work on the development of oral speech;
Develop the ability to compare and systematize historical material;
Establish causal relationships, generalize and draw conclusions;
Continue work on the formation of the ability to express your point of view, give arguments;
Develop students' skills to work in a group;
Work on the development of cognitive activity, information literacy, communicative competence, the ability to formulate and present the results of cognition;
Continue the development of critical thinking in students.
3) Educational:
Continue building interest in history;
Promote the moral education of students;
To foster students' tolerance, responsibility and initiative.
Basic concepts: Cold War, Iron Curtain, Marshall Plan, Cominform, CMEA, Truman Doctrine, NATO, OVD.
Separate elements of technology:
- Development of critical thinking (sinkwine, "thick and thin questions", "Bloom's daisy").
- Problem learning technology.
- Group technology.
- Health-saving technology.
Lesson plan:
1. Org. Moment.
2. Actualization of knowledge of the passed material.
3. Motivational stage.
4. Organizational and activity.
6. Homework.
During the classes:
1. Org. moment. Greetings, attendance check and lesson readiness.Creation of a favorable atmosphere of communication.
2. Updating the knowledge of the passed material on the topic "World War II 1939-1945."
The board presents"Bloom's Chamomile" ... Students select petals and answer the questions posed.
Question type | Question |
Simple | When was the Second World War? |
Clarifying | Is it true that the Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk battles were of decisive importance not only in the Second World War, but also in the Second World War. |
Explaining | Why did the USSR manage to win the Great Patriotic War? |
Creative | What would have changed if Hitler had succeeded in conquering the Soviet Union? |
Evaluative | What was the significance of the USSR in the victory over fascism? |
Practical | Would you get involved in a war against Japan if you were in Stalin's place? |
3. Motivational stage.
Lesson epigraph:
There can be no talk of like-mindedness different nations,
but all nations should know about each other, understand each other,
and those between whom mutual love is impossible,
must learn to at least tolerate each other.
J.V. Goethe.
4. Organizational - activity stage.
Introductory speech of the teacher:
In 1945, the Second World War ended, one of the most terrible and bloody pages in the history of all mankind, where the USSR became the winner. The army of the Soviet Union was the most powerful and numerous, the whole world was afraid of it, even America. But the United States had a nuclear monopoly, which could not bother the USSR. Relations between the two superpowers deteriorated. One of the main results of the war was the emergence of two superpowers on the international arena.
Yes, you heard right, but why do we call the United States a superpower, while the Americans themselves claim victory in World War II?
A new kind of rivalry for world domination emerged between the USSR and the USA, which was increasingly characterized as a "cold war". Thus, the world was divided into 2 parts and received the name bipolar.
Your two groups are named the USSR and the USA.
Lesson Topic Cold War
The Soviet Union began to play the role of one of the recognized leaders of the world community. The official confirmation of this status was the participation of the USSR in the creation of the UN on June 26, 1945, and its place as one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. On this occasion, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov declared in February 1946: "Now not a single issue of international life should be resolved without the participation of the USSR."
The third group will represent the UN.
What do you think was the cause of the Cold War?
The conflict in relations between the USSR and the USA was caused by: 1) ideological differences. The question was harshly posed: communism or capitalism, totalitarianism or democracy? 2) the desire for world domination and the division of the world into spheres of influence. 3) unwillingness to genuine disarmament.
So, we are faced with the task - to clarify the concept of "cold war".
Cold War -political, military, ideological and economic confrontation between the USSR and the USA.
March 5, 1946 W. Churchill's speech at Fulton.An indication of the communist threat and a call for rallying against the USSR. The beginning of the cold war.
What is the meaning of Churchill's speech? Why does he decide that a tough course towards the USSR is needed?
What reaction did W. Churchill's speech evoke from the leadership of the USSR?
I.V Stalin in an interview with a newspaper correspondent"Truth" commented on the speech Churchill as "Call to war"
I propose to fill in the "conceptual" (comparative) table in order to consider all aspects of the manifestation of the "cold war". The table is filled in together with students who have previously studied the necessary historical documents.
Signs | USA | the USSR |
Political and ideological confrontation | The US reaction was not long in coming. What is the main content of the doctrine? March 12, 1947 - "Truman Doctrine"- containment of communism; the deployment of military bases near the Soviet borders; the use of military forces against the USSR. | How did Molotov assess Stalin's foreign policy? 1945-1949 ... - the establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, North Korea, China How the USSR reacted to the "Truman Doctrine" September 25, 1947 A. Zhdanov's doctrine:the world is divided into two camps - "imperialist" (led by the United States) and "democratic" (led by the USSR) 1947 - 1956 Establishment of the Information Office of the Communist Parties(Cominform) - an organization that had political and ideological goals of confronting the West. "Iron curtain"- a figurative expression denoting an information and political barrier that for several decades separated the USSR and other socialist countries from the capitalist countries of the West and the United States. |
Economic confrontation | (June 5, 1947, entered into force April 1948.) Marshall Plan - economic aid to the countries of Western Europe, subject to the removal of the communists from the government. The USSR refused. 1957 European Economic Community | January 25, 1949 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)- economic unification of the socialist countries.Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia |
Military-political alliances | April 4, 1949 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). USA, Canada, Iceland, UK, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal. (Currently 28 countries) | May 14, 1955 OVD (Treaty on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between the states of Eastern Europe). USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia. |
Arms race | ||
Local conflicts | 1949 split of Germany FRG GDR) DPRK) (pro-Soviet) 1946-1954 : South Vietnam (pro-American) andNorth vietnam |
|
Do you think the Cold War could have been avoided?
It was impossible to avoid the "cold war", since the USA acted tough and offensive, used aggressive and accusatory rhetoric against the USSR, exacerbating the situation; they were worried about the positive authority of the USSR and the communist ideology in the world; the war did not justify their hopes of weakening the Soviet state. In turn, the USSR could not agree to abandon its strategic interests: it was paid too dearly for this.
Why is the confrontation between the countries called the "cold war" and not "hot"?
Now we have to find out, so who is to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War?
Students from the teams of the USA and the USSR come out and attach magnets to a board of a certain color, while naming the facts of the confrontation between the USSR and the USA. The UN group concludes.
Problem | Causes | Output |
||||
Who is to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War? | Ideological war | Economic confrontation | Military blocs | Arms race | Local conflicts | The USSR and the USA are guilty of unleashing the Cold War. |
Facts |
||||||
"Truman Doctrine" | Marshall plan | NATO | 1945 atomic bomb | The split of Germany Korean war Vietnam war |
||
A. Zhdanov's doctrine Komiinform "Iron curtain" | CMEA | ATS | 1949 atomic bomb |
|||
The teacher cites the opinion of the American scientist J. Geddis on who is to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War:
“… History is rarely so simple that it can be presented in terms of“ white ”and“ black ”. When considering such a complex issue as the origins of the Cold War, it is illogical and unreasonable to try to completely whitewash one side and place all the blame on the other. "
“... Let's assume that neither the one nor the other side wanted a Cold War, and the United States and the USSR were concerned about their security. And the tragedy was that each side achieved its goal unilaterally instead of acting together ... "
5. Reflexive-evaluative stage.
Make up syncwine "war"
1 line - topic name
Line 2 is the definition of the topic in two adjectives
Line 3 - These are 3 verbs showing actions within the topic.
4 line - a 4-word phrase that expresses the author's attitude to the topic.
Line 5 - the end of the topic, a synonym for the first word, expressed by any part of speech.
war
cold ideological
opposes influences catching up
confrontation between the USSR and the USA
confrontation
At the end of the lesson, the teacher summarizes:
Cold War- a terrible period in world history from 1945 to 1991 - a period of accumulation of nuclear weapons, political intrigues and incredible ideas, spy revelations and incredible tension in the political life of the world. It was a time when the fate of all mankind was decided, by and large, by several states in diplomatic negotiations, not yet fully realizing what responsibility lies with them.
6. Homework.
USA documents.
On March 12, 1947, US President H. Truman announced a new foreign policy program. The following are the key points of this document.
(Extract)
In the conditions of the Cold War that had already begun, the political leadership of the United States of America found it necessary to restrain the “spread of communism” to strategically important regions of southern Europe.
1. Creation of American bases in the eastern Mediterranean basin with the aim of establishing American domination in this zone.
2. Demonstrative support for the reactionary regimes in Greece and Turkey as bastions of American imperialism against the new democracy in the Balkans (providing military and technical assistance to Greece and Turkey, providing loans).
3. Continuous pressure on the states of the new democracy, expressed in false accusations of totalitarianism and the desire for expansion, in attacks on the foundations of the new democratic regime, in constant interference in the internal affairs of these states, in supporting all anti-state, anti-democratic elements within countries, in a demonstrative the termination of economic ties with these countries, aimed at creating economic difficulties, at delaying the development of the economies of these countries, at disrupting their industrialization, etc.
1. Why did the US President come up with a new program?
2. What is the main content of the "Truman Doctrine"?
3. What accusations against the USSR and its allies did the US President put forward?
Marshall Plan.
On June 5, 1947, speaking at Harvard University, US Secretary of State George Catlett Marshall (1880-1959) outlined a plan to restore the economies of European countries affected by World War II (1939-1945), as well as as a result of the severe cold weather that hit the continent winter 1946/47 The proposed plan went down in history under the name "Marshall plan". According to this plan, the Government of the United States of America intended to allocate up to $ 20 billion to provide economic assistance to the needy countries of Europe, subject to their consent to coordinated action and a reasonable plan for the use of funds allocated for their needs. The Marshall Plan called for aid to West Germany as well.
In his speech, Marshall mentioned the readiness of the United States to include the Soviet Union in the number of poverty-stricken countries, but the Government of the USSR categorically rejected this proposal, calling the American program of aid to Europe a trick designed to enslave European countries. The USSR's refusal to participate in the Marshall Plan made it easier for the corresponding law to pass through the US Congress, which otherwise, most likely, would not have approved it. In accordance with the Marshall Plan by 1953, the United States planned to allocate 13 billion dollars to provide assistance to European countries. While helping the recovery of the European economy, the plan has proven highly lucrative for the American economy as well. The funds received by the Europeans were used by them primarily to purchase the necessary goods and equipment in the United States, which were to be delivered to European countries exclusively on American ships.
Until the outbreak of the Korean War (1950-1953), US aid to Europe did not include military aid. Later, the West became convinced that the Marshall Plan played an extremely important role in preventing the spread of communism on the European continent.
Reprinted from: History of the United States. Reader ... pp. 274–277.
From the multilateral treaty establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The creation of NATO was of colossal importance in maintaining the balance of power between the superpowers, the world of "capitalism" and "socialism". The Atlantic Solidarity Treaty, signed in the capital of Belgium, has not lost its significance to this day.
<...>Article 2. The Contracting Parties will contribute to the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by gaining a better understanding of the principles on which these institutions are based, and by promoting the achievement of conditions of stability and prosperity. They will strive to eliminate conflicts and contradictions in their international economic policies and will encourage economic cooperation between all or any of them.
Article 4. The Contracting Parties shall consult among themselves whenever, in the opinion of either of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or security of either Party is jeopardized.
Article 5. The Contracting Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America will be considered as an attack against all of them; and, as a consequence of this, they agree that if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the UN Charter, will assist the party or parties subjected to such an attack by immediately accepting , individually and by agreement with other parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of military force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic Ocean region. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result of it will be immediately reported to the Security Council. Such measures will end when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security ...
1. What, in your opinion, is the significance of the North Atlantic Treaty?
2. What articles testify to its defensive nature?
3. Find the states that have joined NATO on the map. What position did the Soviet Union take on the bloc?
USSR documents.
From the memoirs of V.M. Molotov:
In recent years, Stalin began to become a little arrogant, and in foreign policy I had to demand what Miliukov demanded - the Dardanelles! Stalin: “Come on, press! In the order of joint ownership. " I said to him: "They won't." - “And you demand! .. We needed it after the war! Libya. Stalin says: "Come on, press!" ... It was difficult to argue. At one of the meetings of the foreign ministers, I announced that a national liberation movement had emerged in Libya. But it is still weak, we want to support it and build our military base there ... At the same time, Azerbaijan claimed to almost double their republic at the expense of Iran. We started to feel - no one supports. We had an attempt, besides this, to demand the area adjacent to Batumi, because in this Turkish area there was once a non-Turkish population ... And they wanted to give Ararat to the Armenians.
The opinion of a modern historian:
In 1947, the Information Bureau of the Communist Parties (Cominform) was created - an organization that had the political and ideological goals of opposing the West.
According to the Doctrine of A. Zhdanov: the world is divided into two camps - "imperialist" (led by the United States) and "democratic" (led by the USSR).
From an interview with I.V. Stalin to the Pravda newspaper correspondent regarding the speech of W. Churchill, March 14, 1946:
As a matter of fact, Mr. Churchill is now in the position of a warmonger.<...>It is possible that in some places they are inclined to consign to oblivion (...) the colossal sacrifices of the Soviet people, ensuring the liberation of Europe from the Nazi yoke. The question is, what can be surprising in the fact that the Soviet Union, wishing to secure itself for the future, is trying to ensure that in these countries there are governments loyal to the Soviet Union?<...>
The growth of the influence of the communists cannot be considered accidental. It is a completely natural phenomenon. The influence of the communists grew because in the difficult years of the domination of fascism, the communists turned out to be reliable, courageous fighters against the fascist regime, for the freedom of peoples (...>
I do not know if Mr. Churchill and his friends will be able to organize a new military campaign against "Eastern Europe" after the Second World War. But if they succeed, which is unlikely, for millions of ordinary people are guarding the cause of peace, then we can confidently say that they will be beaten.
Zhdanov's doctrine.
" Two opposing political lines formed: politics at one poleUSSR and democratic countriesaimed at undermining imperialism and strengthening democracy at the other extremeUS and British policy, aimed at strengthening imperialism and strangling democracy ... Thus, two camps were formed - the imperialist and anti-democratic camp, which has as its main goal the establishment of world domination of American imperialism and the destruction of democracy, and the anti-imperialist and democratic camp, which has as its main purpose the undermining of imperialism, strengthening democracy and the elimination of the remnants of fascism. "
On the establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
In January of this year, an economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia took place in Moscow ...
For the implementation of broader economic cooperation between the countries of people's democracy and the USSR, the meeting recognized it necessary to create a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance from representatives of the countries participating in the meeting on the basis of equal representation with the task of exchanging economic experience, providing each other with technical assistance, providing mutual assistance with raw materials, food, machinery, equipment. etc.
The meeting recognized that the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance is an open organization, which can be joined by other European countries that share the principles of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and wish to participate in broad economic cooperation with the above countries.<...>
From the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the States of Eastern Europe (Warsaw Pact)
The response to the emergence of NATO on the part of the socialist countries headed by the USSR was the signing of a union treaty in the Polish capital of Warsaw. This event signaled the completion of the formation of a bipolar system of international relations after the Second World War. The Cold War has entered its most acute phase.
The Contracting Parties, reaffirming their desire to create a system of collective security in Europe based on the participation in it of all European states, regardless of their social and state system, which would allow them to unite their efforts in the interests of ensuring peace in Europe, taking into account the situation , which was created in Europe as a result of the ratification of the Paris agreements providing for the formation of a new military grouping in the form of a "Western European alliance" with the participation of remilitarized West Germany and its inclusion in the North Atlantic bloc, which increases the danger of a new war and poses a threat to the national security of peace-loving states, being convinced in the fact that in these conditions the peace-loving states of Europe must take the necessary measures to ensure their security and in the interests of maintaining peace in Europe, guided by the goals and principles of the UN Charter, in the interests of further strengthening and developing friendship, cooperation and borrowed assistance in accordance with the principles of respect for the independence and sovereignty of states, as well as non-interference in their internal affairs, decided to conclude this Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance ...
Article 1. The Contracting Parties undertake, in accordance with the UN Charter, to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force and to settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a way as not to jeopardize international peace and security.
Article 4. In the event of an armed attack in Europe against one or more states parties to the Treaty by any state or group of states, each state party to the Treaty in the exercise of the right to individual or collective self-defense in accordance with Art. 51 of the UN Charter will provide the state or states subjected to such an attack, immediate assistance, individually and in agreement with other states parties to the Treaty, by all means that seem necessary to it, including the use of armed force. The States parties to the Treaty will immediately consult on joint measures to be taken to restore and maintain international peace and security.
Article 11. This Treaty will remain in force for twenty years ...
In the event that a collective security system is created in Europe and a common European treaty on collective security is concluded for this purpose, to which the Contracting Parties will unswervingly strive, this Treaty will lose its force from the date of entry into force of the common European treaty.<...>
1. Compare the treaties on the creation of NATO and the ATS. What points of these documents actually coincide?
2. What are the arguments of the founders of both military-political blocs? Why did their emergence mean the formation of a bipolar system of international relations?
UN documents.
The split of Germany.
In 1946-1947. there is a unification of the American and British, and then the French zones of occupation into one and the creation of independent bodies of executive and judicial power in it. Marshall Plan aid was accepted in the western zone, while in the Soviet zone it was rejected. In the western zone in 1948, a separate monetary reform was carried out. From June 24, 1948 to May 5, 1949, the blockade of West Berlin by Soviet troops was established (at that time the so-called "air bridge" was created - American aircraft delivered food, coal, equipment for enterprises to West Berlin). On May 8, 1949, the West German constitution and elections to the Bundestag were adopted.
1949 split of Germany : May 23, Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ), 7 October German Democratic Republic ( GDR)
Air bridge saves West Berlin
The Soviet blockade of West Berlin, which was under the control of American, British and French troops, led in the summer of 1948 to an acute crisis in the very center of Europe.
On June 23, 1948, teletypewriters in West Berlin newspapers received a short message sent from the East Sector: "The Soviet military administration is forced to stop all passenger and freight transport to and from Berlin from 6 o'clock due to technical difficulties."
This move was seen as a decision by the Russians to expel the Western powers from Berlin.
In 1945, by agreement with the Western powers, Russian troops occupied Berlin and established military administration there before the arrival of the Americans. England and France then also joined the administration of Berlin, just as before that they joined the allied control administration of all Germany, divided into 4 zones. However, Berlin was in the depths of the Soviet zone, and Stalin was not going to share the city with anyone.
On the day following the announcement of the blockade, 32 flights were flown; planes delivered 80 tons of milk, flour and medicine to West Berlin. American and British pilots, departing from 6 Air Force bases, landed at 2 Berlin airports - Gatow and Tempelchow - all days of the week, day and night, taking a break for only a few hours for sleep. By mid-July, Berlin received 2,250 tons of cargo every day.
By January 1949, Berlin's coal reserves had declined to a weekly rate. But when winter receded, the city sighed again. The Russians began to realize that the continuation of the blockade would do nothing. And the allies [USA, England and France] did not want to maintain this position indefinitely. Both sides were interested in a settlement and after several months of negotiations came to an agreement.
In the early morning of May 12, 1949, hundreds of people gathered at the checkpoint on the road to Berlin. A caravan of trucks from the West, adorned with flowers, led a car with reporters. After driving through East Germany, he entered Berlin. The city's supply was soon restored, and residents, at least those with West German marks, could buy whatever they needed.
1. Why did the Stalinist leadership take such a step as the blockade of the western sectors of Berlin?
2. How was the blockade carried out and how was it overcome?
3. Could, in your opinion, the crisis around West Berlin lead to a new world war?
1950-1953 Korean War: South Korea (pro-American) and Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( DPRK) (pro-Soviet)
The largest conflict took place in Korea. In the southern part of this country, occupied during the war with Japan by US troops, parliamentary elections were held in May 1948, and the creation of the Republic of Korea with its capital in Seoul was proclaimed. In the northern part of Korea, liberated by Soviet troops, in August 1948, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) was established with its capital in Pyongyang. Both the communist-formed North Korean government and the South Korean government claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of the Korean people.
An attempt to unite the country by force of arms, undertaken by the DPRK in 1950, was almost crowned with success. However, the United States, taking advantage of the fact that the representative of the USSR temporarily did not participate in the work of the UN Security Council, passed through the UN a resolution proclaiming North Korea an aggressor. The armed forces of the United States and a number of allied countries under the flag of UN troops landed in Korea and occupied almost all of its territory.
In the outbreak of the 1950-1953 war. For the first time, the expeditionary forces of the United States and its allies entered into a direct clash with the Chinese troops who came to the aid of the Korean communists; In air battles, a test of the forces of Soviet and American aviation took place. The US command seriously considered the use of nuclear weapons. The front line cut the territory of Korea along the 38th parallel. Military operations, before the conclusion of the armistice, acquired a positional character.
1946-1954 vietnam war of independence: South Vietnam (pro-American) andNorth vietnam(Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (pro-Soviet).
A similar situation has developed in Indochina. After the defeat of Japan, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam declared independence. However, France, seeking to regain power over its former colony, began a war against the peoples of Indochina. In 1950, the formally independent state of Vietnam was proclaimed on the territory of southern Vietnam occupied by former colonialists. Despite the aid to the patriotic forces of Vietnam that had adopted a communist orientation from China and the USSR, and from France - from the United States, by 1954 it became clear that neither side was capable of achieving decisive military success. After several defeats of the French forces, the most serious of which was the surrender of the fortress of Dien Bien Phu, an armistice was concluded. Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel into two states - North and South Vietnam.
From a speech by W. Churchill at Westminster College, Fulton (USA), March 5, 1946 "The muscles of the world":
A shadow fell on those fields that were only recently illuminated by the victory of the Allies ... From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain descended on the continent. This line contains all the treasures of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia - all these famous cities and populations in their areas are in the Soviet sphere and all are subordinate in one form or another not only to Soviet influence, but also to the largely increasing control of Moscow ... Only Athens, with its undying glory, is free to decide its future in elections under the supervision of the British, Americans and French.
From what I observed with our Russian friends and allies during the war, I became convinced that the Russians admire strength most of all and there is nothing for which they have less respect than military weakness.For this reason, our old doctrine of the balance of power is untenable. We cannot afford to rely on a slight superiority in strength, thereby creating a temptation for a test of strength. If Western democracies stick together, strictly adhering to the principles of the UN Charter, their influence on the implementation of these principles would be enormous and no one would be able to get in their way. But if something divides them or they hesitate in fulfilling their duty, then really a catastrophe can threaten us all.
1. What arguments does W. Churchill give in favor of pursuing a tougher course towards the USSR?
2. What is the iron curtain (veil) in his understanding?
3. What explains the curtailment of cooperation between the powers of the Anti-Hitler coalition after the end of World War II?
Economic confrontation
Military-political alliances
Arms race
Local conflicts
Make up sinkwine
1.war
Homework.
§ 27, fill in, prepare 3 thin and thick questions each on the studied topic, enter into the table.
38. The beginning of the cold war. The Marshall Plan and the Final Partition of Europe. Creation of NATO (II half of the 40s of the XX century)
The beginning of the cold war
American President Harry Truman liked to brag that he had "a good club for Russian guys" in his hands. He meant atomic weapons. “If Russia does not show an iron fist and speak with it decisively, a new war is inevitable. We don't have to compromise anymore ... I'm tired of babysitting with the Soviets, ”said the American leader.
On May 9, 1945, Counselor of the US Embassy in Moscow, J. Kennan, watching the Victory Day celebrations from the windows of the embassy building, said: “They rejoice ... They think that the war is over. It has just begun. "
The Committee of the Chiefs of Staff (CSH) of the United States assessed the USSR as the leading world power and the main political adversary. Already on September 4, 1945, a US intelligence memorandum outlined 20 major targets and 20 Soviet cities that were to be subjected to atomic bombing. In October 1945, American generals insisted on a preventive war against the USSR. After the destruction of up to half of the population of the USSR and its surrender, it was planned to dismember the country into zones of occupation. Then it was supposed to subjugate China and Southeast Asia, to take control of the whole world. The Soviet leadership was well informed about all these plans. Soviet intelligence officer, Englishman Harold Adrian Russell (Kim) Philby, who served in the UK intelligence (ICI), from 1949 was appointed as a liaison officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). “This led to the fact that all the extremely extensive efforts of Western intelligence in the period from 1944 to 1951 were ineffectual. It would be better if we did nothing at all, ”one of the American intelligence officers later admitted 1.
Such information was clearly not capable of strengthening the friendly feelings of the Soviet leadership towards the former allies. Of course, Stalin and other top leaders of the country understood the danger of the situation and made every effort to strengthen the geopolitical position of the USSR, restore the destroyed national economy and eliminate the US monopoly on the possession of atomic weapons.
In March 1946 at the University of the American city of Fulton in the presence of President H. Truman, the former Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill made a bright speech. He defined the principles of confronting the "Soviet threat". For a long time, Churchill's speech was considered the actual beginning of the Cold War. In fact, he was only ideologically justifying and presenting to the public the already actually pursued policy. A few days after the death of F.D. Roosevelt (April 12, 1945), G. Truman, who replaced him, took a tough stance towards the USSR. On one of the controversial issues in a narrow circle, he said: "If the Russians do not want to join us, then let them go to hell." And at a meeting in September 1945, the proposal was rejected by the Minister of War, Henry L. Stimson, who warned against "atomic diplomacy" and against using the monopoly on atomic weapons as a means of pressure on the USSR 2.
History in TERMS
Cold War. It was a global confrontation between two superpowers - the USA and the USSR. The main components of the Cold War were:
an arms race, primarily the development and deployment of new types of weapons of mass destruction, increasing their number;
opposition of military-political blocs;
direct military confrontation in local wars;
the struggle for influence in the countries of the "third world", for their involvement in the orbit of their interests;
"Psychological warfare" - subversive propaganda, support for the opposition;
fierce confrontation between intelligence and special services.
Creation of NATO. The Marshall Plan and the Final Partition of Europe
The aggressive focus of American foreign policy was fully manifested in the "Truman Doctrine." It provided for open US intervention in the internal affairs of other states, support for reactionary regimes, refusal to cooperate with the countries of the Soviet bloc, and the creation of military bases on foreign territories. The global network of foreign military bases and occupation groups in Western Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and the oceanic islands performed a triple function:
Creation of a real threat to the Soviet Union and the socialist community;
Supporting governments that please the United States;
Protecting the economic interests of American monopolies.
Under American leadership, the contradictions within the capitalist world began to be overcome, which caused two world wars and were successfully used by Soviet diplomacy. In the second half of the 40s. The United States has provided tremendous assistance to many countries in the framework of the Marshall plan. Its implementation contributed to the rapid recovery of the economy of Western Europe with a simultaneous increase in the political and economic influence of the United States. The total amount of aid amounted to $ 13.1 billion. Most of this amount was provided free of charge in the form of supplies of food, fuel, raw materials, semi-finished products and fertilizers. Under these conditions, the United States received unconditional support for its endeavors. Formed military-political alliance NATO (1949), which included the following countries: USA, England, France, Canada, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Spain. Military blocs SEATO, SENTO, ANZUS arose in other regions.
The United States was the initiator or active participant in many military conflicts, military-political crises, complications in the international arena.
In violation of the Potsdam agreements, in May 1949 was formed Federal Republic of Germany. In October 1949, on the territory occupied by Soviet troops, the formation of German Democratic Republic.
For control over Berlin, there was a struggle between the Soviet and allied military administrations, as well as the special services. In August 1961, West Berlin was surrounded by a powerful wall, which was supposed to suppress the negative economic impact on East Berlin and the GDR, as well as stop the escape of citizens of the GDR to West Berlin. A permanent hotbed of tension has emerged in the center of Europe, which has given rise to many dangerous conflict situations. The Berlin Wall lasted until 1989. The Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSVG) was deployed on the territory of the GDR.
THE BEGINNING OF THE "COLD WAR" by the countries of people's democracies. At the final stage of the Second World War, the Red Army entered the countries of Eastern Europe. They began to be called the countries of people's democracy. The Stalinist policy, with its methods of violence, began to be applied there even before the end of the war. Europe after World War II.
THE BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR Iron Curtain. Already in May 1945, a few days after the end of the war in Europe, Churchill telegraphed Truman that the Iron Curtain had descended over the Soviet front. The Iron Curtain (American propaganda poster).
THE BEGINNING OF THE "COLD WAR" March 5, 1946 in Fulton (USA). The beginning of the Cold War is considered to be the speech of the former Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill, which he delivered on March 5, 1946 in Fulton (USA). In his speech, Churchill warned the world against the growing threat of communism. Speech by Winston Churchill at Fulton (March 5, 1946). "Churchill scares the world with the threat of communism."
THE COLD WAR BEGINS March 12, 1947 On March 12, 1947, US President Harry Truman addressed Congress with a proposal to provide assistance to all countries threatened by communist expansion. the Truman doctrine. These principles became the fundamental provisions of the so-called. the Truman doctrine. Text of the Truman Doctrine. Harry Truman is the 33rd President of the United States.
THE COLD WAR STARTS Marshall Plan. One of the first measures to implement the Truman Doctrine was the Marshall Plan. It got its name from the name of the then US Secretary of State George Marshall. Signing of the Marshall Plan (1948) George Marshall
THE BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR The essence of the Marshall plan was to provide the countries of Europe in 1948 - 1952 dollars to restore the ruined economy. The countries of Eastern Europe, under pressure from the USSR, refused American aid. European states that received assistance from the United States under the Marshall Plan.
THE BEGINNING OF THE "COLD WAR" January 1949 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). In January 1949, the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe established the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). Mutual economic aid instead of American aid - that is the meaning of the name of this organization. CMEA member countries (as of 1980).
THE COLD WAR BEGINS April 1949 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created. This block was created primarily to protect its members. Signing of the North Atlantic Treaty.
THE COLD WAR STARTS May 1955 Organization of the Warsaw Pact. In May 1955, the Warsaw Pact Organization was created. It was a military-political alliance under the auspices of the USSR. by 1955, the confrontation between East and West was finally formed. Thus, by 1955, the confrontation between East and West was finally formed. The signing of the Warsaw Pact.
KOREAN WAR (1950 - 1953) The Korean War ended in 1953. In three years of fierce fighting, more than Koreans, Chinese and about Americans were killed. Each side proclaimed its victory. The final stage of the Korean War.
SUETZ CRISIS (1956) October 1956 In October 1956, Israeli forces invaded Egypt and began to rapidly approach the Suez Canal. Soon, British and French troops entered the territory of Egypt. November 6, 1956 However, on November 6, 1956, an armistice was signed with the mediation of the UN. In 1957, Israeli troops left the territory of Egypt. The Suez Canal became the legal property of Egypt. Suez Crisis (1956).
BERLIN CRISIS (1961) In 1955, Western countries recognized the FRG, and the USSR - the GDR. The FRG authorities did not recognize the GDR and declared that they would sever relations with the country that would do this (an exception was made only for the USSR). In 1958, Moscow demanded the withdrawal of the troops of its former allies from West Berlin.
CARIBBEAN (CUBAN) CRISIS (1962) In January 1959, the regime of the dictator Batista was overthrown in Cuba. The rebels came to power, led by Fidel Castro, who in his policy was guided by the USSR. The United States began to finance the struggle of the Cuban emigrants against the Castro regime. Dictator Batista. Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev.
CARIBBEAN (CUBAN) CRISIS (1962) In the summer of 1962, Washington became aware of the deployment of Soviet medium-range missiles in Cuba. Map of Cuba depicting the bases of Soviet medium-range missiles. A snapshot of a Soviet missile base in Cuba taken by an American reconnaissance aircraft.
CARIBBEAN (CUBAN) CRISIS (1962) In response to the deployment of Soviet missiles, US President Kennedy announced the introduction of quarantine around Cuba. The quarantine was intended to prevent the delivery of weapons to Cuba. The USSR dismantled the missiles in November 1962, and the USA ended the blockade of Cuba. Meeting of the President of the United States with the Commander of the United States Air Force. Meeting of the US President with Soviet diplomats.
VIETNAM WAR (1965 - 1973) In 1945, the leader of the Vietnamese communists, Ho Chi Minh, proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In 1946, a war broke out between France and Vietnam, which lasted 8 years. French Indochina. Ho Chi Minh Fight with the participation of French paratroopers (1952).
VIETNAM WAR (1965 - 1973) In 1954, ceasefire agreements in Indochina were signed in Geneva. In Vietnam, actually two states were formed, which began to fight against each other. In this struggle, North Vietnam was supported by the USSR, and South Vietnam by the United States. North and South Vietnam on the eve of the outbreak of the Vietnam War.
VIETNAM WAR (1965-1973) The US entered the war in the August 1964 incident in the Gulf of Tonkin. March 1965 In March 1965, the first American units arrived in Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident (August 1964). American landing in Vietnam (March 1965).
VIETNAM WAR (1965-1973) The entry of the United States into the war caused a wave of pacifist sentiments in the United States itself and harsh condemnation from the USSR and its allies. Antiwar activists and military police (Washington, October 1967). "Put an end to the aggression in Vietnam!" (Soviet propaganda poster).
VIETNAM WAR (1965 - 1973) January 7, 1973 On January 7, 1973, agreements were signed in Paris to end the Vietnam War. They also provided for the withdrawal of American troops. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. In 1976, Vietnam united. The state became known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Signing of agreements in Paris (January 1973).
THE ERA OF RELEASE The 1970s went down in the history of the Cold War as a period of detente in international tension. In 1972, in Moscow, the leaders of the USSR and the United States signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT-1). Signing of the ABM and SALT-1 Treaties (Moscow, 1972).
THE ERA OF DETAIL 1975 The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. In 1975, the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed in Helsinki, which guaranteed the inviolability of European borders and laid the foundations for the development of cooperation in various fields of life. Brezhnev signs the so-called. Helsinki agreements. Participants of the Helsinki meeting.
THE ERA OF DISCHARGE 1979 SALT-2 Treaty In 1979, the leaders of the USSR and the United States signed the SALT-2 Treaty, according to which they pledged to reduce the number of carriers of nuclear weapons. Due to the fact that the USSR sent its troops to Afghanistan, the United States refused to ratify this treaty. Signing of the SALT II Treaty (Vienna, June 7, 1979).
THE END OF THE COLD WAR (1985 - 1991) Mikhail Gorbachev. Eduard Shevardnadze. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the new Soviet leader. Eduard Shevardnadze was appointed the new foreign minister. The Soviet leadership took a course towards improving relations with the West. Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the USSR from 1985 to 1991. Eduard Shevardnadze - Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR.
THE END OF THE COLD WAR (1985 - 1991) Meetings of the heads of the USSR and the USA became regular. They discussed four areas of problems: disarmament; regional conflicts; human rights; bilateral relationship. Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan during negotiations.
THE END OF THE COLD WAR (1985 - 1991) In the late 1980s, the USSR withdrew its troops from Afghanistan and agreed to the unification of Germany. Relations with the West began to improve. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan (February 1989). Unification of Germany (October 1990). 46
Methodical development of a lesson on the topic: "Cold War"
Prepared by: Korotkova Irina Viktorovna,
teacher of history and social studies, MOU "Secondary School No. 28" g. Saransk, Republic of Mordovia
“Everything should be written as simply as possible,
but not simpler. "
A. Einstein
We will consider the organization of work on the technology for creating and using basic plans-notes using the example of the topic “ Cold War "in history in the 9th grade.
Consider the application of the project method in a history lesson on the topic of "Cold War" in grade 9. The historical events that led to the Cold War are studied over a series of lessons, the amount of information is quite large, therefore, when students begin to study this topic, they have to return to the previously covered material. This causes difficulties and problems for a number of students. I think that it would be more expedient to draw up a basic outline plan that systematizes the material.
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
to find out the essence of the term "cold war", the reasons for its occurrence, its influence on international relations and the consequences for the development of world politics;
while working on creating the image of the "cold war" to form in schoolchildren a holistic idea of the political, ideological and economic confrontation between the USSR and the United States, which determined the content of a major period of world history;
contribute to the development of cognitive skills: search for the necessary information in various sources, compare their data, name the characteristic features of historical events and phenomena, explain the meaning of the most important concepts, express judgments about the cause-and-effect relationships of historical facts, determine and explain your attitude and assessment of the most significant events and personalities in history.
Basic concepts: Cold war; socialist camp; the Marshall plan; the Truman Doctrine; Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations;
Lesson type: Lesson in the complex application of knowledge.
Lesson plan:
Introductory speech of the teacher.
Reasons for the start of the Cold War.
Cycles of post-war world politics.
The consequences of the cold war for the development of world politics.
Results of the Cold War.
Organizational moment. Creation of a favorable atmosphere of communication.
Knowledge update.
Motivational target stage.
Organizational and activity stage.
Reflexive-evaluative stage.
Homework.
In the previous lessons, the events related to the "Cold War" were considered, and now they need to be systematized and reflected in the reference outline.
In the course of the lesson, students draw up a reference outline, draw conclusions, where they answer the questions posed.
The class is divided into groups:
Group 1 - organizes dates by topic.
Group 2 - systematizes terms and concepts by topic.
Group 3 - answers problematic questions:
for example:
Why did the Cold War get this name?
What are the reasons for the Cold War (at least 3 provisions)
What are the consequences of the Cold War (at least 3 provisions)
Formulate the negative and positive consequences of the Cold War. (at least 3 positions)
When do you think the Cold War ended?
Was the Cold War inevitable? Could it have been avoided?
Group 4 - experts.
Teacher - coordinator
Dividing the class into groups allows you to differentiate teaching.
Lesson materials:
After the end of World War II, which became the largest and most violent conflict in the history of mankind, a confrontation arose between the countries of the communist camp on the one hand and the Western capitalist countries on the other, between the two superpowers of that time, the USSR and the United States. The Cold War can be summed up as a rivalry for dominance in the new post-war world.
The main reason for the Cold War was the insoluble ideological contradictions between the two models of society, socialist and capitalist. The West feared the strengthening of the USSR. The absence of a common enemy among the victorious countries, as well as the ambitions of political leaders, played a role.
After the end of World War II, the victorious powers were unable to improve relations with each other. The main contradictions were between the Soviet Union and the United States. Both states began to form military blocs (alliances), which, in the event of war, would act on their side. The confrontation between the USSR and the United States, as well as their allies, was called the Cold War. Despite the fact that there were no hostilities, both states were in a state of almost continuous confrontation (enmity) from the late 1940s to the mid-1970s, constantly increasing their military potential.
The beginning of the Cold War is usually counted from 1946, when British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made his famous speech in the American city of Fulton, in which the Soviet Union was named the main enemy of the Western countries. The Iron Curtain fell between the USSR and the Western world. In 1949, the military Alliance (NATO) was created. The NATO bloc includes the United States, Great Britain, France, West Germany, Canada, Italy and other Western countries. In 1955, the Soviet Union founded the Warsaw Pact organization. In addition to the USSR, Eastern European countries that were part of the socialist camp joined it.
Germany, which was split in two, became one of the symbols of the Cold War. The border between the two camps (western and socialist) ran right through the city of Berlin, and not symbolic, but real - in 1961 the city was divided into two parts by the Berlin Wall.
Several times during the Cold War, the USSR and the United States were on the brink of war. The most acute moment in this confrontation was the Cuban missile crisis (1962). The Soviet Union has deployed its missiles on the island of Cuba, the United States' closest southern neighbor. In response, the United States began preparations for an invasion of Cuba, where Soviet military bases and advisers were already stationed.
Only personal negotiations between US President J. Kennedy and USSR leader NS. Khrushchev was prevented from disaster. The presence of atomic weapons in the United States and the Soviet Union held back the governments of these countries from starting a real "hot" war. In the 1970s, the process of a policy of detente began. The USSR and the US signed very important nuclear nonproliferation treaties, but tensions persisted between the two countries.
In 1979, the Soviet government brought troops into the territory of Afghanistan.
The arms race consumed the enormous resources of both blocs. By the early 1980s, the Soviet Union began to lose heavily in the competition between the two systems. The socialist camp lagged more and more behind the advanced capitalist countries of the West.
Negative consequences:
Splitting the world into 2 systems.
Creation of military blocs.
Positive sides:
(Groups draw conclusions).
Conclusions: so a short period of cooperation between the USSR and the USA ended with the transition to their rivalry - to the "cold war". It split the world into 2 systems, intensified militarism, the arms race reached an unprecedented level, walked through the destinies of peoples. People are used to looking at the outside world as a source of danger.
The result of the work of the students is supposed to be the following basic outline plan:
Expected results: Baseline outline "Cold War"
The Cold War is
1. hostile-aggressive policy of powers in relation to each other:
2. global geopolitical, military, economic and ideological confrontation in the period 1946-1991. between the USSR and its allies, on the one hand, and the United States and its allies, on the other;
3. world confrontation between two military-political blocs led by the USSR and the USA, which did not come to an open military clash between them.
Causes of the Cold War
1. a confrontation arose between the countries of the communist camp on the one hand and the Western capitalist countries on the other, between the two superpowers of that time, the USSR and the USA;
2. insoluble ideological contradictions between the two models of society, socialist and capitalist;
3. The West was afraid of the strengthening of the USSR;
4. the absence of a common enemy among the victorious countries, as well as the ambitions of political leaders;
5. After the end of the Second World War, the victorious powers could not improve relations with each other.
Negative consequences:
Splitting the world into 2 systems.
Creation of military blocs.
Arms race. It undermined the economy of the USSR and reduced the competitiveness of the American economy.
Regional conflicts. The countries of the "third world" were involved in the arena of regional and local conflicts.
The split of Germany into 2 states.
Influence on the internal life of the USA and the USSR: search for the image of the enemy, violation of civil rights and freedoms. The "Iron Curtain" in the USSR.
The Cold War led to the repression of dissidents and people who advocated cooperation and rapprochement of the two systems in both camps.
Positive sides:
In the Western countries, social reforms were carried out with the aim of creating a "welfare state" - as a barrier against the penetration of the ideas of communism.
Unprecedented scientific discoveries. Stimulated the development of nuclear physics, space research, created conditions for the powerful growth of electronics and the creation of unique materials.
The rivalry between the two superpowers had a beneficial effect on the restoration of the economic and political positions of West Germany and Japan.
It made it easier for the peoples of the colonial and dependent countries to struggle for independence.
| № p.p | date | Event |
| Former Prime Minister Churchill's Speech at Fulton |
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| 1946 - 1991 | Cold war |
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| Marshall plan |
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| Truman Doctrine |
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| The disintegration of Germany into the FRG and the GDR |
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| The break in relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia |
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| Creation of NATO |
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| The creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR |
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| 1953 - 1964 | The years of Khrushchev N.S. |
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| Hydrogen bomb in the USSR |
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| Organization of the Warsaw Pact |
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| The entry of Soviet troops into Hungary |
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| Berlin Wall |
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| Caribbean crisis |
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| Signing of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water. |
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| 1964 - 1982 | The years of the reign of L.I. Brezhnev |
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| The entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia |
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| "Doctrine of Brezhnev" |
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| SALT-1 Agreement |
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| Helsinki Agreement |
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| SALT-2 Agreement |
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| 1979 - 1989 | War in Afghanistan |
Output: The Cold War was the result of the Second World War, after which there were 2 superpowers, the conflict between them was inevitable.
Dictionary: Cold War, Iron Curtain, bipolar system, NATO, OVD, OSV-1, OSV-2, Brezhnev Doctrine, detente
The basic outline of a summary on the topic "Cold War" can be presented not only in Microsoft Office Word, but also in a JPEG picture (.jpg), which allows you to reduce or increase its size, it is more convenient to paste it into a notebook, fit on one page, etc. etc.
And in conclusion, it should be noted that any method, technology for conducting lessons is recognized as progressive if they give optimal results, regardless of when it was first used and described: several decades ago or recently. Therefore, the combination of heterogeneous technologies in a complex will help each student to get the best teaching, educational and developmental result in accordance with his nature.
At the same time, it should be said that the structure of a modern history lesson cannot be amorphous, impersonal, and accidental. The most important thing is to understand that the meaning of the new educational approach is not in strict adherence to the algorithm of certain techniques, but in the free creativity of the teacher and students working with the use of new teaching technologies.
