Speech linguistic means of expressiveness task b8. Means of speech expression in Russian

Unified State Exam Russian language.

Express preparation.

Task number 26. Linguistic means of expression.

Task number 26. .

So, you guys, our wonderful express train brought us to the last test stop.

Today we will recall the main artistic expressive means of the language. I will tell you how to complete assignment number 25. But the conversation is long ahead, there is a lot of material. If you're ready, let's get started.

I will explain step by step the procedure for completing task 25.

Step 1 .

Read the assignment carefully. Look, WHAT you need to find.

If you need to find TROPE in the named sentences, then remember what it is and what types of tops are.

THEORY.

Trails Are the words used figuratively, helping to vividly, figuratively, expressively convey thoughts and feelings, to recreate the necessary picture. Remember the main thing: These are words in a figurative sense, that is, in life we ​​will not be able to “see” it, it seems to us that this is how it happens, this is our vision of the world.
Allegory.	An allegory, with the help of which the essence is conveyed, the signs of a specific image. Examples. Themis (woman with scales) - justice. All animals in fables, fairy tales are images of people with similar characters.
Hyperbola	Exaggeration of something, properties, signs and other things. Example. In one hundred and forty suns, the sunset blazed. (V. Mayakovsky)
Irony	From the Greek "pretense". This is a trope in which the true meaning is hidden, it is a slight ridicule. Example. Where, clever, you are wandering head (referring to the Donkey in the fable of I. Krylov).
Litotes	Understatement of something, as opposed to hyperbole. Example. Waist not thinner than a bottle neck (N.V. Gogol)
Metaphor	This is a transfer of the meaning of a word by its appearance. The metaphor is a hidden comparison. She has something , with what compare, but there is no subject of comparison. The metaphor is expanded when a whole picture of the object or phenomenon being compared is created. Example. Noble city nezdo.
Metonymy	This is the transfer of the properties of objects according to their internal similarity (this is the difference from the metaphor, in which the similarity is external). There are different cases of internal transfer, connections between objects: 1.between object and material 2.between the content and the containing. 3. between action and instrument of action. 5. Between the place and the people who are there. Examples. 1. Not that on silver - on gold I ate (A. Griboyedov). 2. Take a spoon. Have a cup. 3. His feather breathes vengeance. 4. I read Tolstoy, listen to Tchaikovsky. 5. The whole school went to the clean-up day.
Impersonation.	The endowment of inanimate objects is endowed with the properties of the living - the ability to think, feel, experience. Example. It's raining. Spring came. Nature rejoices.
Synecdoche	This is a transfer of meaning according to a quantitative criterion: when the plural is used instead of the singular, and vice versa, a part instead of a whole. When a person as a whole is spoken about through his detail (clothes, appearance, character traits). Examples: Most of all, take care of a penny (N.V. Gogol). And you blue uniforms. (M.Yu. Lermontov on the gendarmes).
Comparison.	Don't confuse comparison with metaphor. There is also something in comparison what do they compare, and then what is being compared with... Unions are often used: like, like, like. Example. Speaks the word - the nightingale sings.
Epithet	Figurative definition. In other words, it is a definition that denotes a quality of an object that cannot be seen in life. Remember! Epithets are not always adjectives, there may be other parts of speech. Examples. Dissuaded the grove gold birch, cheerful language (S. Yesenin) .. All around the grass so funny bloomed. ... when the first spring thunder, as it were frolicking and playing rumbles in the blue sky (Tyutchev).

Step 2.

If you need to find lexical means , then among the words of the proposed list, you need to look for the following terms.

Types of words by meaning Synonyms - these are words of one part of speech, which differ in shades of meaning and stylistic use in speech (gorgeous, excellent, amazing, luxurious, great, wonderful, cool, super). Contextual synonyms - these are words that are only synonymous in this context. For example: by nature it was kind, soft female. Synonyms for these words outside the text: Kind - warm-hearted, sincere, compassionate, humane, etc. Soft - plump, pliable, elastic, fluffy. Antonyms - these are opposite words in meaning (reject - approve, original - fake, callous - responsive). Contextual antonyms - these are words that are antonyms only in this context. The opposition of such words is a purely individual author's decision. For example: one day is all life, wolves are sheep, a poet is a poet. Homonyms - these are words that are spelled the same, but have completely different meanings (a girl's scythe and a scythe as an agricultural tool). Paronyms are words that are similar in spelling and sound, but have different meanings (great - majestic, spectacular - effective). Types of words by area of ​​use Common words - these are words, the meaning of which is known to all the people, to all speakers of a given language (sky, school, blue, walk, beautiful, etc.) Dialectisms - These words are used by residents of a certain area ("sadnova" - that is, constantly, is used in the outback of the Volga region). Professionalism (or special vocabulary) - these words are used by people of a certain profession (syringe, scalpel - by doctors; root, morphology, syntax - by teachers of the Russian language). Terms – names of certain concepts that are used in a particular field of knowledge (for example: function, democracy) Slang - these are words and expressions that are used in social groups in informal communication (for example: buggy, hack - computer jargon, that is, slang; ksiva, malyava-thief jargon; teacher, trojak, homework - school; Types of words by origin Outdated vocabulary (archaisms ) - these are outdated words that came out of constant speech, since over time they were replaced with other words (eyes, cheeks). Historisms - these are outdated words that have gone out of use due to the disappearance of the phenomena that they denoted. These words can be used to describe a historical era (chain mail, jackboots). Neologisms - new words that have recently appeared in the language and have not lost their novelty. Over time, these words become common. So, quite recently, neologisms were the words: computer, tablet, mobile phone, smartphone, but today they are already becoming common. Primordially Russian words - words that arose in antiquity among the Eastern Slavs, Old Slavicisms (sweet, enemy, know) Borrowed words (foreign language) - by origin, these words are borrowed from other languages. This often happens during the period of economic, cultural communication, interconnections between countries and peoples. (For example, hyperbole is a word of Greek origin, modernization is French). Barbarisms- these are foreign words that have entered Russian speech, but are always perceived as foreign. They are often used to describe foreign life, etiquette, etc. (For example: monsieur, boyfriend, businesswoman). Types of words by area of ​​use Stylistically neutral vocabulary - these are words that are not attached to a specific style of speech (compare: fragrant - fragrant, evidence - arguments) Book vocabulary - used in book styles: scientific literature, official business, journalistic style (for example: declarative, calculate, conjuncture) Colloquial vocabulary - words used in oral speech, often in everyday communication (braggart, reader, bully.) Common words- these are words of colloquial vocabulary, but with their own characteristics: Violating language norms (traNvs instead of trams, kvartal instead of quarters) Moral violations, harsh words (chump, drag) Vulgar, abusive language that offends a person. Emotionally colored words (expressive vocabulary, evaluative vocabulary) - these are words with the help of which the attitude towards others, phenomena, actions, positive and negative (for example: friend, strength, gate, guardian) is expressed. Phraseologisms - stable phrases that are equal in meaning to one word. From the point of view of stylistic coloring, phraseological units are: Conversational: running at breakneck speed - fast, working carelessly - being lazy Book: apple of discord, finest hour Vernacular: twist brains, foolish head.

Step 3.

If you need to determine which reception (figure of speech) is used by the author, then look for the following techniques.

A figure is a part of a sentence that plays a certain function in it (here the syntax takes on its rights). A figure is an expressive syntactic construct that conveys the expression of a text.

Note: some figures of speech can be at the same time syntactic means (rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, etc.).

Figures of speech receptions).	Definitions. Examples.
Anaphora	Repetition of words or word combinations at the beginning of sentences or lines of poetry. Example. The winds were not blowing in vain The thunderstorm was not in vain.
Epiphora	The opposite of anaphora: the repetition of words or phrases at the end of lines or sentences. Example. Your truth is our truth, Motherland! Your glory is our glory. Homeland!
Antithesis	Contrasting phenomena and concepts. Often based on the use of antonyms. The living and the dead. Who was nobody will become everything.
Gradation	This is a technique that allows you to betray events, feelings, actions in the process of their development - in increasing or decreasing importance. Example. I came, I saw, I won! I do not regret, do not call, do not cry.
Inversion	Reverse word order. In Russian, direct order: definition, subject, predicate, addition. The circumstance has a different position in the sentence. Example. Once upon a time there was a grandfather and a woman. I came to school one day. The doorman by he arrow Soared up the marble steps.
Oxymoron	A combination of incompatible words. Examples. Dead Souls. Bitter joy. Ringing silence.
Syntactic concurrency	A similar structure of sentences in syntactic terms. Example. We have a road for young people everywhere, The old man is honored everywhere.
Periphrase.	From the Greek description. This is the use of a description of an object, phenomenon, person, instead of its name. Examples. (Tolstoy). Writing these lines (me). Foggy Albion (England.) The king of beasts (lion).
Default	Example. I'm not one of those myself Who is under the spell of strangers. I myself ... But, however, for nothing I don’t betray my secrets.
Parcelling.	A technique in which the proposal is divided into several. First comes a sentence with the main meaning, followed by incomplete sentences that complement it. This technique is used to enhance the expressiveness, significance of words. Example. He saw me and froze. I was surprised. He fell silent.
Non-union or asyndeton	A technique in which unions are omitted. This gives dynamics to speech, helps to recreate a quick change in the actions of heroes and pictures. Example. Swede, Russian, pricks, chops, cuts.
Multi-Union or Polysyndeon	Deliberately increasing the number of unions in the proposal. This allows you to slow down speech to highlight some words, to enhance the expressiveness of the created image. Example. The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded away.
Rhetorical exclamations.	Using exclamation sentences to not only express your feelings, but also deliver them to readers, evoke the same in response. Example. What a summer, what a summer! It's just witchcraft!
Rhetorical questions.	These are questions that do not require an answer. The author either answers them himself, or wants the readers to think about the question. They create the illusion of conversation. Such questions are addressed to all people. Often used in fiction or nonfiction. Example. Who did not curse the station keepers, who did not curse them?

Step 4.

Finally, if you need to find syntactic means, then remember that they are associated with punctuation marks, they are separated by commas, dashes, a question mark or exclamation mark, etc.

Funds	Definitions Examples of Homogeneous members are able to vividly recreate the picture of events, and the external and internal properties of the subject of description, and the whole gamut of feelings. Example. Nature helps to fight loneliness, overcome despair, powerlessness, forget enmity, envy, and the insidiousness of friends.
Rows of homogeneous members
Introductory words.	Introductory words are diverse in meaning. Skillful use of these meanings will help and express shades of feelings, and systematize thoughts, and highlight the main, important Example. Probably, there, in his native places, as in childhood, it smells amazingly of flowers, the largest daisies from which you can weave wonderful bouquets.
Question-answer form of presentation.	This is a technique in which the author's thoughts are presented in the form of questions and answers. Example. Why do you need to teach children from childhood to read the right books, you ask? And I will answer: to become a real person, worthy of the right to be called that.
Rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical appeals are often used in publicistic speech to draw attention to a problem, to call for action. Example. Citizens, let's make our city green and cozy!
Detached members.	Separated members allow you to more vividly, concretely, in detail, emotionally describe something, tell about something. They help to clarify, strengthen the overall impression of the content of the text. Example. In my native places, the reeds still rustle, making me their rustle, their prophetic whispers, the poet I have become.
Exclamation clauses.	Examples. Mercy is an amazing property of the human soul! We must cultivate mercy in childhood!
Citation	Using a quote from a work or a statement of a famous person to confirm your thoughts. Example. Gorky wrote: "Man - it sounds proudly!"

Use hints.

Quests often contain hidden clues.

• The clue is already what you are asked to find trope, lexical or syntactic means.
• Often examples are given in brackets (for example, epithets), you need to remember the name of such a tool.
• Can help and word forms for example, "used" is a feminine word, so it is clear that masculine and neuter terms will not work here.

Let's look at an example.

Read the excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks.

“When discussing the topic of creativity and“ finding oneself, ”the author uses a technique such as (A) _____ (sentences 8-9; 17-18). What can get in the way of a creative person? Used in the 13th sentence (B) _____ give, in the author's opinion, the answer to this question. Speaking about what professions can be considered creative and what not, V. Belov in the 20th sentence uses (B) _____. This provides an opportunity to prepare the reader to understand the next, 21st sentence. In addition, the text widely uses (D) _____, for example, "need", "personality", "orientation", "principles", etc. "

List of terms:

1) comparative turnover

2) litota

3) antonyms

4) irony

5) colloquial vocabulary

6) rows of homogeneous members

7) question-answer form of presentation

8) socio-political vocabulary

9) rhetorical question

10) exclamation sentences

EXPLANATION.

A) Reception-7 (question-answer).

(8) Why, over the years, creativity gradually disappears from our life, why is creativity preserved and developed not in each of us ? (9) Roughly speaking, because we either went about our business (did not find ourselves, our face, our talent), or did not learn to live and work (did not develop talent).

B) Answer-6, rows of homogeneous members.

(17) Why, in fact, only life is considered creative a rtist or artist? (18) After all artist and painter you can be in any business.

(13) Slim ascent, creative emancipation personality can be hindered by any spiritual, family, social or global discord, any nonsense, which, by the way, are different.

C) Antonyms-3.

(20) The halo of the exclusivity of a particular profession, division of labor according to principles such as "Honorary-disrespectful", "Interesting-not interesting", it just encourages the idea of ​​the inaccessibility of creativity for everyone and for everyone. (21) But this quite suits the supporters of the leveling of the personality, who single out the faceless crowd of mediocre people and oppose talented people to it.

G)Social and political vocabulary - 8 (need, "personality", "orientation", "principles").

Answer: 7638.

Algorithm for the task number 26.

Language means of expressiveness .

• Learn the meaning of the terms practice in finding them in the test. This is the first condition for doing a good job.
• Imagine clearly term groups: paths, lexical, syntactic means, techniques (figures).
• Read the assignment carefully... It often already happens prompt.
• If you need to find TRAILS, select them for yourself from the list. Remember these are words figuratively.
• Try to find the one that is in the given sentences.
• The list of terms has been reduced. We are looking for the next means of expression, for example, syntactic... From the list we find something that is somehow connected with punctuation marks.
• Further, the range of terms became even narrower. We are looking for, for example, lexical means(these are synonyms, antonyms of phraseological units, various vocabulary).
• But it also happens that it is not indicated which ones withmeans you need to search (lexical, syntactic). Then look to the hint in parentheses.

In the example above, we read: “in the text there is a wide used a (D) _____, for example, "need", "personality", "orientation", "principles", etc. ".

As you can see, there is no clear indication of what to look for, but words are given in brackets, in addition, the word "used" is in g. kind. Therefore, "political vocabulary" is appropriate here.< Назад

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Speech. Expression analysis.

It is necessary to distinguish tropes (figurative and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Usually, in the review of task B8, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets either in one word, or in a phrase in which one of the words is italicized.

synonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words close in meaning	soon - soon - the other day - not today, tomorrow, in the near future
antonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are opposite in meaning	they never said you to each other, but always you.
phraseological units- stable combinations of words close in lexical meaning to one word	at the end of the world (= "far"), the tooth does not fall on the tooth (= "frozen")
archaisms- obsolete words	squad, province, eyes
dialecticism- vocabulary common in a certain territory	kuren, gutarit
bookstore, colloquial vocabulary	daring, companion; corrosion, management; waste money, hinterland

Trails.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

Types of trails and examples for them in the table:

metaphor- transfer of the meaning of a word by similarity	dead silence
impersonation- assimilation of any object or phenomenon to a living being	dissuadedgolden grove
comparison- comparison of one object or phenomenon with another (expressed through conjunctions like, like, like, comparative adjective)	bright as the sun
metonymy- replacement of a direct name with another by contiguity (i.e., based on real connections)	Fizz of frothy glasses (instead of: frothy wine in glasses)
synecdoche- using the name of the part instead of the whole and vice versa	the lonely sail turns white (instead of: boat, ship)
periphrase- replacement of a word or group of words to avoid repetition	author of "Woe from Wit" (instead of A.S. Griboyedov)
epithet- the use of definitions that add imagery and emotionality to the expression	Where are you galloping, proud horse?
allegory- the expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images	scales - justice, cross - faith, heart - love
hyperbola- exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty of what is described	in one hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing
litotes- understating the size, strength, beauty of what is described	your spitz, adorable spitz, no more than a thimble
irony- the use of a word or expression in the opposite sense of the literal one, for the purpose of ridicule	Where, clever, are you wandering, head?

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

epiphora- repetition of words at the end of sentences or lines following each other	I would like to know. Why am I titular counselor? Why exactly titular counselor?
gradation- construction of homogeneous members of the sentence to increase the meaning or vice versa	came, saw, conquered
anaphora- repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or lines following each other	Irontruth - alive to envy, Ironpistil, and iron ovary.
pun- play on words	It was raining and two students.
rhetorical exclamation (question, appeal) - an exclamation, interrogative sentence or a sentence with an appeal that does not require a response from the addressee	Why are you standing, swaying, a thin rowan? Long live the sun, let the darkness hide!
syntactic parallelism- the same structure of sentences	young people have a road everywhere, the elderly are honored everywhere
multi-union- repetition of redundant union	And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger Years have spared the winner ...
asyndeton- building complex sentences or a number of homogeneous members without unions	They flash past the booth, women, Boys, benches, lanterns ...
ellipsis- omission of an implied word	I'm behind a candle - a candle in the stove
inversion- indirect word order	Our amazing people.
antithesis- opposition (often expressed through the conjunctions A, BUT, HOWEVER or antonyms	Where the table was of food, there is a coffin
oxymoron- combination of two conflicting concepts	living corpse, ice fire
citation- transfer of other people's thoughts, statements in the text, indicating the author of these words.	As stated in the poem by N. Nekrasov: "Below a thin blade of grass you have to bow your head ..."
questioningly-reciprocal the form expositions- the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them	And again the metaphor: "Live under minute houses ...". What does this mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction
ranks homogeneous members of the proposal- enumeration of homogeneous concepts	He was awaited by a long, serious illness, retirement from sports.
parceling- a sentence that is divided into intonational-semantic speech units.	I saw the sun. Above your head.

Remember!

When completing assignment B8, it should be remembered that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. you restore the text, and with it the semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with omissions, etc.

It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Analysis of the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it constantly renews itself and thus enables billions of passengers to travel over millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying in a spacecraft through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we put this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the World Ocean. (5) If, on a small spacecraft, astronauts fussily start cutting the wires, unscrewing screws, drilling holes in the casing, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) They are wound up, multiply, teeming with microscopic beings on a planetary, and even more so on a universal scale. (10) They accumulate in one place, and deep ulcers and various growths immediately appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to bring a drop of harmful (from the point of view of land and nature) culture into the green fur coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barrack, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their job, eating up the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning rivers and oceans with their poisonous substances, the very atmosphere of the Earth.

(13) Unfortunately, such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication of a person with nature, with the beauty of our land, turn out to be just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress. (14) On the one hand, a person, twitched by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, overcrowding, a huge flow of artificial information, is weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this outside world itself is brought into such a state that sometimes it does not invite a person to spiritual communication with him.

(15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use a trope such as ________. This image of the "cosmic body" and "cosmonauts" is key to understanding the author's position. Discussing how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." ______ ("scurry, multiply, do their job, eating up the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning rivers and oceans with their poisonous substances, the very atmosphere of the Earth") convey the negative deeds of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that the author is far from indifferent to everything said. Used in the 15th sentence ________ "original" gives the reasoning a sad ending that ends with a question. "

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and plug-in constructions
4. irony
5. expanded metaphor
6. parceling
7. question-answer form of presentation
8. dialecticism
9. homogeneous members of a sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first - epithet, litota, irony, detailed metaphor, dialectism; the second - introductory words and plug-in constructions, parcellation, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous terms of the sentence.

It is better to start the assignment with omissions that do not cause difficulty. For example, gap number 2. Since the whole sentence is presented as an example, it is most likely that some syntactic facility is implied. In a sentence "Scurry, multiply, do their job, eating up the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans with their poisonous substances, the very atmosphere of the Earth" rows of homogeneous members of the sentence are used : Verbs scurry, multiply, do business, gerunds eating away, depleting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “pass” in the review indicates that the word in the plural should be in place of the omission. The list contains plural introductory words and plug-in constructions and homogeneous term sentences. Careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without losing their meaning are absent. Thus, at the place of pass number 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the proposal.

In pass number 3, the numbers of sentences are indicated, which means that the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parceling can be immediately "discarded", since the authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. There remain introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in sentences: in my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In the place of the last pass, it is necessary to substitute the masculine term, since the adjective "used" must agree with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example " original "... The terms masculine are epithet and dialectic. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Referring to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "Original disease"... Here the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, therefore we have an epithet in front of us.

It only remains to fill in the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences, where the image of the earth and us, humans, is reinterpreted as the image of the cosmic body and astronauts. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not a lithote, but rather the opposite, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the catastrophe. Thus, the only possible option remains - a metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another on the basis of our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, sang on his accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: "Valery Petrovich, higher!" (H) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and, although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet-red, like a clown's. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said: "He looks like Ksyushkin's dad!"

(6) And I, first in kindergarten, and then in school, bore the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know who have some kind of fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid accordion. (8) I would play for myself at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often confused, he gave a thin, feminine oykal, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink into the ground out of shame and behaved emphatically cold, showing by my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. (12) I got otitis media. (13) I was screaming in pain and hitting my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way, we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver screeching like a woman began to shout that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed shrilly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) Father asked how much was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, kept repeating: "What a fool I am!" (19) Father thought and quietly said to mother: "We need all the courage!" (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a blizzard of a snowflake. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed shut behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, clanging its jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car rocked in gusts of wind, snow was crumbling down the frosty windows with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomedly into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I do not know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was illuminated by the bright light of headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and saw my father through my eyelashes. (27) He took me in his arms and hugged me. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I was dozing in his arms and in my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And he suffered from bilateral pneumonia for a long time.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, decorating the Christmas tree, I always cry. (ZZ) From the darkness of the past, my father comes to me, he sits under the tree and lays his head on the button accordion, as if furtively wants to see his daughter among the dressed-up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and I also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.

(According to N. Aksyonova)

Read the fragment of the review based on the text that you analyzed in assignments A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.

The sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review at the place of the gaps, write down in answer form No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell.

"The use by the narrator to describe the blizzard of such a lexical means of expression as _____ ("Terrible blizzard", "Impenetrable darkness "), gives the picture depicted expressive force, and such tropes as _____ (" pain circled me "in sentence 20) and _____ (" the driver shrieked like a woman began to scream "in sentence 15) convey the drama of the situation described in the text ... A technique such as _____ (in sentence 34) increases the emotional impact on the reader. "

Expressiveness of Russian speech. Expression tools.

Figurative and expressive means of language

TRAILS -the use of the word in a figurative sense. Lexical argument

List of trails	The meaning of the term	Example
Allegory	Allegory. The trail, which consists in an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a concrete, life image.	In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - a wolf.
Hyperbola	Exaggeration-based artistic depiction	Eyes are huge, like searchlights (V. Mayakovsky)
Grotesque	The ultimate exaggeration, giving the image a fantastic character	The mayor with a stuffed head at Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Irony	Mockery, which contains an assessment of what is being mocked. A sign of irony is a double meaning, where the true will not be directly expressed, but the opposite, implied.	Where, clever, are you wandering your head? (I. Krylov).
Litotes	A medium of artistic depiction based on understatement (as opposed to hyperbole)	Waists are no thicker than a bottle neck (N. Gogol).
Metaphor, expanded metaphor	Hidden comparison. A kind of path in which individual words or expressions converge in the similarity of their meanings or in contrast. Sometimes the whole poem is an expanded poetic image.	With a sheaf of your oat hair You took me forever. (S. Yesenin.)
Metonymy	A kind of path in which words converge according to the contiguity of the concepts denoted by them. A phenomenon or object is depicted using other words or concepts. For example, the name of the profession is replaced by the name of the tool of activity. Many examples: transfer from a vessel to its contents, from a person to his clothes, from a settlement to residents, from an organization to participants, from an author to works	When the coast of hell Will take me forever, When the Pen falls asleep forever, my joy ... (A. Pushkin.) I used to eat on silver, on gold. Well, eat another plate, son.
Impersonation	Such an image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings, the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel	What are you howling about, wind night, Why are you so madly complaining? (F. Tyutchev.)
Periphrase (or periphrase)	One of the tropes, in which the name of an object, a person, a phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its signs, the most characteristic, enhancing the figurativeness of speech	King of beasts (instead of a lion)
Synecdoche	A type of metonymy, which consists in transferring the meaning of one object to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: a part instead of a whole; whole in the meaning of a part; singular in the meaning of common; replacing a number with a set; replacement of a species concept with a generic one	All flags will visit us. (A. Pushkin.); Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts. We all look to Nap oleona.
Epithet	Figurative definition; a word that defines an object and emphasizes its properties	Dissuaded the grove golden Birch cheerful tongue.
Comparison	A technique based on comparing a phenomenon or concept with another phenomenon	The immature ice on the icy river is like melting sugar. (N. Nekrasov.)

SPEECH FIGURES

The generalized name of stylistic devices in which the word, unlike the tropes, does not necessarily appear in a figurative meaning. Grammatical argument.

Figure	The meaning of the term	Example
Anaphora (or mononugy)	Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas.	I love you, Peter's creation, I love your strict, slender look ...
Antithesis	Stylistic device of contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. Often based on the use of antonyms	And the new so denies the old! .. It is aging before our eyes! Shorter than the skirt. Longer already! Leaders are younger. Older now! Kinder manners.
Gradation	(gradualness) - a stylistic tool that allows you to recreate events and actions, thoughts and feelings in the process, in development, in increasing or decreasing significance	I do not regret, do not call, do not cry, Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.
Inversion	Permutation; stylistic figure, consisting in violation of the general grammatical sequence of speech	By the doorman he shot up the marble steps like an arrow.
Lexical repetition	Intentional repetition of the same word in the text	Excuse me, excuse me, excuse me! And I forgive you, and I forgive you. I do not hold any grudge, I promise you this, But only you, too, forgive me!
Pleonasm	Repetition of similar words and phrases, the pumping of which creates a particular stylistic effect.	My friend, my friend, I am very, very sick.
Oxymoron	A combination of words that are opposite in meaning, not combined with each other.	Dead souls, bitter joy, sweet sorrow, ringing silence.
Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal	Techniques used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical question is asked not in order to get an answer to it, but for an emotional impact on the reader. Exclamations and addresses enhance emotional perception	Where do you gallop, proud horse, And where will you drop your hooves? (A. Pushkin.) What a summer! What a summer! Yes, it's just witchcraft. (F. Tyutchev.)
Syntactic parallelism	A technique consisting in a similar construction of sentences, lines or stanzas.	I lookat the future with fear, I look at the past with longing ...
Default	A figure that allows the listener to guess and think about what will be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.	You will go home soon: Look ... But what? My fate, To tell the truth, very Nobody is concerned.
Ellipsis	A figure of poetic syntax based on the omission of one of the members of a sentence, easily reconstructed by meaning	We villages - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows. (V. Zhukovsky.)
Epiphora	Stylistic figure opposite to anaphora; repetition at the end of verse lines of a word or phrase	Dear friend, and in this quiet Home. The fever hits me. Can't find a place for me in the quiet Home near a peaceful fire. (A. Blok.)

Vocabulary Vocabulary

Lexical argument

Terms	Meaning	Examples of
Antonyms, contextual antonyms	Words that are opposite in meaning. Contextual antonyms - it is in context that they are opposite. Outside the context, this opposition is lost.	Wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire ... (A. Pushkin.)
Synonyms, contextual synonyms	Words that are close in meaning. Contextual synonyms - it is in the context that they are close. Out of context, intimacy is lost.	To desire - to want, to have a desire, to strive, to dream, to crave, to hunger
Homonyms	Words that sound the same, but have different meanings.	Knee - the joint that connects the thigh and lower leg; birdsong passage
Homographs	Different words that matched in spelling, but not in pronunciation.	Castle (palace) - lock (on the door), Torment (torment) - flour (product)
Paronyms	Similar in sound, but different in meaning	Heroic - heroic, double - dual, effective - valid
Words in a figurative sense	In contrast to the direct meaning of the word, stylistically neutral, devoid of imagery, the figurative is figurative, stylistically colored.	Sword of justice, sea of ​​light
Dialectisms	A word or phrase that exists in a certain area and is used in speech by the inhabitants of this area	Potato pancakes, shanezhki, buryaks
Slang	Words and expressions that are outside the literary norm, belonging to some kind of jargon - a type of speech used by people united by a commonality of interests, habits, and occupations.	Head - watermelon, globe, saucepan, basket, pumpkin ...
Professionalism	Words used by people of the same profession	Galley, boatswain, watercolor, easel
Terms	Words intended to denote special concepts of science, technology and others.	Grammar, Surgical, Optics
Book vocabulary	Words that are characteristic of written speech and have a special stylistic coloring.	Immortality, stimulus, prevail ...
Vernacular vocabulary	Words, colloquial use, characterized by some roughness, reduced character.	Doodle, fluffy, wiggle
Neologisms (new words)	New words that arise to denote new concepts that have just emerged. Individual author's neologisms also appear.	There will be a storm - we will argue And we will help her.
Obsolete words (archaisms)	Words displaced from modern language others, denoting the same concepts.	Fair - excellent, zealous - caring, foreigner - foreigner
Borrowed	Words transferred from words of other languages.	Parliament, Senate, MP, Consensus
Phraseologisms	Stable combinations of words, constant in meaning, composition and structure, reproduced in speech as whole lexical units.	To twist the soul - to be hypocritical, to beat the baklou-shi - to mess around, in haste - quickly

EXPRESSIVE EMOTIONAL Vocabulary

Conversational.	Words that have a slightly reduced stylistic coloring in comparison with neutral vocabulary, characteristic of the spoken language, emotionally colored.	Dirty, screamer, bearded man
Emotionally colored words	Evaluationcharacter, having both positive and negative connotations.	Adorable, wonderful, disgusting, villain
	Emotional words with suffixes.	Nice little hare, umishko, brainchild

IMAGING POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

Grammatical argument

1. Expressive usage case, gender, animation, etc.	Something air it is not enough for me, I drink the wind, I swallow the fog ... (V. Vysotsky.) We are resting in Sochach. how many Plyushkin divorced!
2. Direct and figurative use of verb tense forms	ComeI went to school yesterday and see ad: "Quarantine". Oh and was delighted I am!
3. Expressive use of words of different parts of speech.	Happened to me most amazing history! I got unpleasant message. I was visiting at her place. The cup will not pass you this.
4. The use of interjections, onomatopoeic words.	Here is closer! They are jumping ... and into the yard Eugene! "Oh!"- and lighter than the shadow Tatiana jump in another canopy. (A. Pushkin.)

SOUND EXPRESSION

Means	The meaning of the term	Example
Alliteration	Reception of pictorial enhancement by repetition of consonants	Hissfrothy glasses And punch flame blue ..
Alternation	Alternating sounds. Mena of sounds that occupy the same place in a morpheme in different cases of its use.	Tangent - to touch, to shine - to shine.
Assonance	Reception of pictorial enhancement by repetition of vowel sounds	The thaw is bored to me: the stench, the mud, in the spring I am sick. (A. Pushkin.)
Sound writing	Reception of enhancing the pictoriality of the text by constructing phrases and lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture	For three days it was heard as on the road boring, long Joints were tapped: east, east, east ... (P. Antokolsky reproduces the sound of wagon wheels.)
Onomatopoeia	Imitation with the help of sounds of language the sounds of animate and inanimate nature	When the thunder of the mazurkas thundered ... (A. Pushkin.)

IMAGINATIVE POSSIBILITIES OF SYNTAX

Grammatical argument

1. Rows of homogeneous members of the proposal.	When empty and weak a person hears a flattering review about his dubious merits, he revels your vanity, conceited and absolutely loses its tiny ability to be critical of its deeds and to his person.(D. Pisarev.)
2. Sentences with introductory words, appeals, isolated members.	Probably,there, in native places, just like in my childhood and youth, kupavas bloom on swamp backwaters and reeds rustle, who made me their rustle, with their prophetic whispers that poet, who I have become, who I was, who I will be when I die. (K. Balmont.)
3. Expressive use of sentences of different types (complex-subordinate, complex-composed, non-union, one-piece, incomplete, etc.).	They speak Russian everywhere; this is the language of my father and my mother, this is the language of my nanny, my childhood, my first love, almost all moments of my life, which entered my past as an integral property, as the basis of my personality. (K. Balmont.)
4. Dialogue presentation.	- Well? Is it true that he is so handsome? - Surprisingly good, handsome, you might say. Slender, tall, blush all over the cheek ... - Right? And I thought his face was pale. What? What did he look like to you? Sad, thoughtful? - What do you? Yes, I have never seen such a madman. He took it into his head to run into the burners with us. - Run into the burners with you! Impossible!(A. Pushkin.)
5. Parcelling - a stylistic method of dismemberment in the production of a phrase into parts or even separate words in order to give speech an intonation expression by means of its abrupt pronunciation. Parceled words are separated from each other by periods or exclamation marks, subject to the remaining syntactic and grammatical rules.	Freedom and brotherhood. There will be no equality. No one. Nobody. Not equal. Never.(A. Volodin.) He saw me and froze. I was numb. He fell silent.
6. Non-union or asyndeton - deliberate omission of unions, which gives the text dynamism, impetuosity.	Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts. People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there was a war. To be afraid of wolves - not to go to the forest.
7. Multi-union or polysindeton - repeating unions serve for the logical and intonational emphasis of the sentence members connected by unions.	The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and shone, and went off somewhere into infinity. I will either cry, or scream, or faint.

Tests.

1. Choose the correct answer:

1) On that white April night Petersburg I saw Blok for the last time ... (E. Zamyatin).

a) metaphor b) hyperbole) metonymy

2.Then you get cold in the glitter of moonlit varnish,

Then you moancovered with foam wounds.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) alliteration b) assonance c) anaphora

3. I drag myself in the dust - and I wind in the heavens;

Everyone in the world is alien - and the world is ready to embrace. (F. Petrarch).

a) oxymoron b) antonyms c) antithesis

4 let it fill up for years

life quota,

costs

only

remember this miracle,

tears apart

mouth

yawn

wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) hyperbolab) litotaav) personification

5. Choose the correct answer:

1) It was drizzling with bubbly rain, so airy that it seemed that it did not reach the ground and haze of water dust blurred in the air. (V. Pasternak).

a) epithet b) comparison c) metaphor

6.And in autumn days does not extinguish the flame that flows with life in the blood. (K. Batyushkov)

a) metaphor b) personification c) hyperbole

7. Sometimes he falls in love passionately

In his dressy sadness.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

a) antithesis ab) oxymoron c) epithet

8.Diamond is polished by diamond,

The string is dictated by the string.

a) anaphora b) comparison c) parallelism

9. On the assumption of such a case, you should have plucked the hair out of your head by the root and streams ... what am i saying! rivers, lakes, seas, oceans tears!

(F.M.Dostoevsky)

a) metonymy b) gradation c) allegory

10. Choose the correct answer:

1) Black tailcoats were worn apart and in heaps here and there. (N. Gogol)

a) metaphor b) metonymy c) personification

11. Sits a bum at the gate,

Opening my mouth wide

And no one can figure it out

Where is the gate, and where is the mouth.

a) hyperbolab) litotau) comparison

12.C insolent modesty looks into the eyes. (A. Blok).

a) epithet b) metaphor) oxymoron

Option	Answer

№1. Define expressive means.

3 The city celebrates its anniversary.

4 Crucian carp is not found here.

5 You could hear the Swede rejoicing.

6 We all look at Napoleons.

7 Fate plays with a man.

8 The concerns of the bees swirled around.

9 He acted with precision and precision, like a robot.

10 How smart you are!

11 The house is a terrible mess.

12 A horse the size of a cat.

№2. Define expressive means.

1 A forest giant, an elk, came out of the thicket to the edge of the forest.

2 What is he looking for in a distant country?

What did he throw in his native land?

3 I always knew it, and you knew it too, we both knew it!

4 I ask you, I beg you, I beg you.

5 Summer evenings are good.

6 Tatiana into the forest, the bear follows her.

7 Gentle wind, icy eyes, hazy dreams.

8 Buckshot fell like hail.

9 In each clove of fragrant lilac,

Singing, a bee creeps in ...

You ascended under the blue vault

Above the wandering crowd of clouds.

10 And at the door - pea jackets, greatcoats, sheepskin coats ...

11The theater is already full, the lodges shine;

Parterre and chairs, everything is boiling ...

12And Anna was in trouble. Big.

№3. Define expressive means.

1 And the waves of the sea beat against the stone with a sad roar.

2 You have resigned yourself, my spring's high-flown dreams.

3 At one hundred and forty suns, the sunset blazed.

4 Where the table was of food, there is a coffin.

5 I wondered with horror what all this would lead to.

6 The rain was sown on the forests, and on the fields, and on the wide Dnieper.

7 The young everywhere have a dear, the old everywhere we have honor.

8 Silent sorrow will be comforted.

9 Rugal Homer, Theocritus,

11He removed Bunin from the shelf.

12 The whole hall clapped deafeningly.

№4. Define expressive means.

1 Sweet bitterness of memories, young old age.

2 Love, hope, quiet glory did not live long in our deception.

3 And deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love.

4 A lonely sail gleams in the blue mist of the sea.

5 Farewell, unwashed Russia!

6 City on the Neva.

7 This was the creator of Eugene Onegin.

8 Tamara went to the theater.

9 Do you know the Ukrainian night? Oh, you don't know the Ukrainian night!

10 The wind tormented me.

11 Hut on chicken legs, a boy with a finger.

12 I also remembered faces long forgotten, I remembered abundant passionate speeches.

Answers.

№1. №2.

1 Metonymy. 1Periphrase.

2 Metonymy. 2 Parallelism.

3 Metonymy. 3 Epiphora.

4Sinekdokha. 4 Graduation.

5Sinekdokha. 5 Inversion.

6Sinekdokha. 6 Ellipsis.

7 Impersonation. 7Epitet.

8Comparison. 8Comparison.

9 Comparison. 9 Metaphor.

10 Irony. 10Sinekdokha.

11 Hyperbole. 11 Metonymy.

12Litota. 12 Parcellation.

№3. №4

1Epitet. 1 Oxymoron.

2 Metaphor. 2 Unions (ranks of homogeneous members)

3 Hyperbole. 3 Multi-Union.

4 Antithesis. 4 Inversion.

5 Inversion. 5Call.

6 Multi-Union. 6 Periphrase.

7 Parallelism. 7 Periphrase.

8 Impersonation. 8 Inversion.

9 Metonymy. 9Rhetorical question.

10 Periphrase. 10 Impersonation.

11 Metonymy. 11Litota.

12 Metonymy. 12 Anaphora.

View document content
“Lesson Expressive means of language. 10 cl. "

MAOU "Kondratovskaya secondary school"

Lesson summary in grade 11:

"Means of expressiveness of language"

Kondratovo, 2016

Russian language lesson in grade 11 (in preparation for the exam).

Lesson topic. Means of expressiveness of language.

The purpose of the lesson: develop the ability to distinguish between paths, stylistic figures and others

means of expressiveness, defining their role in the text.

During the classes.

1. Organizing time.

2 .The teacher's word.

We all love warmth, sunshine. The radiant sun will smile at all of us cheerfully if we open it.

Spelling warm-up "Sun".

Insert missing letters, explaining the conditions for choosing a spelling.

Metaphor, allegory, periphrasis, gradation, parcelling, non-union, assonance, ellipsis.

What are these words called? (These are the expressive means of language.)

What groups can we divide them into? (Paths - metaphor, allegory, periphrasis, stylistic figures of speech - gradation, parcellation, non-union, ellipsis, expressive means of phonetics - assonance.)

What can expressiveness be used for? (This is the way to express-

noisy, figurative speech.)

Teacher's word.

Every educated person, of course, should be able to assess speech behavior - his own and the interlocutors. Why is it that today, in the 21st century, journalists, scientists, linguists, psychologists, sociologists, writers, teachers feel especially acutely the speech trouble and ask the eternal Russian questions "What is to be done?" and "Who is to blame?" Why don't people who do not know their native language feel ashamed and litter it with, in their opinion, words that are "fashionable"? There are many questions. But the study of linguistics and literature, these important components of humanitarian education, is one of the ways that allow us to master the skill of human happiness and wisdom, to preserve culture.

Our native language, the richest, most accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language, according to K.G. Paustovsky's definition, is a unique, amazing phenomenon. In it, the beautiful and the ugly coexist and closely intertwine ... Continue the series of oppositions: expressive versus inconspicuous, strong versus weak, native versus foreign, majestic versus nasty, living versus dead.

What is the problem before us, before those who know the language, who are studying it? Formulate the problem as a question.

- Problem:"How to make the language the best of what is in the world - beautiful, majestic, expressive?"

How is the problem related to the topic of the lesson? Please formulate the topic of the lesson.

Please define the purpose of the lesson.

3. Conversation on the topic of the lesson.

What trails?(Paths are such speech patterns that are based on the use of words in a figurative sense.)

In 1 min. remember what paths you know, write them down.

(Epithet, personification, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, hyperbole, grotesque, litota (meiosis), synecdoche, paraphrase, allegory, irony, humor, sarcasm, satire, euphemism, etc.)

What stylistic figures?(These are special stylistic turns that go beyond the necessary norms to create artistic expression.)

In 1 minute, remember what stylistic figures you know, write them down.

(Inversion, antithesis, gradation, anaphora, epiphora, oxymoron, syntactic parallelism, parceling, ellipsis, appeal, exclamation, rhetorical question, silence, polyunion (polysindenton), ununion (asindenton), repetition (analepsis), refrain, expressive lamblourism , citation, etc.)

Remember the expressive means of phonetics (sound writing). (Alliteration, assonance, hiatus.)

4. Sheet No. 1. Task number 1. Individual work with text.

Insert the missing letters, explaining the conditions for choosing the spelling, insert the missing punctuation marks. What tropes does the author use to emphasize the contrast he creates? Examples.

Our light is wondrously arranged! He has an excellent cook, but unfortunately his mouth is so small that he can't miss more than two bites; the other has a mouth the size of the arch of the General Staff, but alas! should be content..vat..whatever (no-

be) German .. a potato dinner.

What is litota? (Litota (meiosis) is a trope containing an exorbitant understatement of an object, force, and the meaning of a phenomenon.)

What is hyperbole? (Hyperbole is a trope containing an exaggerated exaggeration of the strength, size, significance of a phenomenon.)

5. Sheet number 1. Task number 2. Pair work.

What expressive means do these examples illustrate?

1 Guys - for the axes! (ellipsis)

2 And again Gulliver. Costs. Slouching. (parceling)

3 Hair is long - the mind is short. (antithesis)

4 Carries every penny to the house. (synecdoche)

5 The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of DI Pisarev. (metonymy)

6 Diamond fountains are flying. (metaphor)

7 And the star speaks with the star. (impersonation)

8 Giant dwarf. (oxymoron)

9 I do not soar - I sit as an eagle. (comparison)

10 Night, street, lantern, pharmacy,

Pointless and dim light. (asyndeton)

11 And it is boring and sad, and there is no one to lend a hand to. (multi-union)

12 The whole room is illuminated with amber shine. (epithet)

13 On the face shone, burned, shone eyes. (gradation)

14 The sun of Russian poetry. (periphery)

15 You're so smart! (irony)

16 of Fate the verdict is fulfilled! (inversion)

Distribute expressive means in writing in a notebook into two groups: tropes and stylistic figures. Two students work on the board.

		Stylistic figures.
	synecdoche	ellipsis
	metonymy	parceling
	metaphor	antithesis
	impersonation	oxymoron
	comparison	asyndeton
		multi-union
	paraphrase	gradation
		inversion

6. Sheet number 2. Task number 3. Pair work.

In excerpts from the poems of Russian poets of the 19th and 20th centuries, find examples illustrating personification, syntactic parallelism, metonymy, comparison, metaphor, anaphora.

1 In the blue sea, waves are splashing.

The stars shine in the blue sky. (A.S. Pushkin) (parallelism)

2 My bells!

Steppe flowers!

What are you looking at me

Dark blue? (A.K. Tolstoy) (personification)

3 Whirling snow whirlwinds;

How the beast she will howl

It will cry like a child ... (A.S. Pushkin) (comparison)

4 You led swords to a rich feast;

Everything fell with a noise before you;

Europe was perishing; grave dream

Was worn over its head ... (A.S. Pushkin) (metonymy)

5 Oh, the bush has withered my head,

The song captivity sucked me in.

I am condemned to the hard labor of feelings

Turn the millstones of the poems. (S.A. Yesenin) (metaphor)

6 I swear on the first day of creation,

I swear on his last day

I swear by the shame of crime

And the triumph of eternal truth. (M.Yu. Lermontov) (anaphora)

7. Sheet number 2. Task number 4. Pair work. Determine the types of sound writing, their meaning.

Oh spring without end and without edge,

Endless dream without end. (A. Blok) (assonance - sounds and, a)

Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.

The majestic cry of the waves. (K. Balmont) (alliteration -sound in)

(The repetition of this sound in the verse gives expressiveness and musicality. This contributes to the creation of euphony. We see a kind of sound game - tautograms, when all words begin with the same letter.)

(Reading by heart the poem by F.I. Tyutchev "As over hot ash ...")

8. Sheet number 3. Task number 4. Pair work.

Define the key means of expression in the first stanza of the poem by F.I. Tyutchev.

As over hot ash

The scroll smokes and burns

And the fire is hidden and deaf

He devours words and lines.

So sadly my life is smoldering

And every day it goes away in smoke

So I gradually fade away

In unbearable monotony! ..

Oh heaven, if only once

This flame developed at will -

And, not languishing, not tormenting the share,

I would have shone - and gone out!

(expanded comparison is a type of comparison, with its help whole parts of the text are built)

9 . Sheet No. 3. Task number 5. Group work.

Create small text by inserting epithets. Their meaning in the text.

Every year the cranes from ... countries return to ... the swamp.

Over ... seas and ... steppe, over ... rivers and ...

in the forests they fly to their homeland in the spring.

... the swamp is overgrown ... with reeds and last year's sedge. In the most

... in places they arrange their nests ... cranes. It is good for them to live in the swamps. No one will disturb their peace.

(Epithets give speech imagery, emotionality, expressiveness.)

10. Express - survey.

1 A turnover in which opposing concepts are sharply opposed. (antithesis)

2 Trail consisting in replacing the usual one-word name of an object with a descriptive expression. (periphery)

3 A special arrangement of words that violates the usual order. (inversion)

4 Transfer of a name from one subject to another based on contiguity. (metonymy)

5 A word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity in any relation of two objects or phenomena. (metaphor)

6 Trail, consisting in the transfer of signs of a living creature to the phenomena of nature, object and concept. (impersonation)

7 An artistic definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in a depicted phenomenon. (epithet)

8 Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a line. (epiphora)

9 Connection of incompatible concepts. (oxymoron)

10 The same syntactic structure of sentences. (parallelism)

11 A question asked not to get an answer, but to draw attention to a phenomenon. (a rhetorical question)

12 Repetition of homogeneous consonants. (alliteration)

11. Sheet number 3. Task number 6. Pair work.

Read the text and complete task 24 of the USE test.

12. Sheet No. 4. Task number 7. Verification test.

13. Teacher's word. Output.

So, means of expressiveness perform a stylistic and pictorial-expressive function, and syntactic stylistic techniques create a special organization of speech. In order to have an emotional impact and in order to create imagery and expressiveness, word masters use the means and techniques of expressiveness of speech. You and I must remember that the native word is the basis of our spirituality, our culture. We are responsible for the present and future of the Russian language. Think. Decide. What will it be? Let it always be said about you: "This is a cultured person." A person who owns a culture of communication, who is able to speak and write correctly, beautifully and expressively.

14. Reflection. Make up synquine (sencan) on the topic "Means of Expression".

Expression tools.

Beautiful, unusual.

Decorate, describe, imitate.

"The wealth of language ... the wealth of thoughts" (N.M. Karamzin)

Treasures of speech (paths).

15. Complete the sentences.

I liked the lesson ...

I was surprised ...

I remember ...

I think that…

16. Homework. Write an essay on the text of task number 6 of the exam test.

Application.

Verification test.

1 And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman was jubilant.

2. The game was loved by the creator of Macbeth.

3. An old maple on one leg guards blue Russia.

4. The path went on virgin soil; people fell from the cliffs.

5.Hard enough Russian people,

He took out this railroad too -

Will endure everything that the Lord does not send!

Will endure everything - and wide, clear

He will make a way for himself with his chest.

6. "We will not be!" And the world at least that.

"The trace will disappear!" And the world at least that.

7 she's as fresh as spring flowers

Nurtured in the shade of an oak grove.

Like a poplar of Kiev heights,

She is slim.

8 they got together. Wave and stone

Poems and prose, ice and fire.

Not so different among themselves.

9.Meek face, transparent maiden.

10. I ate three bowls.

1.Sinekdokha. 2.Periphrase. 3. Impersonation. 4. Parallelism. 5. Anaphora. 6. Epiphora. 7. Comparison. 8. Antithesis. 9.Epitet. 10. Metonymy.

View presentation content
“To expressive means. 10 cl. "

Funds

expressiveness of language.

Completed:

teacher of Russian language and literature, MAOU "Kondratovskaya secondary school"

Baklanova N.L.

The purpose of the lesson:

develop the ability to distinguish tropes, stylistic figures and other means of expression, defining their role in the text.

Trails:

epithet, personification, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, hyperbole, grotesque, litota (meiosis), synecdoche, paraphrase, allegory, irony, humor, sarcasm, satire, euphemism, etc.

Stylistic figures:

inversion, antithesis, gradation, anaphora, epiphora, oxymoron, syntactic parallelism, parceling, ellipsis, address, exclamation, rhetorical question, silence, polyunion (polysindenton), ununion (asindenton), repetition (analepsis), refrain, expressive lexical citation, etc.

I experienced difficulties ...

I liked the lesson ...

I was surprised ...

I remember ...

I think that …

Homework.

Write an essay on the text of assignment number 7.

Paths are called turns of speech in which a word or phrase is used figuratively in order to achieve greater artistic expression. The paths are: epithet comparison metaphor personification metonymy synecdoche paraphrases hyperbole lithote

A metaphor is a word or expression used figuratively. In essence, a metaphor is a convoluted comparison that can always be “turned” into a real comparative turn. The metaphorization can be based on the similarity of a variety of features: By location: on the chest of a giant cliff, head and tail of a train, the sole of the mountain By color: gold hair, chocolate tan By size, quantity: ocean of tears, mountain of books, sea of ​​hands By nature sounds: rain drumming, saws screeching, pine groans, wind howling, neighing in response to a joke By value: pearl of poetry, golden worker, article salt By impression: warm welcome, icy look, sour mine, sweet speech By shape: onion churches, ribbon of the road

The metaphor makes the image unexpected and memorable. Find a metaphor: A candle will burn out with a golden flame of bodily wax, and a wooden clock will wheeze my twelfth hour. (S. Yesenin) A wandering crowd of clouds ... The barge of life has risen. (A. Blok) It's fun to wade along a narrow path, between two walls of high rye. The memory silently before me, its long develops a scroll. The winter lay soft and damp on the rooftops. (K. Paustovsky)

Metonymy is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on contiguity (transfer of the properties of an object to the object itself). Can be transferred: The name of the premises, the territory to the people living, working there: The whole school came to the stadium to cheer for their team. Moscow is ready to vote for its mayor again. Name of the vessel, containers for its contents: I ate two plates, asked for a third. Have another cup. Name of the substance for the product made of it: exhibition of antique porcelain; the lady is all in furs. The name of the author on his creations: I love Chekhov, Surikov's exhibition; get Bunin from the shelf. The name of the geographical point on what is produced there: she collects Gzhel; banned the sale of Borjomi The name of the tool for the actions performed by him: Their villages and fields for a violent raid he condemned to swords and fires.

Metonymic substitutions make it possible to make a thought brighter, laconic, expressive, give the depicted object visualization. Find the metonymy: Well, eat another plate, my dear! No, my Moscow did not go to him with a guilty head. Amber on the pipes of Constantinople, Porcelain and bronze on the table, And, pampered feelings of joy, Perfume in faceted crystal. And hardly anyone in the city slept: At night cannon thunder rumbled. No sleep! The whole capital prayed that the Neva returned to the banks. The windows were covered with antique bronze. The theater is already shining ... The audience listened to every word of the lecturer. I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero.

Explain what the metonymic transference is based on in the following sentences: A scepter and a golden robe awaited him. The fox coat squealed thinly and piercingly. The whole room clapped deafeningly. The pen was seething with passion. Truth cannot be obtained with a fist. He returned as an old, exhausted man and dropped anchor on the steep ocean shore, where a quiet village dozed peacefully. The multi-storey hall trembled, And, full of youth, He applauded the Paradise Singer, Then - the stalls and boxes.

Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: more instead of less, less instead of more. Name: instead of a whole object, only a part of it, or a whole instead of a part, or a singular instead of a plural, or a certain number instead of an indefinite one.

Find the synecdoche in sentences Where even the strongest breaks, the flexible will bend, but will stand. Forgot the Russian bayonet and snow, Buried their glory in the desert. We need a roof over our heads. We haven't seen each other for a hundred years. He was buried in the globe, and he was only a soldier. The lonely sail is whitening ... And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman was jubilant. Millions for you. Us - darkness and darkness and darkness. We are all looking at Napoleons. It is my turn, behind me was a red jacket, and in front of me is this white beret. He is ready to run after every skirt. The suspicious trousers were already far away. And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman was jubilant.

Comparison. This technique consists in assimilating a phenomenon to another Comparisons are expressed in various ways: in the instrumental case and every day goes away in smoke The form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb, the soul of her marshmallow is quieter Turns with comparative conjunctions (as if, as if, as if, as if ): Crazy years, extinct fun is hard for me, like a vague hangover. Lexically (using words like, similar): Your eyes are like stars

An epithet is an artistic, figurative definition, the purpose of which is not so much to provide information as to create an image, to convey the author's attitude. adverbs (it is lonely in the wild north); verbal participles (waves rush, thundering and sparkling) Epithets are conventionally divided into pictorial (highlight the essential aspects of the depicted) and lyrical (the author's attitude to the depicted is expressed): "in a cloudy sky" and "images of soulless people flash" In folklore, there are constant epithets: the sun is red , the wind is violent, good fellow

Periphrase (periphrase) - a turnover consisting in replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features (the king of beasts - a lion, Peter's creation - Petersburg, the Celestial Empire - China Find the periphrase corresponding to the indicated nouns: Muse Winter Prometheus Swede Saber Goose Pushkin Homer Microscope youth Savior Capitol Shining steel The sun of Russian poetry Spring of human life Gray-haired sorceress Parnassian goddess Descendant of the brave Vikings Levenguk's magic device Chained to a rock Titan Immortal creator of the Iliad

Hyperbole is a figurative expression containing an exaggerated exaggeration of size, strength, meaning. Litota is an expression that, in contrast to hyperbole, contains an exorbitant understatement of the size, strength, and significance of any phenomenon. Determine whether there is a hyperbole or a litota in front of you: Petya was silent and until the evening was quieter than water, below the grass. Below a thin blade of grass you need to bow your head. Tom Thumb. In one hundred and forty suns, the sunset blazed. I live a stone's throw from the metro. He has not an ounce of talent. A cucumber, the size of a leaning tower of Pisa, stands on the horizon. A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. Snow poured from the sky in pounds. Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon.

Antithesis is a stylistic figure that serves to enhance the expressiveness of speech by sharply opposing concepts, thoughts, images: Find the antithesis in each of these sentences. 1) Who is made of stone, who is made of clay - and I silver and sparkle. 2) This path is light and darkness, a robber whistle in the glades. 3) And her tears are water, and blood is water, - in the blood, in tears she washed! Not a mother, but a stepmother Love: do not wait for judgment or mercy. 4) I look into the ages, I live in minutes. 5) From others I praise, what ash, from you and blasphemy, praise.

Gradation is a stylistic figure, consisting in such an arrangement of parts of the statement, in which each subsequent one contains an increasing or decreasing semantic or emotionally expressive meaning, due to which an increase or decrease in the impression they produce is created.Find a gradation in sentences Autumn feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, not similar to anything. I knew beauties inaccessible, cold, pure as winter, implacable, incorruptible, incomprehensible to the mind. Huge blue eyes shone, burned, shone. I hope, I believe: shameful prudence will never come to me. On the assumption of such a case, you should ... emit streams ... what am I saying! Rivers, lakes, oceans of tears!

Inversion is a stylistic figure consisting in breaking the usual word order; rearrangement of parts of the phrase gives it a kind of expressive shade. Find inversions in sentences. He replaced the old corvée with a light one with a yarem. I felt an insane anxiety of love. The dinners he set were excellent. He gave me his hand goodbye. His sharpness and subtlety of intuition amazed me. Then my friend burned out with shame.

A rhetorical question is a stylistic figure, the construction of speech, in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not imply an answer, it only enhances the emotionality of the statement, its expressiveness: Who is not affected by the novelty? (A. Chekhov.) Multi-Union is a stylistic figure. Slowing down speech by forced pauses, the multi-union emphasizes individual words, enhances its expressiveness: I either cry, or scream, or faint. (A. Chekhov.) Oxymoron- stylistic figure, consisting in the combination of two concepts, contradicting each other, logically excluding one another: bitter joy, ringing silence, eloquent silence. Find examples of oxymoron in the following sentences. And the impossible is possible, the road is long and easy. But I soon grasped the mystery of their ugly beauty. Silence rumbles, not hearing my words.

Parallelism is the same syntactic construction of neighboring sentences or segments of speech. Find examples of parallelism in the following sentences. These poor villages, this meager nature, are the land of native patience, the land of the Russian people. The stars are praying, twinkling and thinning, a month is praying, floating on the azure, light clouds, twisting, do not dare to attract storms from the dark earth to them. The hazy midday breathes lazily, the river rolls lazily, and the clouds melt lazily in the fiery and clean firmament. I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing.

Parcellation is such a division of a sentence, in which the content of the utterance is divided into several speech units, following one after the other after a dividing pause: He soon quarreled with a girl. And that's why. (G. Uspensky.) Mitrofanov grinned, stirred the coffee. Squinted. (N. Ilyina.) Anaphora - unity of command (scheme A ... A ...), the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of some verses, stanzas or phrases. ("The heat stood up like a wall. The heat choked him with his hot hands. The heat drove him crazy ...") Epiphora - repetition at the end of a phrase, sentence, line, stanza. Dear friend, and in this quiet house, Fever hits me. I cannot find a place in a quiet house Near a peaceful fire. (A. Blok) Anadiplosis (pickup) - the repetition of the last word (group of words) of the previous sentence at the beginning of the next. ("Then he softly sang a song. The song his mother taught him.")

1. In what case is the wrong definition of the trail given? A) Metaphor is a pictorial technique based on the fact that a word or expression is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. B) Metonymy is a pictorial technique based on the fact that a word or expression is used in a figurative meaning based on the contiguity of two objects or phenomena. C) Impersonation is a pictorial technique based on the transfer of the attributes of an object or concept to a living being. D) Comparison is a pictorial technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another.

2. In what case is an incorrect definition of a figure given? A) Antithesis is a pictorial technique based on a sharp opposition of opposing concepts, positions, images. B) Anaphora is a pictorial technique based on the repetition of a word or group of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences. C) Inversion is a pictorial technique based on changing the usual order of words in a sentence. D) Gradation is a pictorial technique based on the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in the order of increasing (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) a feature.

3. In what case is an incorrect definition of a pictorial and expressive means given? A) Oxymoron is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradicting each other. B) Litota is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action. C) Parcelling is an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image. D) Periphrase is a turnover that is used instead of any word or phrase.

Determine what means of expressiveness is used 1. The car, humming and shaking itself, rushed along ... the roads. 2. Peter I now had about three hundred amusing soldiers from the tsar's grooms, falconers and even from young men of elegant surnames. 3. Alas! He does not seek happiness and does not run from happiness! 4. Whispers, timid breathing, trills of a nightingale ... A. historicisms B. Lexical repetition C. Incarnation D. Phraseologisms E. Epithet 1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 1 c 2 a 3 b 4 e

Determine which means of expression is used 1. He was buried in the globe, and he was only a soldier. 2.Oh! Summer is red! I would love you if it weren't for the heat, dust, mosquitoes, and flies ... 3. Three! Bird three! Who invented you? 4. Curly lamb month walks in the blue grass. A. Question-answer form of presentation. B. Hyperbola. V. Multi-Union. D. Rhetorical question. E. Comparison 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e

Determine which means of expression is used 1. Brought the horses, I did not like them. 2. I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees. 3. I am for a candle - a candle in the stove. I’m for the book - that run. 4. Now I have become more stingy in desires. My life, or did you dream about me? A. Gradation B. Inversion C. Oxymoron D. Rhetorical address D. Syntactic parallelism 1 b 2 a 3 d 4 d 1 b 2 a 3 e 4 d

Determine what means of expressiveness is used 1. Here the savage lordship, without feeling, without the Law, appropriated to itself with a violent vine the labor, and property, and the time of the farmer. 2. Love, hope, quiet glory did not live long for us deception, young amusements disappeared, like a dream, like a morning mist ... 3. O you, kept by destinies for sweet love awards; love will bless your return with priceless tears. 4. While we are burning with freedom, while hearts are alive for honor, my friend, we will devote our souls to our homeland with beautiful impulses! A. Antithesis B. Lexical repetition C. Multi-union D. Rhetorical exclamation D. Epithet 1 in 2 d 3 d 4 d 1 in 2 d 3 d 4 d

Determine what means of expression is used 1. Summer withers, withers red; the days are clear; the fog spreads on a rainy night in a slumbering shadow. 2. I will see, oh friends! The people are not oppressed and Slavery, fallen by the mania of the tsar, and over the fatherland of the enlightened Freedom Will the beautiful Dawn finally rise? 3. Hooray! A nomadic despot gallops to Russia. The Savior is crying bitterly, and the whole people with him. 4. I am yours - I traded the vicious courtyard of Circe, luxurious feasts, amusements, delusions for the peaceful noise of the oaks, for the silence of the fields, for free idleness, a friend of reflection A. Anaphora B. Gradation C. Lexical repetition D. Rhetorical question D. Sarcasm 1 c 2 d 3 d 4 a

Read the excerpts from the review based on the proposed text. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in place of the gaps. (1) One of the mysterious and, perhaps, tragic features of life is that, growing up, we amazingly quickly forget the state of mind of childhood, the shades of these states. (2) In rare high moments, childhood comes to life in us. (3) But do we feel in our everyday life the understanding of childhood as something spiritually close, completely dear? (4) How many can repeat after Saint-Exupery: "I am from the country of childhood ..."? (5) “Children are poets, children are philosophers,” says J. Korczak. (6) Poets, because they rejoice greatly and grieve greatly; philosophers, because they tend to think deeply into life. (7) And then? (8) Where does it go? (9) Why, when little ones get big, poets and philosophers are rare? (E. Bogat) The main theme of this passage first of all allows us to define ______, which are repeated many times in the first paragraph. The text of E. Bogat is permeated with regret that people, growing up, lose the "state of mind of childhood." In encouraging readers to reflect on the issues raised, the author uses _______ (sentences 3, 4, 8, 9). E. Bogat tries to convey his feelings with the help of well-chosen ______ (“mysterious and tragic features of life,” “high minutes,” “amazingly fast,” etc.). To substantiate his position, the author resorts to ________ (sentence 5). List of terms: 1) metaphor 2) phraseological unit 3) keywords 4) syntactic parallelism 5) rhetorical question 6) citation 7) hyperbole 8) inversion 9) epithets 10) comparative turnover