Pesticides in agriculture and forestry are not always used correctly, which often affects the environment. In recent years, the number of bee poisonings has increased, sometimes entire apiaries die. Residues of drugs that enter the hives with nectar and pollen contaminate beekeeping products.
Chemical toxicosis (poisoning of bees with pesticides) often manifests itself suddenly, insects die without pronounced clinical signs. This usually coincides with the chemical treatments of crops. It has been established that in 95% of cases of chemical toxicosis of pollinating insects it is caused by insecticides, in 4% of cases - by herbicides; fungicides are the safest for bees. Pesticides penetrate into the body of bees with food, water, direct contact (which is the most dangerous) and fumigation.
First of all, strong bee colonies suffer due to significant losses. If the centers of poisoning are far from the apiary, then dead bees are rarely found on its territory. When poisoned nectar and pollen enter the nest, most of the intra-hive bees die, and the rest throw out the dead brood. Poisoned insects leave the hives, try to fly up, fall to the ground, crawl in front of the entrance and the hive, then they begin to cramp their limbs and die from paralysis. With a weak degree of poisoning, bees can live for several days, but due to malnutrition and digestion, they still do not survive. With chemical toxicosis, queen bees stop laying eggs and often die too.
Sometimes there is a "silent" poisoning of bees - when they are treated with pesticides of I and II hazard classes, being far from apiaries. In such cases, flying bees die before they reach the hive, and only nurses remain in the family. Bee colonies persist, but are very much weakened. Queen bees usually survive.
In order to prevent the death of bee colonies from chemical toxicosis, a toxicological assessment is currently being carried out in relation to honey bees. In the "State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals ... for 2002" included 216 insecticides. Of these, in the farms of the Orenburg region in 2002, the following were used:
Hazard class I - aktara, adonis, alpha-tsipi, danadim, rogor-S, karate, kinmiks, karbofos, sumi-alpha, sempai, ram, fury, tsipi, tsitkor, sherpa, leptocid, sharpei, chlorophos;
Hazard class II - fitoverm, decis, extra decis, regent, fastak;
Hazard class III - dimilin, mospilan, bankol, fufanon.
Hazard class IV - Virin-ENSH, Mauritius.
Organophosphate insecticides are especially dangerous for bees. Synthetic pyrethroids have a high repellant (frightening) effect on bees.
Among the herbicides used in the region in 2002, there were no preparations of I and II hazard classes, class III - grunch, the rest - IV hazard class for bees. Flowering entomophilous crops are not treated with herbicides. But if there are agricultural lands nearby that are sprayed with pesticides, there is a real danger of toxicosis from the ingress of drugs during the demolition of working solutions on entomophilous crops or natural honey plants visited by bees. Intoxication can occur when bees collect droplets of water, nectar, pollen from weeds that were treated. Herbicides have the most significant effect on bees when they come into contact directly with insects or with corollas of flowers.
Of the fungicides in 2002, the farms of the region used: I-th hazard class - oksikhom, III-rd class - tilt; all the rest are class IV.
The table shows the conditions for the use of pesticides in accordance with the hazard classes for bees.
|
Hazard Class |
Wind speed, m/s |
Border protection zone for bees, km |
Limitation of the summer of bees, hour |
|
I class - highly dangerous |
At least 4 - 5 km | ||
|
II class - moderately hazardous |
At least 3 - 4 km | ||
|
III class - low-risk |
At least 3 - 4 km | ||
|
Class IV - practically harmless |
At least 1 - 2 km |
It is desirable to carry out pesticide treatments at an air temperature below 15 °C, with drugs of hazard class I - in the early morning or late evening, and classes II - IV - in the morning and evening hours. We must not forget that tank mixtures of several pesticides are more dangerous for bees than each separately. Exceeding the established consumption rate, increasing the concentration of the working solution can significantly increase the hazard class of the drug.
The most dangerous treatment methods for insect pollinators are the application of pesticides by aerial method and aerosol generators. Spraying honey crops during flowering with pesticides is not allowed, in case of emergency, you need to take the bees to a safe area in advance.
Poisoning of bees with pesticides occurs as a result of gross violations of sanitary norms and rules during chemical protection work in agriculture (forestry), due to the lack of information for beekeepers about the time, place and nature of chemical treatments of gardens and other crops in the flowering phase during the day during mass summer bees. When using pesticides, it is necessary to follow the "Instructions for the Prevention of Bee Poisoning by Pesticides" (Moscow, GAP USSR, 1989). For 4 - 5 days, beekeepers should be notified via radio, regional newspapers about the use of drugs, indicating their hazard class, terms and treatment zones. The optimal terms should be determined for which it is necessary to remove the apiaries from the places of protective work or isolate the bees in the hive.
In turn, bee owners must coordinate the placement of apiaries with the heads of farms. The best way to prevent the loss of products and bees is to move apiaries 5-6 km from the place of chemical treatments to other honey plants, which is easily done if the apiary is placed on mobile platforms. Compliance with sanitary norms and rules during processing agricultural and forest lands with pesticides allows you to completely avoid chemical toxicosis of bees.
Anvar BATTALOV,
head of the Orenburg representative office
CJSC Firm "August"
Nectar toxicosis (nectar poisoning) is a non-contagious disease of foraging bees caused by the nectar of poisonous plants.
In nature, there are about 35 families of higher plants that are poisonous to bees. These include such as hellebore, wild rosemary, tulip, raven eye, onion, saffron, poppy, buttercups, euphorbia, broom, St. wolf wrestler, high wrestler, high larkspur, marsh marigold, noble laurel, sophora astragalus, large-leaved linden, eucalyptus, horse chestnut, Californian, common cotton, Pontic daphne, laurel, eryngium, oleander, rosemary pharmaceutical, black nightshade, wolfberry and some other plants. In addition, under adverse weather conditions, non-poisonous plants can also secrete poisonous nectar.
Nectar is heterogeneous in its chemical composition, contains cane sugar, water, and aromatic compounds. The toxicity of nectar is due to the content of alkaloids, glucosides, andromedotoxins, essential oils, saponins and a number of other components that are harmful to bees and brood, causing the death of bees. Honey that contains poisonous nectar, depending on the type of toxic substances causes poisoning bees, people and cats. In the people, such honey is called "drunk". In bees, poisonous substances that have entered the intestines with nectar are absorbed into the hemolymph, causing acute poisoning, similar to a state of intoxication in humans. Poisonous plant poisons have the property of accumulating in large quantities in the feed, which is then fed to the intrahive bees and brood, causing their death. Depending on the dose and type of poisonous substance, poisoning may be temporary., after which the bees recover. In nature, poisonous nectar is more often released after bad weather.
characteristic signs of the disease. The disease is registered in late May or early June and lasts no more than 25 days. The appearance of the disease is facilitated by unfavorable environmental factors that negatively affect the honey flow (cooling, drought, rains). Depending on the type and amount of the poisonous substance that has entered the body of the bee, the disease can be acute or slow. At acute illness during the day, all flying bees fall ill. They lie or crawl in large numbers near the hive, there are no changes in the intestines, after a while many of the sick bees recover.
disease in bees starts with arousal, which later turns into oppression. As a result of the upcoming paralysis of the wings, legs, abdomen and whiskers, bees lose their mobility and ability to fly. The beekeeper, observing such bees that remain alive for a long time, notes in them rare weak movements of the limbs or body. When opening sick bees, they find stretched and overflowing with a transparent poisonous light yellow liquid rectum.
Clinic and course of the disease in bees, it depends entirely on the type of poisonous plants from which the bees collected nectar.
So in case of poisoning with nectar collected from henbane, as a result of the action of henbane alkaloids, bees develop strong malice, because of which bees attack people and animals. The disease lasts 15-20 days, after a week the mass death of the bees occurs.
In case of poisoning hellebore, which contains several alkaloids, the clinic manifests itself a few hours after the collection of pollen and nectar and is accompanied by paralysis of the limbs. Older bees are more resistant to poisoning than younger bees. When receiving a small dose of alkaloids, the bees recover. When eaten human such honey comes to him poisoning.
Collecting nectar and pollen from onion containing poisonous essential oils, bees experience indigestion, changes occur in the intestinal wall, egg-laying is reduced in queens and partial death of larvae is observed. With this poisoning from the bee hive comes strong putrid smell.
When drinking nectar cut buckwheat, in bees it is observed Drunk" which passes quickly.
With spring poisoning ranunculus, due to the poisonous volatile substance of the anemola bee lose the ability to fly, circling on the ground around the hive. These bees have the wings are spread, the proboscis is extended, the abdomen is reduced. When poisoned by buttercup pollen, the beekeeper finds a large number of bee corpses around the hive. The bee family weakens and dies as a result of protein deficiency.
Linden large-leaved. In case of poisoning with nectar and pollen, especially in old bees, paralysis symptoms, under the trees the beekeeper finds a large number of bees, which no hairs, convulsively moving and unable to fly.
Eucalyptus. Poisoning occurs as a result of exposure to the body of bees of essential oils, when collecting pollen from eucalyptus bees turn black, their abdomen increases and the ability to fly is lost.
Horse chestnut, California. Poisoning in bees occurs in dry weather when bees, as a result of eating poisonous pollen and nectar containing a mixture of saponins, experience poisoning with a clinic of convulsions, loss of hairs, inability to fly. Sick bees are expelled from the hive. Young bee brood due to body deformities pupae die. Young bees emerging from the remaining cells often do not have legs or wings they are smaller than healthy bees. Young uterus due to the ugly structure become tinder.
With nectar toxicosis, in some cases, poisoned bees recover within a day, in other cases, depending on the type of poisonous nectar, they die in large quantities after 7-10 days of the poisonous nectar entering the bees' organisms. IN severe cases nectar pollen poisoning besides foraging bees, young bees, drones, queens and 3-6 day old larvae die in the hive. Bees in the hive such sick and dead bees are quickly removed from their hive. The beekeeper finds such dead bees in large numbers near the hive. In addition, beekeepers find corpses and dead bees throughout the apiary and on the way to the place of nectar collection and back.
Diagnosis on nectar toxicosis put on the basis of clinical signs of the disease, infectious and invasive diseases of honey bees are excluded. With this disease, there are no changes in the intestines. In order to confirm nectar toxicosis, the beekeeper sends sick and dead bees to the veterinary laboratory for analysis, as well as 100 grams of fresh nectar, tightly closed, in a glass jar.
Control measures. When poisoning bees with poisonous nectar honeycombs with a fresh spray of nectar from the nests of families are removed and during 1-2 days the bees are fed with liquid sugar syrup. In order to save poisoned bees, the beekeeper collects them on sheets of plywood or in boxes, scatters them in a thin layer and places them in a dark room with an air temperature of 20 to 25 degrees. Such bees can be lightly sprayed with liquid warm sugar syrup (3 parts water and 1 part sugar). Sick bee colonies are given sugar syrup. By feeding sugar syrup, the beekeeper reduces the concentration of toxic substances in the nectar and contributes to the rapid recovery of the bees.
For the purpose of prevention poisoning of bees with nectar toxicosis and diverting bees from visiting poisonous plants for the period of their flowering, the beekeeper at the apiary should sow special honey plants, train bees on flowering non-poisonous vegetation. Feed bees with sugar syrup daily or every other day in liquid form (1:3), 200-300 g per family during the period of release of poisonous nectar by plants in the area.
When a large number of bees appear on the garden plot, summer residents begin to deal with uninvited guests in various ways. As a rule, these insects do not attack people and pets for no apparent reason, however, it is not so easy to protect yourself from bites. They are especially dangerous for allergy sufferers.
You can remove honey bees from the backyard territory by contacting a specialist or on your own. First you need to determine the place of settlement of insects, and then, armed with knowledge, proceed to eliminate the source of danger on the site.
All people know what a bite of a stinging insect is. It can attack not only near apiaries, but also on a personal plot, especially on hot days.
It is known that bees, unlike hornets and wasps, are not aggressors and do not attack for no reason. But, wild insects can be attracted to a certain plant or secluded place to create a nest. When bitten, the sting remains in the skin, as it has microscopic notches.
Each person has individual characteristics, so it is impossible to predict the body's reaction to poison. A bee sting is always accompanied by a sharp pain, redness of the place where the insect left the sting. In addition, the affected area of the skin may swell, and some people suffer from allergies in the form of a rash and itching. Sometimes there are signs such as a drop in pressure, the appearance of red spots on the body, and respiratory failure. Allergy sufferers are advised to stay away from apiaries, since bee venom can cause anaphylactic shock and other unpleasant consequences in them.
Extremely dangerous bee stings in the tongue, pharynx and palate, in this case, there is a gradual swelling of the oral mucosa, which prevents the access of fresh air. With multiple stings, a fatal outcome is possible, therefore you should immediately consult a doctor.
How to get rid of bees (video)
What to do if a bee stings
Most often, this honey insect does not pose a threat to human life, however, alarming symptoms cannot be ignored. First aid includes the following:
- gentle removal of the sting from the skin;
- cleansing the bite site;
- reduction of pain sensations.
It is important to know that squeezing out the sting of a bee should be done with gentle movements, avoiding damage to it. The longer it stays in the human body, the higher the degree of spread of the poison through the tissues.
First wash the affected area with clean warm water and soap, then treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide or an alcohol solution, iodine is also suitable for this purpose.
To reduce the risk of unpleasant consequences, you should immediately take an allergy remedy, and you also need to consume a large amount of liquid, water with glucose is suitable for this purpose. In case of depression of cardiac activity, an ambulance should be called.
People who are prone to allergic reactions should carefully consider their health, especially multiple bites are dangerous for them. With severe swelling of the face and neck, as well as difficulty in breathing, hospitalization is necessary, so it is not recommended to refuse it.
It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol after being stung by bees; such a remedy will not bring any benefit, but will only worsen your well-being. Before the arrival of doctors, it is allowed to use compresses from aloe juice and a mashed parsley leaf, which are applied to the affected area.
How to get rid of bees
It is difficult to drive wild insects from your site and get rid of the hive, for this you need to apply some effort. It is recommended to plan such an event at the end of winter, since the number of individuals in the colony is minimal. If the nest is found in the wall of the house, then in no case try to block the entrance to it, this action will anger the bees even more and can lead to sad consequences.
You can get rid of annoying bees in the garden by applying the following humane methods:
- construction of a solid fence;
- moving the hive to another place;
- repellent with scents.
Many people are afraid of neighboring bees that fly to their summer cottage from a nearby apiary, however, wild honey insects can also visit the flower garden. In this case, an accommodating beekeeper will move the houses to a safe distance, which will help solve the problem. In addition, the construction of a high fence of 2 to 3 meters also guarantees protection from the source of disturbance.
How to make a bee trap (video)
Removing a hive is not an easy task for a beginner and is best left to an experienced beekeeper who will take the insect family for themselves or move it away from your site. To begin with, you should prepare protective clothing with the least amount of folds and a special mesh, and you will also need thick gloves. It's no secret that bees are afraid of smoke, this simple remedy will significantly reduce their activity. Sluggish insects will not be able to attack a person, thanks to which the hive fits into a bag. It is important to securely tie it up and take it away from residential premises. Such a simple and effective method will help gardeners quickly get rid of the problem without harming pollinating bees.
You can also repel annoying insects with the help of harsh aromas. For example, special lamps with peppermint essential oil will help reduce the number of bees on the site. Knowledgeable gardeners prepare citrus decoctions to scare away bees, orange, lemon and grapefruit peels are suitable for this purpose, you can spray the product through a spray bottle. Even the pieces of peel of odorous fruits laid out near the flower bed will not be liked by insects, and they will soon leave the territory.
Some summer residents purchase ultrasonic or electronic devices to scare away bees, however, the effectiveness of these devices is small.
If the bees do not allow you to rest and relax in the country, then it is really possible to get rid of them with the help of drastic measures:
- special traps;
- spraying toxic substances;
- hive destruction.
Honey insect traps can be purchased from stores that sell gardening supplies. The device resembles a decorative lantern and is hung on a tree branch, at the same time helping to fight bees and decorating the site. Individuals that get inside the container cannot leave it.
Since wild bees pose a danger to people, the fight against them is aimed at destroying the hive. The nest is removed in compliance with safety rules and, placed in a tight bag, is burned. Professionals recommend spraying a toxic substance on the insect dwelling, which will help to quickly and easily eliminate the colony, however, chemicals should be used with extreme caution. Insecticide treatment is best scheduled for the evening, when the bees return to the nest for the night, and smoke can be used to protect against a likely attack.
We plant plants on the site that bees do not like
Honey bees are known to be very selective in choosing flowers to collect pollen from. For instance, lemon balm has a pungent smell that hard-working bees do not like. Such a plant is unpretentious and grows wherever it is planted. Small bushes decorate beds and attract people due to their pronounced aroma, it is best to plant lemon balm in a sunny place.
Lavender, a southern perennial plant resistant to heat and garden diseases, has similar properties. Large bushes with delicate flowers and a pleasant aroma will be an effective way to keep bees away from your garden.
What other plants are not tolerated by the described insects? On the backyard territory, you can plant high wormwood, its persistent smell and intimidating appearance will scare away the bee swarm for a long time. Familiar to everyone since childhood, calendula will fill the garden with a medicinal fragrance and at the same time save it from uninvited guests. Few individuals dare to sit on this flower. Some gardeners plant basil in their garden beds, the essential oils of this herb not only benefit health, but also expel insects. And you can also decorate the flower garden with red roses and poppies, which are not a desirable object for a bee.
Bees on the site (video)
This amazing insect is considered very useful and important for human health. Honey and other bee products are indispensable in the diet, however, a beehive found near a dwelling becomes an unpleasant find. To get rid of uninvited guests quickly and efficiently will help elementary rules that are available to any summer resident.
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Pesticides are used extensively throughout the world. They have become indispensable components in the technological schemes of agrotechnical work of agricultural enterprises. They are also used by many owners of household plots and gardens, summer residents.
As a result of chemical treatments of agricultural crops carried out near apiaries, bee colonies often die. In some cases, there is a delay in the spring development of bee colonies, their protective functions weaken, which activates the appearance of various diseases. As a result, all this leads to general trouble and a decrease in the productivity of apiaries, and in the future, the possibility of the very existence of the honey bee as a species in the world. Extensive areas of chemical treatment also pose a serious threat to the environment as a whole.
According to the degree of danger to bees, pesticides are divided into classifications (see tab.)
The most destructive are drugs of the 1-3rd class, less dangerous - the 4th class. However, this division is conditional. The danger of using pesticides becomes fully clear only when considering the full picture of all the factors associated with the type and mechanism of the impact of various pesticides on bees, the amount of their entry into the hives, the conditions and type of chemical treatments carried out, as well as a number of protective measures applied. Chemical plant protection products will act on bees in one case significantly, in the other less noticeably. When exposed to a pronounced poisoning effect, they quickly destroy all flying bees, sometimes preventing them from bringing the collected poisonous food to their hives. In this case, families quickly weaken. There are many combs left in them with abandoned brood, not offended by bees, and dead bees can be seen near the hives and inside them. From personal observations, I note that pesticides from the category of conditionally low-hazard cause a more detrimental effect.
It is known that under favorable weather conditions, a flying bee visits 70-200 flowers of various crops in one flight, collecting 30 mg of nectar. During daylight hours, bees make 10-15 flights from the hive, contacting plant flowers for 5-9 hours. At the same time, the collection of nectar of one bee colony in good weather per day exceeds several kilograms. From poisoning, pathological changes in bees appear gradually, first, from the initial contact with pesticides brought into the hives, the strength of families weakens, then, as they eat poisoned food reserves, they are further damaged. Thus, in the course of observations, it was noted that the effect of a less aggressive chemical introduced with forage by foraging bees can be traced on intrahive bees of all ages. Feed (nectar, pollen) is processed by bees of older ages, the so-called receivers. Then the nurse bees pass the toxins through the food into the royal jelly, the prepared food - into the food of the brood, drones and queen. Long-term consumption of poisoned food reserves entails the inevitable death of the bee colony. A fatal lesion can stretch both during the season and appear already during the wintering period without visible characteristic symptoms.
Pesticides can be on the surface of the ground parts of plants during their direct processing during the vegetation stage. Some penetrate from the cultivated soil, as well as through the leaves into plants and are kept for a long time in plant sap, nectar and pollen. These are the so-called systemic pesticides. They can act with morning dew, gather in small puddles and ponds, from which the bees will take water.
The determining value is played by the amount of pesticides entering the nectar and pollen. In the case of pollen, the likelihood of intestinal poisoning of bees in the field is less, since the pollen is collected in baskets on the hind legs. Pesticides mainly have an intestinal effect, less often - a contact one. A bee can freely bring pesticides with pollen to its colony without dying in the field.
It is important for a beekeeper to know the forms and methods of treating plants with pesticides, since some forms and methods of their application are more dangerous for bees, others less so. Large radii of treatments and a massive probability of poisoning are noticed when processing by aircraft, rather than applying them by ground machines by spraying. Border treatment zones vary depending on the degree of danger of the pesticide by 1-7 km and, according to the rules, must be marked with special warning signs at a certain visibility distance from each other. It is important to take into account when processing the speed and direction of the wind, the likelihood of rain. The absence of flowering of entomophilous crops and the flowering of wild, weed and forest vegetation in the area must be taken into account.
There is an “Instruction for the prevention of bees from pesticide poisoning”, from which I will give the main provisions. “It is strictly forbidden to treat entomophilous agricultural plants and vegetation with pesticides in forest belts during their flowering around cultivated fields. Treatments are carried out only if there are appropriate indications using ground-based low-volume spraying at a wind speed of less than 5 m / s and the drug consumption is strictly according to the norms. Processing is carried out with low-hazard pesticides, early in the morning or late in the evening at an air temperature below 15 degrees. It is allowed to use them during the day in cloudy cool weather, when the bees do not fly out of the hives. Air treatment is prohibited near populated areas and water sources.
In advance, but not less than two days before the start of each individual treatment, the administration of the farm is obliged to notify the population, the veterinary service about the places and terms of treatments, the drugs used and how they are used. Crop treatments are carried out only with preparations recommended in the “List of chemical and biological pest, plant disease and weed control agents and plant growth regulators approved for use in agriculture”. The list is approved in the regulation of pesticides used in the Republic of Belarus. All permitted pesticides and fertilizers are included in a specialized catalog approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus, which is included in the working documentation of all agro-industrial institutions. On household plots, lands of horticultural partnerships and collective plots, plants are treated with pesticides approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus for sale to the population. On individual plots of amateur gardeners, processing must also be carried out strictly according to plan on time and notify the bee owners about them.
Transportation (roaming) of bees for honey collection and pollination is carried out on the basis of veterinary and sanitary rules and additions to them. Beekeepers of public and personal apiaries place bee colonies on the territory of the farm only with the permission of the veterinary service of the district and the management of this farm. When leaving the area, beekeepers must have a veterinary certificate (form No. 1), when wandering within the area - a certificate. When placing nomadic apiaries on forestry lands, permission should be obtained from the forestry and forestry.
The system of agrotechnical measures for the prevention of bee poisoning includes, first of all, the correct use, storage and disposal of pesticides. This is achieved by fulfilling the relevant requirements stipulated by the “Safety Instructions for the Storage, Transportation and Use of Pesticides in Agriculture”. Responsibility for the correct storage of plant protection products, strict compliance with the requirements of technology and regulations for the use of pesticides in agricultural enterprises lies with the managers and agronomists of farms and enterprises.
When working with chemicals in agriculture, uniform safety signs are set up at the border of the treated area within sight of one sign from another. Signs are removed after the end of the established quarantine period.
A number of special protective measures are applied in apiaries. Their implementation depends mainly on the beekeeper and the farm manager. After receiving a notification about the upcoming chemical treatment, the beekeeper must, before it begins: take the apiary to a safe place, isolate the flight of bees from the hive (without roaming) or remove the bee colonies to the winter hut.
When isolating the bees on the spot, one day before the application of pesticides, insulation is removed from the nests, expanded with empty combs, magazine extensions and covered with a nomadic net, on which a canvas is placed. The hives are covered with roofs. In the evening, after the end of summer, or early in the morning, before summer, the entrances of the hives are completely closed, the canvases are removed from the nets. To improve the ventilation of the nest at high outdoor temperatures, the roofs of the hives on the leeward side are lifted onto planks 1.5-2.0 cm thick. For the period of plant processing, the arrival boards are removed or covered with grass, and in hot weather, grass or branches are placed on the roofs of the hives . With prolonged isolation, the entrances of the hives are completely opened at night. Instead of a mesh, the nest can be covered with a canvas of rare burlap, attached to the body with wooden planks. Water is poured into honeycombs or moistened with canvas. During isolation, the daily need of bees for water can increase two to three times (above the norm).
The isolation period increases by 1-2 days with a decrease in temperature and an increase in air humidity relative to the accepted norms in this area. The isolation of bee families in greenhouses is extended by 2-3 days. After the expiration of the time of detoxification of plants, entrances are opened in 1-2 families: if within 2-3 hours of summer signs of toxicosis do not appear in bees, entrances are opened in all families. In strong colonies, in order to avoid the park of bees in hot weather and long-term isolation, selection from colonies of forager bees can be applied. One or two days before processing, the hives are moved to new places within the apiary, and package boxes or hives with honeycombs and a queen in a cage are placed on the vacant stands. After collecting the flying bees, the queen is released, the bags or hives are cleaned in a cool place for two to three days. The main families and flying bees in packages, the nests of which are shortened and insulated, are given sugar syrup. Packages are used to form broodless layering and for other purposes.
When transporting bees to a safe area, apiaries are transported at a distance of at least 7 km from the place where pesticides are applied. The return move is possible after the flowering of the treated honey plants stops, but not earlier than 12-14 days from the date of completion of the treatment.
A.G. Shushenachev, veterinarian
In some cases, beekeepers observe the mass death of bees when collecting bribes from the plants below. The alkaloids of these plants can pass into the nectar that the bees take from the flowering plant. In this case, honey acquires a dark color (red-brown), thick consistency, bitter taste and turbidity. Honey collected from them is dangerous to humans.
Avran officinalis (Gratiola officinalis L.) from the norichnikov family (Fig. 2.31). Perennial with a creeping rhizome and erect, simple or branched stem 20-60 cm high. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, semi-amplex, up to 6 cm long. In the axils of the leaves on pedicels, single flowers up to 2 cm long. The calyx is five-parted almost to the base. The corolla is two-lipped, white, with a yellowish tube and longitudinal dark purple veins. The fruit is a broadly ovoid multi-seeded capsule 5-6 mm in size. Seeds oblong, vaguely triangular, slightly bent.
It grows in floodplain meadows, coastal sands, along the banks of reservoirs and swampy places. Blossoms in June-August, seeds ripen in July-September.
The aerial parts of the avran contain toxic glycosides gracioside (graciolin) and faciotoxin, as well as up to 0.2% alkaloids.
It is not eaten by livestock on pastures. Caught in large quantities in hay can cause poisoning. Horses are especially sensitive to it.
Aconite high (Aconite septentrionale Koelle.) from the ranunculus family (Fig. 2.32). Perennial herbaceous plant with an erect, rarely winding stem up to 1-2 m high. Rhizome, not thickened in the form of one, two or rows of cone-shaped dark brown tubers fused with each other. The leaves are large, deeply pawled, 3-9-parted into wide lobes. The flowers are dirty or grayish-violet, there are three leaflets.
More often aconites can be seen in forests and copses, in gardens and ravines, but along river banks. All parts of the plant contain the poison aconitine. The roots are the most poisonous.
Ledum marsh (Ledum palustre L.) from the heather family (Fig. 2.33). Evergreen shrub 50-100 cm tall with decumbent and rooting branches. Young branches and leaves below with rusty-felt pubescence. The leaves are alternate, leathery, linear-oblong. Inflorescence - shield. The flowers are regular, white, five-dimensional, with loose petals and a calyx.
Stamens ten, ovary superior, five-dimensional. The fruit is a dry drooping oblong box with small brownish seeds.
Distributed in the forest zone. A common plant in raised bogs. It also occurs in marshy forests, in the north of the forest zone and in more drained forests.
In some places it forms dense thickets resistant to grazing. The plant has a sharp, intoxicating smell and bitter taste, and is poisonous to livestock, however, it is eaten by sheep and goats when grazing them in forests and swamps. Eating leaves in small quantities excites the vascular and nervous system, in large doses it acts in a stunning manner.
It is noticed that sheep and goats are poisoned with signs of severe gastroenteritis. The toxic substance is wild rosemary camphor, found mainly in the leaves.
Belladonna (Atropa belladonna L.)- belladonna, sleepy dope from the nightshade family (Fig. 2.34). Perennial herbaceous plant 60-120 cm tall. The stem is branched, the leaves are wide, oval, sitting in pairs. The flowers are brown-violet (sometimes yellow), solitary, in the form of bells. The fruit is a shiny black berry with numerous rounded light brown seeds.
The plant has an unpleasant odor and is very poisonous. It grows in the Crimea and more often in the Caucasus. Belladonna is introduced into the culture and is grown as a medicinal plant. roots and stems, less and leaves, flowers and berries, contains toxic substances atropine and hyoscyamine (their highest content is noted during the flowering period).
Milestone poisonous (Cicuta virosa L.) from the celery family (Fig. 2.35). A perennial plant with a hollow, branched stem in the upper part, 50-125 cm high and a vertical thick rhizome. A distinctive feature of the plant is a reddish dull-shiny coating. The leaves are alternate, vaginal, doubly-tripinnate, dissected into narrow-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate lobes (similar to chicken feet). The flowers are small, five-dimensional, white, collected in complex umbrellas at the ends of the branches. The fruit is a two seedling with five-rib segments.
The most characteristic feature is a thick, white rhizome up to the size of a chicken egg, internally divided by transverse partitions, the voids between which are filled with yellow juice. The rhizomes of the milestone usually protrude somewhat above the soil surface and, as a result, are easily pulled out. The plant emits an odor reminiscent of parsley or celery. Blooms from June to September.
raven eye (Paris quafbifolia L.) from the lily family (Fig. 2.36). Rhizome herbaceous perennial. From the underground creeping rhizome, a stem 15-30 cm high leaves with four whorled wide-rhombic leaves located at the top of the stem. Leaves sessile, obovate. Flower solitary, four-membered, greenish-yellow at the top of the stem. The fruit is a juicy bluish-black berry. Blooms in late May - early June. Fruits in July-August.
It occurs in forest, forest-steppe zones and in mountainous regions.
The plant is poisonous and contains an amorphous type and disgustingly bitter taste poisonous saponin, parastifnin. Dangerous for all types of livestock. Berries act on the heart, leaves have anti-spasmodic properties, underground parts cause vomiting.
The unpleasant taste of grass scares away animals, but even an accidental ingestion of a crow's eye (along with other plants) leads to poisoning of horses.
buttercup caustic (Raminculus acer L.).
Buttercup poisonous (Ranunculus sceleratus).
Hellebore Lobel (white) (Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.) from the lily family (Fig. 2.37).
Perennial plant up to 1.5 m high and above. The leaves are large, covering the stem. At the base, the stem is dressed in leaf sheaths. The flowers are numerous, dark green, collected in a large paniculate inflorescence, reaching 20-60 cm in length. Short thickened vertical or oblique rhizomes are located in the soil at a depth of 10-20 cm. The rhizome is covered with long - from 0.5 to 1.5 m - cord-like adventitious roots. In the upper part of the rhizome, a renewal bud is laid in the spring, and sometimes 2-4 more buds from the sides.
Usually grows in low and wet meadows and pastures in the forest and forest-steppe zones. Contains a number of toxic substances, of which the most studied is protoveratrin. All parts of the plant are poisonous, most of all - rhizomes and roots, less - leaves and above-ground stems.
