How oats are harvested. Oat cultivation technology

In recent years, the area under oats, in particular in Ukraine, has significantly decreased, and the demand for products made from it has increased.

Oats are valuable as a food and fodder crop. Products made from oat grains are highly nutritious, easy to digest, and high in calories. These are cereals, cereals, oatmeal, muesli, etc.

Oat grain is widely used both in dietary and baby food, and in animal husbandry, as an indispensable concentrated feed for horses, poultry, and breeding animals.

Oats intended for feed in the green conveyor are sown on large areas. Effective joint crops of oats with legumes - vetch-oat or pea-oat mixtures, in which these crops complement each other. As shown by the experiments conducted by the Institute, the yield of green mass of oats with peas over the past three years amounted to 275.5 q/ha. For animal feed, straw and chaff are used, in which the nutritional value is much higher than that of other cereals.

Growth and development. Oats are a typical spring crop. Its seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of +1 - 20C, however, for the emergence of seedlings, a higher temperature is required - + 3-40C. The higher it is, the shorter the period of seed germination. Shoots of oats withstand short-term spring frosts - -5-60C. In the initial period of growth, oats grow rapidly, bush, and have good foliage. Thanks to these properties, to a greater extent than spring barley, it resists weeds.

Oats have a more developed root system than wheat and barley. Its roots already in the phase of 2-3 leaves penetrate to a depth of 70-80 cm, and during the period of grain formation - to 1.5-2 m. The absorption capacity of oat roots is also very high.

This culture is moisture-loving, but with the observance of agricultural technology, modern varieties give good yields even in our arid conditions. It has been noted that in years with insufficient moisture, the protein content in its grain is approximately 1.5 times higher than in years of sufficient moisture.

Predecessors. In crop rotations, this crop is placed after winter crops, legumes, row crops and flax. In conditions of specialization, when the saturation of field crop rotations with grain crops reaches 60-70%, oats play the role of a "orderly", as it has an increased resistance to root rot. As a crop undemanding to predecessors, oats usually closes the crop rotation.

Soil cultivation and fertilizers. An important task of soil cultivation is the complete destruction of weeds. The depth of its main processing, the number of peelings, depend on a number of factors, the main of which are the previous crop, weediness, moisture content and soil density.

The generally accepted depth of the main tillage is 20-22 cm, on fields clear of weeds it can be limited to 12-14 cm.

The root system of oats is not only well developed, but also has a high ability to absorb sparingly soluble nutrients. Therefore, it is much easier to fertilize it than barley and wheat. Oats make efficient use of soil fertility and nutrients left over from the previous crop. Of the nutrients, the best for him is nitrogen, which increases the yield and contributes to the accumulation of protein in the grain. Oats use phosphorus from sparingly soluble compounds in the soil. If possible, it is desirable to apply mineral fertilizers with a dose of N45P45 for its main treatment.

Soil cultivation in the spring is carried out in a short time. On fields that have been leveled since autumn, harrowing can be limited; on lumpy compacted fields, pre-sowing cultivation is carried out to the depth of seed placement.

Terms and methods of sowing. Terms of sowing oats - very early and early. A folk saying says: "This oats in the mud - you will be a prince." We are of the same opinion: it is necessary to sow oats as early as possible, but in “ripe” soil. The sowing method is ordinary, more effective - narrow-row. Oats with peas for green fodder are sown simultaneously in their pure form.

Seeding rates and seeding depth. Oats are sown in pure vide with a norm of 4 to 5.5 million germinating grains per hectare. In each individual case, the seeding rate should be specified based on the sowing qualities of seeds, sowing dates, moisture conditions, soil fertility and weediness of the field. In areas with fertile soil and a large supply of soil moisture during sowing, the seeding rate is increased and, conversely, if it is lacking, it is somewhat reduced. Underestimated rates should not be allowed, as this entails thinning of the stem, overgrowing with weeds and crop shortages. The normal density of seedlings, and then the stalk, is determined not only by the optimal sowing rate, but also by the quality of pre-sowing and sowing work.

The best seeding rate in mixed sowing is 25-35 kg/ha of oats and 120-180 kg/ha of peas (1.0-1.2 million oat seeds + 1.0-1.8 million pea seeds). Spring vetch with oats is sown in combination of 50 kg/ha of oats and 100 kg/ha of vetch (1.5-1.8 million oats + 1.0-1.2 million spring vetch). Oat seeds are treated against smut and other diseases with Bental (2-3 kg/t), Raxil (1.5 kg/t), Fundazol (2-3 kg/t) or other recommended disinfectants. Timely and high-quality rolling provides an increase in yield up to 3 centners per hectare.

The normal seeding depth is 4-6 cm. If the spring is wet, early, shallow seeding is sufficient, if it is dry, and also with late sowing, a deeper one is used.

Spring in our region is often dry, windy, the top layer of soil quickly loses moisture, and therefore it is necessary to roll the crops with ring-spur rollers. It improves the contact of seeds with the soil, contributes to an increase in the average daily temperature of its upper layer, and increases the moisture content of the arable layer in the area where the sown seeds are located.

Varieties. Of the oat varieties released in Ukraine, only three are recommended for the steppe zone - Skakun, Chernigovsky 27 and Chernigov 28. The Skakun variety has stood the test of time, it has been released since 1988 and is currently not being seeded in Ukraine.

The best variety for our zone is Chernigovsky 27 of the Nosovskaya Selection and Experimental Station, listed in the State Register of Varieties of Ukraine, it is the national standard. This variety is recommended for the Steppe and Polissya zone of Ukraine. Mutik variety. The panicle is 15-18 cm long, spinous ears are rare, and thin awns are almost absent. Straw of medium thickness, strong, resistant to lodging, 90-130 cm high. White caryopsis, weight of 1000 seeds - 30-38 g, medium filminess - 21-27%, uniformity - 92%, cereal yield - 55%. Taste qualities are good. Variety resistant to shedding. According to biological data, the variety is mid-season, its growing season lasts an average of 70-90 days. Among the zoned varieties, less than others are damaged by diseases and react poorly to worsening growing conditions. On the fields of the originating station, the yield was 56-59 q/ha. In the dry conditions of the summer of 2007, on the fields of the Crimean Institute, AMS received 20.9 c/ha, and in a more favorable year of 2008 - 30.4 c/ha.

Care of crops consists in the fight against weeds. With strong infestation in the tillering phase, it is more effective to use such herbicides as Bazagran (2-4 l/ha), Dialen (1.7-2.2 l/ha), Lontrel (0.2-0.6 l/ha), Cowboy (120-190 ml / ha), etc. In some cases, when there are no malicious perennials on the field, you can limit yourself to harrowing crops.

Harvesting. Mixed crops of oats with legumes are usually placed on busy fallows. It is better to start using the mixture for green fodder when the oats go into the tube. Use for feed should be immediately after mowing, as peas quickly wither. The oat-pea mixture for silage should be removed during the flowering phase of oats and the formation of beans in peas. During this period, the mixture gives the highest yield of high quality cuttings.

Oats have a somewhat extended ripening period, as the grain in the panicle ripens unevenly. Oats can be harvested both separately and by direct combining. Both cleaning methods have their pros and cons. The choice of harvesting method depends on a number of factors: sowing density, infestation, grain ripening in a panicle, availability of equipment.

Today is the time to think about purchasing oat seeds. The Crimean Institute of APP UAAS offers the elite and the first reproduction of the Chernigov 27 variety, as well as scientific support on the technology of its cultivation.

K. Zhenchenko, senior researcher of the laboratory of agriculture of the Crimean Institute of AMS.

Competent farming is a whole science. Buying a large piece of land and planting some kind of crop on it does not at all mean getting a good harvest and making a lot of money. In the agro-industrial complex, every little thing and detail is important, because agricultural crops require a special approach and care, and the land that gives them nutrients for growth and development needs processing no less than living crops.

If you are a proud land owner, big or small, and regularly plant something on it, the following information is for you. needs constant enrichment, because it can be depleted and lose its fertility. There are artificial methods, and there are plants that can rid the topsoil of and improve its mineral composition. These plants include the familiar to all of us oats. Let's find out in more detail how oats can help, when and how to sow them how - or, and what to do with grown plants.

Why sow green manure

Grown not for food and not for sale. These are plants with a special chemical composition that can restore what has been depleted by other plants and prepare it for the next harvest season. They are not collected or prepared.

Such plants are plowed into the ground shortly before the start of their flowering- when the green stems have the most other important elements.

Important! A crop such as dries out a lot during growth, so using oats as a green manure after sowing will not work - it will either take too much water during or dry out before it blooms. But before sowing it is very profitable- the stems of this juicy, nutritious and retain moisture in the soil.

Their stems quickly gain the so-called green mass, which, after plowing, will turn into, and the extensive root system captures all the upper layers of the soil, not allowing it to germinate. Those grasses that manage to germinate do not receive enough light because of the thick green manure cover and eventually die. In addition, the green manure root system penetrates well, improving the flow of melt and rainwater, oxygen into it, and also protects the fertile layer from blowing away in those regions where strong winds prevail.

Oats as green manure: what are the advantages and disadvantages

In addition to crops often grown as green manure, barley and oats are also very popular. Oats belong to one of the most ancient cereal crops; people planted it in the spring and before winter as green manure, when there was no wheat yet.

The value of oats is as follows:

1. Protein mass. Its stems are especially nutritious - they contain a lot of valuable protein, much more than and.
2. Mineral composition. There is less nitrogen in oats than in rye, but there is plenty of nitrogen in it. It enriches viscous clay soils.
3. Aeration. This cereal has a powerful root system - it loosens dense soil with powerful roots and, in addition to enrichment, guarantees oxygen enrichment.
4. strengthening. On the contrary, this root system binds loose, unsteady soils, so this cereal is good for any type of soil.
5. Herbicidal properties. Growing up, this cereal forms dense plantings, its stems are located close to each other, so none can appear between this culture - it simply drowns them out.
6. unpretentiousness. This cereal is completely undemanding to the soil, it grows on loam, black soil, peat bogs, clay and sandy soils. A farmer's dream!
7. yield. Based on one hundred square meters, the yield of this crop gives a mass equal to 100 kg of high quality.

Did you know? For the first time, oats were included in the international classification of cereals in 1753, although it has been known to farmers for thousands of years. They attributed it to the Bluegrass family because of the beautiful tassels in which flowers appear and grains ripen.

Each farmer attributes his own to the disadvantages of oats:

1. A small amount of green mass. Perhaps, in the spring, for depleted lands, one oat will not be enough as green manure, but this crop is suitable for maintaining the area where it is produced and well looked after.
2. Little nitrogen in the composition. Due to the fact that there is not very much nitrogen in this cereal, it has to be sown where alfalfa is already growing or, and then two crops are plowed at once at the same time.
3. The need for low temperatures and frequent irrigation. Oats love shade, coolness and plentiful. For regions with a cold climate and damp spring, it is suitable, and in hot weather, on the contrary, it withers and dries.

As you can see, the advantages of this green manure quantitatively outweigh its disadvantages.

Growing features

There are several secrets, knowing which, you can grow oats with a large green mass and a strong root system, without tiring the soil. The cereal planted at different times will give different nutritional values, on which the next year's harvest will depend.

Which crops are best to sow

Let's just say - cereals should not be sown before cereals. Therefore, if you are planning to lay a field, oats or wheat, this green manure will not suit you. It is not yet advisable to sow oats in the area where it will grow later. under the name "" affects both oat green manure crops and plantings, and this lack of cereal outweighs all its advantages. So that the root crop does not disappear, use it before another green manure.

If you grew up on the field last year, and this year you are planning a crop shift, oats, on the contrary, will be useful - it will destroy the residues in the soil. For all other crops, this cereal will feed the soil well, so feel free to plant bushes, sweet of different varieties, as well as sockets in enriched soil.

When and how to sow green manure

It is a cold-resistant and moisture-loving cereal. Therefore, it must be sown in a cold, damp time, best in October. As soon as the last crop is harvested from the fields, and the soil is not yet flooded with autumn rains, the seeds are applied to the ground. This cereal will not tolerate frosts, therefore, if winter is planned early, it is better to transfer the sowing to spring. If there are thirty or forty free days before frosts, the cereal will have time to gain the necessary green mass and become good - to rot and rot under the snow.

Spring sowing of green manure depends solely on the weather. In warm regions, the laying of seeds begins in February, when melt waters appear under the snow. If the winter is cold and long, oats are used as green manure at the end of March, as the frosts recede. Then just a month remains before the ripening of the stems, plowing the soil and planting crops. It is possible to enrich the soil with this green manure until September inclusive - for early and late crops. Then a monthly break is made and autumn sowing is carried out under the snow.
Before you put the seeds into the soil, treat them with a weak solutionto remove all pathogenic microflora from them and increase germination. Soak the seeds in the solution for twenty minutes and wash them under running water. It is most convenient to use gauze - the seeds do not drain with water and are well washed. The earth will have to be loosened and cleaned of old tops - it needs peace and a lot of air. Apply seeds in random order, in bulk, do not lay rulers and beds.

On a hundred square meters of land, you should take about 2 kg of oat seeds. The main thing is to distribute them evenly so that there are no bald spots in the crops. If the soil is dry, it is recommended to water it from, but always with a sprayer so that the earth does not become dense and knocked down.

Did you know? In total, the oat genus includes twenty-two names. Of these, only threeuseful and cultivated crops. The remaining nineteen are considered malicious

Oat sprouts contain vegetable protein, magnesium, zinc and iron. Sprouted grains strengthen the immune system, stimulate the production of antibodies and leukocytes, improve skin condition, and have other beneficial properties. However, due to the fact that the sprouts are quite fragile, it is extremely difficult to find such a product on sale.

Growing oats at home is not difficult. For this you will need:

• grains suitable for sprouting (hullless oats);
• pure water;
• small capacity (only not aluminum);
• gauze or a new piece of cotton fabric.

Oats will need to be sorted out to weed out spoiled grains.

Place the beans in a colander and rinse under running water. Pour the oats into a small container and fill with water so that it is 2 cm higher than the seeds. Leave it to swell for 8 hours in a dark place. During this time, the grains will absorb more than 50% moisture.

After the time has elapsed, remove the swollen seeds and rinse them again with water. Lay wet gauze or cloth on a flat container, pour oats on top and cover it with the free edge of the cut. Place the container in a warm place for another 8 hours.

Sprouted oats can be stored in the refrigerator. There it will continue to grow, but at a slower rate. From the seeds you can cook cereals, bread, jelly and protein shakes. Sprouted more than 6 mm, as well as green sprouts, are prohibited for human consumption. This may cause poisoning.

In winter, when there is no green grass in the yard, oats become a favorite treat for animals. It can be given to birds, rodents, cats, dogs and rabbits.

To grow oats you will need:

• oats;
• water;
• clean sawdust;
• low capacity.

It is better to take grains unpeeled, and sawdust - without impurities.

Pour shavings (1.5-2 cm) at the bottom of the container. Spread the oats on top and sprinkle it with another layer of sawdust. Water the seeds generously. Tamp all layers and, if necessary, drain excess liquid. Place the container on the windowsill.

Water the seeds daily, but not abundantly. Green sprouts will appear in 2-3 days. You can feed them to your pets.

It is difficult to overestimate the benefits of sprouted oats for the body. It is also a great way to saturate the diet of pets with vitamins and minerals. And the best part is that growing cereal at home is easy and simple.

Sprouted oats are a cat's favorite treat, rich in vitamins and minerals necessary for the full growth of a pet. This herb can induce a gag reflex, which helps the cat get rid of hair and poorly digested food. Seeds can be bought at a zoological store, and germinated on their own at home. Moreover, it will require a minimum of costs and effort. There are three ways in which the grass will appear after a week: in vermiculite, soil and without soil.

1 In vermiculite

Vermiculite is an environmentally friendly material widely used in horticulture. Its main feature when growing plants is that it absorbs 5-6 times more water than its weight. You can buy it in any specialized store.

First you need to soak the oats and vermiculite for several hours, and in the meantime prepare a small container. After soaking, pour vermiculite into it in such a way that 3–4 cm remain to the top (so the earth does not crumble) and plant oats. Then cover the bowl with cling film and put on the windowsill. Three days later, the first plants appear, and after a few days the germinated oats can be given to the cat. The film must be removed, the seeds should be watered 2-3 times a week, draining excess water.

Vitamins for hair loss and for its improvement in cats

2 In the ground

Oat seeds can be germinated in ordinary soil or substrate (peat, sawdust). To do this, pour the earth into a pot or tray, spill it well so that the soil is moistened. Then you can plant oat grains (about 1 piece per 1 sq.cm) and sprinkle with earth on top. Next, cover with a plastic bag and put in a sunny place. Literally on the third or fourth day, the seeds will begin to sprout. After that, it will be possible to remove the polyethylene and wait until the oats grow a little.

In order for the grass to be juicy, it is necessary to keep the soil in the container moist, avoiding drying out and stagnant water.

3 In gauze

The easiest and cleanest way to germinate oat seeds is to grow them in cheesecloth. This will require oat seeds, a plastic plate and gauze directly. Action algorithm:

• Oat grains should be soaked for several hours in order for them to grow faster and better.
• Holes are made in the plate with the help of an awl so that excess water flows down in the future.
• Gauze is laid on it, and swollen seeds are on top, the container is closed with a film and placed on the windowsill. This will create a greenhouse effect. After a few days, shoots will appear, they must be watered and closed again.
• After a week, the cat will already be able to eat fresh grass. Every day in the morning, it is advisable to wash the roots so as not to dry them out. Otherwise, the sprouts will die.

Sprouted oats grown in such conditions will please an average of one to three weeks. Therefore, in order for a pet to always enjoy fresh grass, it is recommended to plant it twice a month. Sprouting oats for a cat at home is not difficult.

Our ancestors have long unraveled the benefits of sprouted grains. Sprouts and grains of oats, wheat are a storehouse of vitamins, fiber, vegetable protein. Eating sprouts in food has a positive effect on many processes in the body. Sprouting grains at home is not difficult, it takes a little diligence and you can enjoy a healthy diet. Oats germinate very quickly, you don't even have to wait long. In this article, you will learn how to germinate oats, the photo shows examples of properly germinated grains.

The benefits of sprouted oats

Rich in a whole complex of vitamins and trace elements, oats are very useful for digestive disorders, intestinal problems. Life-giving sprouts strengthen the immune system, promote blood renewal, improve the functioning of the thyroid gland. For those who want to lose weight, this is an indispensable product. Oats, rich in fiber, speed up metabolism and promote weight loss. A serving of sprouted grains instead of breakfast will give satiety and good health, and replenish the body with the missing nutrients.

Advice. For home germination, it is best to choose grains that have lain for a year, but select grains that are not moldy, not black and without a putrid odor.

How to germinate oats at home

The whole germination process takes about 3 days and takes place in several stages. First you need to purchase oat grains. For germination, you need to take naked oats. Select whole, intact grains of the correct shape.

For germination, choose the highest quality grains

• Based on the fact that wet oats increase in size by a quarter, select the required number of grains. Rinse from pollen and husks, put in a glass container.
• The next step is to fill the grain with clean cold water so that it protrudes about two fingers above the oats. Mix thoroughly to get all the grains wet.
• Remove the container in a dark place for 8-10 hours. The temperature should not be cool or too high. Optimal - 23-24 ° C.
• After the specified time, the water must be drained.

Advice. Do not pour water after oats down the sink. It can be used to feed indoor plants.

• Then the grains must be washed with running water so that mucus is not felt if it has formed. Put oats in one or two layers on a flat plate for further germination. You can cover the top with a damp thin cloth or gauze. Leave in a dark, well-ventilated place for another 8 hours. Maintain the same temperature.
• After 8 hours, sprouts will appear. Oats are ready to eat. But it can be germinated for a couple more days, rinsing under running water every 8-10 hours.

Attention! Do not germinate oats for more than three days. Then it loses its value, becomes bitter and difficult to digest. The most useful sprouts up to 4-6 mm.

Sprouted grains can be stored in the refrigerator for up to 3 days. Be sure to use a glass container for storage, such as a jar. Once a day, the sprouts need to be allowed to “ventilate” so that they do not rot.

sprouted oats

How to eat sprouted oats

Do not eat the sprouts if they have turned green. This will harm your health. You can cook dishes from sprouted grain: cook porridge, bake bread. It is useful to add grains with sprouts to the salad. Who has a more resilient stomach, it is useful to eat just a couple of spoons of sprouts on an empty stomach. But at the same time, you need to carefully chew the grains so that they are well absorbed and give away as many useful substances as possible. For those who like to indulge in culinary delights, you can look for cocktail recipes using sprouts.

Here are the basic rules for using this product:

• oat grains are beneficial if consumed in the morning;
• do not combine with other germinated grains, especially legumes;
• do not use with any nuts;
• grains cannot be combined into dishes with foods rich in proteins: meat, mushrooms, eggs.

Contraindications

As with any product, sprouted oats have contraindications. Its use in people with an ulcer or acute gastritis is strictly prohibited! The fiber contained in a large amount is simply not absorbed, clogs the intestines, and causes an inflammatory process.

When eating oat sprouts, consider contraindications

If you still really want to use sprouts, then it is better to cook jelly from them. Children under 12 years of age should not eat sprouts because of phytin acid, which leaches calcium. People with diseases of the genitourinary system, gout are also not recommended to consume oats.

Avoid grains that have been chemically treated for long shelf life. During the initial processing, fill the grains with water, all that float must be removed.

Allergy sufferers should consult their doctor before taking sprouts.

Eating oat sprouts is not habitual for everyone. Such non-traditional nutrition is no longer intended for taste pleasure, but for healing. Periodically, you need to replenish the body with missing trace elements, increase immunity. Sprouted oats will help with this.

Sprouting oats: video

Domestic cats are very fond of greenery. Therefore, they often stare at indoor plants. So that home green decoration is not spoiled, cats need to grow oats. In addition, it is very useful for the animal. How to grow oats for a cat without soil and sawdust?

Growing oats in the ground or sawdust is fraught with the consequences of contamination of the premises:

• Firstly, cats are not very neat, they pull out blades of grass along with the soil.
• Secondly, after the animal has had enough, it kicks the game with the plant. There will be more of this garbage.

Oats for your beloved pet can be germinated, having the following components:

• Of course, the oats themselves.
• Plastic plates - 2 pcs.
• Cotton wool.
• Awl.
• Gauze.

In one plastic plate, you need to make holes with an awl. Another plate should be placed on top, put cotton wool and grains on the bottom. Everything is plentifully watered, covered with gauze with a large mesh and wrapped in a plastic bag. After the grain begins to germinate, the bag can be removed.

You can use an even simpler method, without the need for cotton wool. Grains are laid out on a plate, everything is wrapped in gauze. Then the container is placed for several days in a warm place. Most often, roots are already visible on the second day.

A layer of gauze is placed on a plate with holes, and sprouted oats are placed on top. Everything is abundantly filled with water, the excess is drained, wrapped in a film. After 3 days, the grains sprout together. If necessary, the "operation" can be repeated.

After a week, the finished flower bed can be exhibited to your beloved pet.

It is important to pre-wash and soak the oats before such a planting. Leave for a few hours.

For oats grown in this way, drought and excessive moisture are very detrimental. It is advisable to rinse the roots under the tap (cold water) every morning. Then the cat will have time to get enough grass.

Such a lawn does not remain fresh and lush for long, only about a week. Yes, and it delivers trouble, but the house will be in order and there will be no earth and sawdust, and indoor plants will be intact.

Oats should be purchased in specialized stores. In addition, this herb is not only useful, but also safe. Many do not want to mess with her at home and bring grass to the animal from the street. But this can lead to a string of problems, because street grass can be infected with helminths. And then it turns out that because of the laziness of the animal, the cat will suffer.

Oats are loved not only by cats, but also by other pets: turtles, hamsters, guinea pigs.

Growing oats

Origin and botanical characteristics. Oats are among relatively young crops. The first literary references to it are in works written in the 4th century BC.
In cultivation, oats are mainly represented by two species: Avena sativa L. - sowing oats and A bizantina C. Koch - Byzantine oats. The share of sowing oats accounts for 90%. world grain harvest and the share of Byzantine - about 10% Some distribution has sandy oats - A strigosa Schreb. Cultivated types of oats arose in different natural southern regions: Byzantine - in the Mediterranean coast, sandy - in the northwestern regions of Europe on sandy soils, sowing - somewhere in southern Europe or in China. Sandy oats were the oldest cultivated species.
Several wild species belong to the genus Avena - wild oats. The most common wild oat is A. fatua L., the southern wild oat is A. Ludoviciana Dus. and bearded wild oats - A. barbata Pott.
Wild species of the genus Avena differ from cultivated ones in the following ways: they have caryopses (outer lemmas) strongly pubescent and, as a rule, spinous. The awns are coarse, curved and spirally twisted in the lower part; in cultivated species, the outer floral scales are not at all pubescent or pubescent in the lower part of the caryopsis, and the awns develop only on the caryopses of the first flowers (in spinous forms). All wild species are characterized by the presence of the so-called horseshoe at the base of the grain, due to which the ripened grain easily breaks off from the branches of the panicle.
The genus Avena is characterized by the following features: inflorescence - panicle, spikelets of two or many flowers. The awns (in spinous forms) extend from the back of the upper lemma; in most species (wild oat) they are bent and twisted in the lower part. The grain is covered with delicate hairs. GenusAvenadivided into two sections. The first includes annual species (cultivated and wild), the second - perennial. Among the perennial species, high ryegrass deserves the most attention.
Common oats (A. sativa) at the base of the leaf blade has a large tongue with clearly visible teeth, no ears.
Spikelets are loose, especially in naked forms. Most varieties are awnless; in spinous forms, awns occur only on the lower reserves of the spikelet. When threshed, the spikelets break up into individual grains. In membranous forms of oats, the grain is densely wrapped with lemmas, which, however, do not grow together with it. In naked forms, the grain easily falls out of the scales. The species is quite polymorphic, represented by many varieties. Among them, a group of forms stands out, clogging spelled crops.
Byzantine or Mediterranean oats (A. bizantina). In culture, it has spring and winter forms. Spikelets are large, 3-4-flowered, awns develop on the scales of the two lower flowers. When threshing the Byzantine oats, the spikelets of the spikelet, on which the grains are held, break in the middle and part remains at the lower grain, and part at the top. In sowing oats, the entire shearing remains at the bottom grain. In Byzantine oats, the base of the lower grain has an oblique fracture.
Byzantine oats are characterized by increased drought resistance and cold resistance, have a short phase from flowering to ripening. Cultivated in the regions of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. In production, it is represented mainly by winter forms.
Sandy oats (A. strigosa). It differs from ordinary sowing oats in that all the flowers in the spikelet are spinous, in addition, on the tops of the outer flower scales there are ostyukovidnye processes (Strigi). In sandy oats, as well as in ordinary oats, when the spikelet is broken, flower haircuts remain at the lower grain.
Sandy oats differ from wild oat in the absence of horseshoes. It grows well in sandy soils. Cultivated in countries. In culture, it is found in the countries of southwestern Europe.
Biological features of oats.
Oats - its seed germinates at 2-3 ° C, seedlings withstand frost well down to -4 -5 ° C or more. High temperatures have a negative effect on the development of oats: at 38-40 ° C, according to V. G. Zelensky, stomatal paralysis occurs in 4-5 hours.
To moisture, oats have increased requirements, the seeds, when swelling, absorb water up to 60-65% of their weight. It easily tolerates oversaturation of the soil with moisture. The transpiration coefficient of oats is higher than that of other cereals. Drought and dry winds cause him great harm. Oats are a long day crop. In the northern regions, the growing season is shortened.
Oats are less demanding on soils than other cereals (except for rye), they work well on sandy loamy podzolic soils of the non-chernozem zone and in Polesye regions at pH 5-6. However, saline soils are not suitable for it.
The biological feature of oats is the increased requirements for nitrogen compounds. The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers under oats on all types of soils gives high yield increases.
Oats do well on cultivated peatlands, as well as after legume predecessors.
By its nature, oats are a typical crop of the northern regions. The nature of growth and development does not differ significantly from other spring crops. A feature of Oats is a tendency to form a second (underground) tillering node, which is explained by the nature of the development of the underground part of the stem. In oats, it occurs mainly due to the elongation of the epicotyl (the part of the stem lying below the coleoptile node), while in other cereals it occurs due to the elongation of the first internode, located between the coleoptile node and the tillering node.
In this regard, in oats, the coleoptile node is located not at the grain, but at a considerable distance from it, and tillering usually occurs from two nodes - the coleoptile node and the tillering node. Secondary roots also develop from both nodes.
Features of growing oats
Place in crop rotation. Oats are a spring wedge crop. The best predecessors for it are potatoes, corn, legumes, winter crops. In sugar beet crop rotations, oats are often placed after sugar beets, but this rotation cannot be considered good, because beets dry out the soil very much, while oats have increased moisture requirements. It is more expedient to sow corn after sugar beets, and after it oats and other moisture-loving crops.
Soil cultivation for oats. The tillage system for oats is no different from the cultivation for spring wheat and barley. When growing it after winter and leguminous crops, the area must be cut and plowed plowing to a depth of 20-25 cm, and on podzolic soils - to the depth of the arable layer.
It is imperative to carry out autumn plowing under oats and when growing it after corn and sugar beets. The need for autumn plowing after these predecessors is explained by the fact that after harvesting these areas remain residues on which pests and pathogens of sugar beet and corn winter (beet aphid, stem borer, blister smut, etc.). The presence of autumn plowing will also make it possible to carry out sowing in a timely manner.
In the spring pre-sowing treatment consists of harrowing, plowing and cultivation in 1-2 tracks. It is produced in the first days of spring field work in order to complete the sowing of oats in the early stages.
Oat fertilizers. In field rotations, oats are usually placed as a second crop after fertilization. It should be noted that it gives a significant increase in yield even when sowing a third crop after fertilization.
As you know, oats tolerate acidic soils well, but liming significantly increases its yield. Phosphorite flour is a valuable fertilizer for oats when grown on acidic soils: it reduces soil acidity and improves plant nutrition with phosphorus. When growing oats on peat soils, microfertilizers - boron, copper, manganese - must be added to phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Borbe and copper fertilizers are applied under oats, as well as under other grain crops, at a rate of 0.5-1.0 kg / ha of active substance, and manganese - 10-12 kg ha during pre-sowing tillage.
Sowing oats. To obtain a high yield of oats, it is important to use selected seeds of the best zoned varieties for sowing. Oat seeds, as you know, within each spikelet differ markedly in size and weight. If, for example, the weight of the first grain from the bottom is taken as 100, then the weight of the second will be approximately 70, and the third - 55-60. The lower grains are characterized by better germination energy, and the plants obtained from them are characterized by strong growth and increased productivity.
Sowing of oats is carried out simultaneously with other early grains: - spring wheat, barley, peas, etc. Like other early grain crops, oats give high yields at early sowing dates. A 10-day delay in sowing reduces the yield by an average of 20-25% compared to the early date.
For oats, as for other cereals, the best sowing methods are narrow row and cross.
The sowing rates of oats, like other crops, are determined taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of certain natural zones of the republic. In the regions of Polissya and Forest-Steppe, 5.5-6.5 million seeds are sown, and in the Steppe regions - 4.5-5.0 million seeds. grains per hectare.
Oat seeds are lighter than barley and wheat seeds, so they are wrapped at a shallower depth. On heavy, well-moistened soils, the best results are planted by 3-4 cm, and on light soils, as well as when the top layer dries up, by 5-6 cm. In the southern regions, in dry weather, the seeds are planted by 6-7 cm.
Care and harvesting of oats. Oat crops in the Forest-Steppe and Steppe regions must be rolled in order to speed up the emergence of seedlings. If a crust forms on crops, they are harrowed with light harrows. Plugs can be destroyed before and after germination. At the same time, a large number of seedlings and shoots of weeds are also destroyed.
Ripening of oats occurs unevenly - first, the grain ripens in the upper part of the panicle. Harvesting is started when the grain of the upper part of the panicle has reached full maturity, and most of the grain is waxy. The best way to harvest oats is separate, while the unripe grain partially ripens in rolls, yield losses from shedding are reduced.

Growing grain crops is one of the basic components of Russia. The potential for growing various crops is very high.

To date, the main food products in the consumer basket are bread, bakery products, flour, cereals, pasta. Each region of the country has its own priorities in the cultivation of grain crops, depending on natural conditions, climate and soil. The main grain crops are wheat, barley, rye, and oats. The economic factor determined the main volume of grain harvest in five economic regions of the country: the Urals, the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth, the West Siberian, and the Volga region.

In Russia, the main grain crop is wheat, which is the leader in terms of yields, acreage and exports. Two types of wheat are sown - winter and spring. Winter wheat prevails in the western part of the Russian Federation. In 2010, the gross harvest amounted to 278,694.7 thousand centners. In Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Urals, the Volga region, spring wheat is grown. Its gross collection in 20110 amounted to 135,971.6 thousand centners. The average yield of these crops is 23.2 q/ha. In 2008, the maximum gross harvest of wheat amounted to 63.8 million tons.

The second place in terms of production is occupied by barley. Due to its good resistance to drought and frost, barley is grown almost throughout Russia. About 70% of barley is used for fodder purposes. Barley is used in the production of cereals, in the brewing industry. The average yield is 23.1 q/ha.

Currently, Russia ranks first in the cultivation and harvesting of rye. Rye is used as a food and fodder crop. It is more resistant to frost and soil than wheat. The main economic regions of its cultivation: Central, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, Ural. Since wheat is more in demand and more expensive in price, it displaces rye by several positions lower. The average yield of rye harvest is 20.7 q/ha.

Oats are grown mainly as a forage crop. Muesli, cereals, oatmeal, animal feed are obtained from it. Oats are grown in the forest zone and in the forest-steppe zone of the European part of Russia. The main economic regions for growing oats: Ural, Volga, Central Black Earth, Volga-Vyatka, West Siberian and East Siberian, Far East. Russia in the cultivation and collection of oats ranks first in the world.

Each grain crop is very valuable for cultivation. Farmers in Russia from year to year grow various crops in order to avoid soil depletion. Each farm plans crop rotation, processing and harvesting equipment in advance. After all, the quality and quantity of the future harvest depends on correctly and timely prepared planning.

The size of sown areas in the Russian Federation in 2011 amounted to 58% of the total area. Wheat and barley accounted for about 75%. From 2006 to 2010, the sale of grain crops increased from 37 to 40 million tons, which accounted for 8%. According to the forecasts of marketing analysts, sales of grain crops will grow, on average, the percentage of growth per year will be 1.6%. By 2015, the figure will reach 43.4 million tons. From 2011 to 2015 recovery and growth in the value of grain imports is expected.