Awnless bonfire- high rhizome perennial grass. The leaves are large, numerous, flat, linear, soft or hard, rough at the edges, dark green, often with anthocyanin coloration or with a waxy grayish coating. The lower sheaths are mostly closed, glabrous or slightly hairy. The uvula is short (1-3 mm), membranous. In spring and autumn, in conditions of lack of heat, the leaves of young shoots often have an anthocyanin color. The inflorescence is a large loose panicle 12-35 cm long, sprawling during flowering, one-sided when ripe.
Spikelets with 5-10 flowers, long, slightly narrowed towards the top. The lower lemma is awnless, obtusely pointed, sometimes it has an awn-like ending.
Awnless bonfire has many valuable properties. This is a fairly drought-resistant crop, at the same time very responsive to moisture. Heat resistance is average. Withstands prolonged flooding by flowing flood waters (depending on the variety up to 40 days or more). However, close groundwater does not withstand. Differs in high winter hardiness and frost resistance. It is classified as a winter or semi-winter type cereal. With spring uncovered sowing in the first year of life, it can form a certain number of generative stems. Usually, the latter are formed in the second and subsequent years of life from shoots of summer-autumn tillering, which have reached the phase of three to six leaves by winter and have undergone vernalization. As a rule, all less developed shoots formed in autumn, as well as in spring and summer, become elongated vegetative.
Awnless bonfire blooms in the last decade of June - early July, on the 65-75th day after the start of regrowth. Flowering begins in the upper or middle parts of the panicle, and then spreads to the lower part. The duration of flowering, depending on weather conditions and variety, is 7-15 days; in the conditions of Western Siberia, the flowering time is shorter - 4-7 days. Unlike most cereals, it blooms mainly in the afternoon with low humidity. It blooms at 14-17 hours, the maximum flowering occurs between 16-18 hours. Mass flowering takes place at 18-24 degrees and relative humidity of 40-60%. Blooms reported awnless bonfire in the forest zone and in the morning hours. In conditions of Siberia, it blooms early in the morning (5-7 hours) and in the afternoon.
Seeds ripen at the end of July - the first half of August, 90-110 days after the beginning of the growing season. Seeds are elongated, flattened, 9-12 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide.
Crops of this grass are used in fodder crop rotations, when creating cultural and improving natural hayfields And pastures, as well as when turfing sloping lands (as well as sainfoin). It grows in forest, forest-steppe, steppe zones, in mountainous regions, on various types of soils. However, sufficiently aerated loamy and sandy loamy soils, chernozems, elevated parts of floodplains (river and transition), and drained peatlands are best suited for it. It grows well on fertile gray forest slightly podzolic soils, it also succeeds on meadow solonetzes. Does not withstand acidic and dense soils. It is widely used for sowing on sloping and riverside lands. It is one of the most productive cereals. Differs in high fodder advantages. Forms usually one or two mowing or one mowing and aftermath. With multi-cut early mowing (3-4 times), it is greatly thinned in subsequent years.
This grass is also highly valued as a pasture plant, as it is very well eaten by animals. However, on pastures, it often falls out quickly. In addition, the pasture forage yield is characterized by an uneven distribution over grazing cycles, which is especially pronounced in dry years.
Using awnless bonfire on the pasture it is recommended to observe the following techniques. It is advisable to carry out the grazing of crops from the third year of life, when a dense turf is formed. During the season, more than three grazing cycles should be allowed, while the above-ground mass should not be alienated below 6 cm. They have little accumulation of nutrients in the tillering nodes and almost no shoots are formed. Therefore, the yield of fodder mass and seeds for the next year is sharply reduced. The instability of culture to repeated mowing or grazing is explained by the peculiarities of its biology. It forms mainly elongated vegetative shoots. With their repeated alienation and the absence of vegetative shortened shoots, plant photosynthesis sharply decreases, and hence the supply of plastic substances. Under favorable conditions, it can be preserved in the herbage for more than 8-10 years for haymaking, and for 6-7 years for grazing. It gives the highest seed yields in the second - fourth years of life. According to morphological, biological and economic characteristics awnless bonfire subdivided into three groups: meadow, steppe and forest-steppe. Plants of these groups have adapted to growing in the conditions of the corresponding zone and differ in the development of the vegetative mass and foliage, the ratio of generative and vegetative shoots in the herbage, the size and shape of the panicle, and other properties.
It is used to create high-yielding hayfields and pastures in areas of natural growth, as well as in drained swamps and to fix lands subject to water erosion. It has a high aftertaste, growing well after mowing and grazing. It belongs to valuable hay and pasture plants. The hay yield ranges from 12 q/ha in dry areas to 50 q/ha or more in floodplain meadows provided with moisture; in culture, the yield of hay reaches 135 q/ha. 100 kg of rump hay contains 57.2 feed units. and 5.9 kg of digestible protein. It is well eaten by all types of livestock.
It is used to create cultivated pastures and hayfields, to fix lands subject to washout.
It is a highly productive component in the composition fodder grass mixture: Green Deer Agro "Haymaking"
Broadly lanceolate, dark gray, sometimes purple, 8-12 mm long; the average weight of 1000 seeds is 3.5 g. The annual renewal of vegetative shoots begins at the brome in late April - early May. In the same period, the inflorescence begins to form. Flowering of shoots occurs in June - July and lasts until September. Flowering is explosive and portioned. Separate panicles bloom 1 - 2 weeks, in dry weather - faster. The flowers of the upper spikelets open first in the inflorescence, and the lower flowers in the spikelets. The rump blooms in the afternoon, between 15 and 20 hours. The duration of flowering of one flower is 2-3 hours. After falling to the ground, the seeds ripen for 8 months or more. Germination of fresh seeds ranges from 5-6 to 80-95%.
The seeding depth is 2.5-3.5 cm. Seeds of awnless rump can be bought from APK "".
The rhizomes are long, elastic, giving numerous shoots, the root system deepens to 1.5-2 m. It is used in grass mixtures for meadow lawns, as well as a turf on highways and slopes. Prefers slightly acidic to neutral, well-drained, rich soils. Does not grow under anaerobic conditions, reacts negatively to the proximity of groundwater. It grows best in open and slightly shaded places. drought-resistant, cold-resistant and spring-hardy. Resistant to fungal diseases. In turf coverings, even in the steppe zone, without irrigation, it lasts up to 7-20 years. Good tolerates trampling. Forms leveled, without tussocks, but not dense herbage, having a low decorative effect.
Widely distributed throughout Russia, except for the Arctic and the Far East, where it occurs as an adventive plant. A common plant throughout Central Russia. It grows in meadows, river sands, along the banks of reservoirs, in glades, in sparse forests, along roads, along embankments. Often dominates the grass cover, often forms pure thickets.
It reproduces and spreads by seeds and vegetatively. A valuable pasture and hay plant, well eaten by all types of livestock.
The hay yield ranges from 12 q/ha in dry areas to 50 q/ha or more in floodplain meadows provided with moisture; in culture, the yield of hay reaches 135 q/ha. 100 kg of rump hay contains 57.2 feed units. and 5.9 kg of digestible protein.
Used to create cultivated pastures and hayfields, fixing lands subject to washout.
The topic is discussed on ours in the category "Lawn Grass Seeds".
Introduced into the culture, bred and zoned many varieties of rump: Dedinovsky-3; Morshansky-312; Morshansky-760; Morshanets; SIBNIISHOZ 189, 88, 99; Penza-1 and many others.
Dedinovsky-3
Mid-season, high winter hardiness, medium drought resistance. Productivity of dry matter is 10.0-11.0 t/ha, seeds - 300-400 kg/ha. The content of crude protein is 9-10%, the foliage is above average. In floodplain conditions, it is resistant to various types of rust. Cultivation zones: approved for use since 1974 in the Northern, Northwestern, Central, Middle Volga, Far Eastern regions. Resistant to prolonged flooding, which predetermines its use in water meadows in floodplains. It grows successfully on drained peat-bog soils.Morshansky-312
Early ripe, high drought resistance, high winter hardiness. Dry matter yield is 8-8.5 t/ha, seeds - 250-300 kg/ha. The content of crude protein in the first cut is 9-10%. In growing areas, it is quite resistant to helminthosporiasis. Cultivation zones: approved for use since 1993 in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth regions. Suitable for creating hayfields and pastures. Differs in rapid regrowth in spring, as well as after mowing and grazing.Morshansky-760
Mid-season, winter hardiness and drought resistance are high. Productivity of dry matter is 8-9 t/ha, seeds - 300-500 kg/ha. Crude protein content 9-10%. Rust is weakly affected. Grows well in various types of soil. Cultivation zones: approved for use in the Northern, Northwestern, Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, Middle Volga, Lower Volga, West Siberian regions. Withstands prolonged flooding (up to 40 days), is responsive to irrigation and high doses of fertilizers, therefore it is recommended for moist lowland, drained marsh soils and river floodplains.Morshanets
Mid-season, high winter hardiness, medium drought resistance. The yield of dry matter is on average 9-10 t/ha, with irrigation up to 16 t/ha, seeds - 300-400 kg/ha. Resistant to helminthosporiasis. Works best on floodplain chernozem soils. Cultivation zones: approved for use since 1993 in the North-Western and Middle Volga regions. It is intended for hay and pasture use, differs in high spring resistance.SIBNIISHOZ-88
Derived at the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture by the method of group biotypic selection from the wild population K 3431, VIR. The bush is upright, dense. The stems are rounded, 110-140 cm high, medium coarse, without pubescence with a slight anthocyanin staining at the nodes. Number of internodes 5-8. Bushiness is strong, 35-40 stems per bush. The leaves are evenly distributed along the stem. Broad-linear, slightly rough, medium soft, slightly drooping, green - dark green in color, with a slight wax coating. Leaf length 25-40 cm, width 1.0-2.5 cm. Vagina closed, tongue pointed, short. Inflorescence - panicle slightly drooping, 25-32 cm long, compressed before flowering, then sprawling, dark gray in color. The flower scales are awnless. Spikelets are large, lanceolate, dark gray. Number of flowers 7-10. Scales are oval-elongated. The keel is pronounced. Seeds of medium size, strongly flattened, 10-12 mm long, gray with a purple tint. The weight of 1000 seeds is 3.1-3.9 g. The average yield of dry matter in the Middle Volga region was 54.3, seeds - 3.0 q/ha. The maximum dry matter yield of 153.3 c/ha (+8.4 c/ha to the Penza 1 standard) was obtained in 1993, seeds - 5.8 c/ha (+0.7 c/ha to the Penza 1 standard) in 1992 at the GSU of the Republic of Mordovia. The average yield of dry matter in the East Siberian region was 39.6, seeds - 3.3 c/ha. The maximum seed yield was obtained in 1991, 11.7 c/ha (-2.0 c/ha to the Tulunsky standard) at the GSU of the Irkutsk region. The vegetative period from the beginning of spring regrowth to the first mowing is 67-73 days, until the economic ripeness of seeds is 97-112 days. Rust affected weakly - medium (49%), at the level of the standard.SIBNIISHOZ-99
Included in the State Register for the West Siberian region. The bush is upright, dense. Plant height 85-104 cm. The stem is round, medium coarseness, without pubescence. Bushiness is strong. The leaf is broadly linear, green or dark green, with slight pubescence. The inflorescence is a slightly drooping panicle. Seeds flattened, gray or dark gray. The average yield of dry matter over the years of testing in the region is 46.4 c/ha, at the level of the standard. Damaged by leaf fleas was medium - above average, like the standard.Penza-1
Perennial rhizomatous top grass of spring-winter type of development. The bush is compact or semi-sprawling, dense, 110-120 cm high. Bushiness is average - 10-13 stems. The foliage is average - 40-44%. The vegetative period up to the 1st cutting is 39-42 days, from the first to the second cutting - 40-45 days, until the full ripeness of the seeds - 90-91 days. Winter hardiness and drought resistance are high. Slightly damaged by pests.Productivity: The average yield of green mass is 25-30 t/ha, hay collection - 6.5 t/ha, seeds - 0.3-0.4 t/ha. The content of crude protein in the dry matter of the feed with nitrogen supplementation reaches 16-18%, fiber does not exceed 24-26%.
Can be used for perennial hayfields and for pastures, crop rotations. On sloping lands, soils subject to water erosion, both in pure form and in a mixture with legumes - oriental goat's rue, alfalfa, sainfoin. It is well eaten by all types of livestock. Possesses high manufacturability in production.
Cultivation zones: recommended for cultivation in the Middle Volga region of the Russian Federation.
Argonaut
Included in the State Register for the West Siberian region. The bush is upright, medium density. The stem is round, hollow, without pubescence. The color of the nodes is dark green. Leaves without pubescence, green, without wax coating. The tongue is blunt, short. Inflorescence -spreading panicle, loose, light brown, without awns. The average yield of dry matter in the region is 27.9 c/ha, higher than the standard by 1.3 c/ha. No diseases were observed during the testing period.Vegur
Included in the State Register for the North Caucasus and Far East regions. The bush is upright, medium density. Plant height 125-165 cm. Stem of medium coarseness, without pubescence. Bushiness is strong. The leaf is linear-lanceolate, dark green, without pubescence. The inflorescence is a drooping panicle. Seeds lanceolate, brown. The average yield of dry matter in the North Caucasus region is 36.8 c/ha, higher than the standard by 2.8 c/ha, in the Far East - 39.8 c/ha, at the level of the standard. Helminthosporiasis and rust were weakly affected.Volcano
Included in the State Register for the East Siberian region. Bush from slightly sprawling to erect. The stem is rounded, hollow. The pubescence of the stem is weak, absent near the nodes. The leaves are elongated-lanceolate, from green to dark green, without pubescence, there is a wax coating, soft. The tongue is blunt, short. Inflorescence - panicle, compressed before flowering, after - loose. Spikelets are many-flowered, oblong-linear, brown with anthocyanins. Seeds lanceolate, dark brown. Yield at the level of the standard. Helminthosporiasis was weakly affected.Duet
Included in the State Register for the Northern Region. The bush is upright. The stems are rounded, medium coarseness, without pubescence. The color of the nodes is dark green. Bushiness is strong. The leaves are broad, flat, without pubescence and wax coating. The tongue is short. The average yield of dry matter in the region is 65.8 centners/ha, which is 3.0 centners/ha higher than the standard. During the years of testing, disease damage was not observed.Langepas
Included in the State Register for the West Siberian and East Siberian regions. The bush is slightly spreading. Stems are round, hollow, green, without pubescence. Bushiness is medium. The leaves are long, green, without pubescence. The tongue is blunt, short. Inflorescence - half-compressed panicle, light brown. Seeds oblong-oval, dark brown. The yield of dry matter in the regions is at the level of average standards. It was moderately affected by stem rust, brown rust - weakly, like the standard.Pomor
Included in the State Register for the North-Western and West Siberian regions. Upright bush. The stem is medium coarse, dark green. The leaves are broadly linear, flat, hairless, soft, drooping, without a wax coating. The tongue is short, up to 1.5 cm. The inflorescence is a loose, awnless, sprawling panicle of light brown color. Spikelets lanceolate, brown. Spikelet scales flatly expanded, membranous along the edge. Seeds are flat, widened towards the top, dark brown. The weight of 1000 seeds is 3.7-4.2 g. The average yield of dry matter is at the level of standards. It was moderately affected by leaf rust in some years significantly, by helminthosporiasis - weakly.dawn
Included in the State Register for the West Siberian region. The bush is upright, medium density. The average height of plants is 135 cm. The stem is round, of medium coarseness, without pubescence. Bushiness is strong. The leaf is linear, dark green, without pubescence, with a slight waxy.Saiyan
Included in the State Register for the East Siberian region. The bush is upright, medium density. Plant height 115-150 cm. The stem is soft, with pubescence at the nodes. The color of the nodes is greenish-brown and brown. Bushiness is strong. The leaves are dark green, oblong-lanceolate, without pubescence. The average yield of dry matter in the region is 32.2 c/ha, higher than the standard by 2.8 c/ha. No diseases were observed during the testing period.Siberian-7
Included in the State Register for the Ural and West Siberian regions. The bush is upright, closed. Plant height 80-140 cm. The stem is slightly ribbed, of medium coarseness, with slight pubescence. Bushiness is medium. The leaf is linear, slightly rough, green, without pubescence. Inflorescence -spreading panicle, loose. Seeds broadly lanceolate, dark gray, with anthocyanin sheen. The average yield of dry matter in the Ural region is 34.2 c/ha, in the West Siberian region - 38.9 c/ha, at the level of standards. Damaged by leaf fleas was medium - above average, like the standard.Solyansky-85
It was bred in the Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture together with the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Industry named after N.I. Vavilov by the method of mass selection from a hybrid population obtained from intervarietal crossing of a collection sample VIR x K 36087. The bush is slightly sprawling, medium density. The stem is thick, coarse, without pubescence, from 118 to 150 cm high. Bushiness is medium. The leaf is linear, with a slight pubescence, without a wax coating, medium softness, gray-green. Inflorescence - panicle sprawling, medium friability, awnless, green. The seeds are lanceolate, yellow-brown. The weight of 1000 seeds is 3.1-4.0 g. The average yield of dry matter in the Central Black Earth region was 71.6, seeds - 3.9 centners / ha. The maximum yield of dry matter - 175.6 dt/ha (+12.8 dt/ha to the Pavlovsky 22/05 standard), seeds 6.0 dt/ha (+0.7 dt/ha to the Pavlovsky 22/05 standard) was obtained in 1990 at the GSU of the Voronezh region. The average yield of dry matter in the East Siberian region was 35.2, seeds - 3.2 q/ha. The maximum dry matter yield of 169.6 c/ha (+36.9 c/ha to the Tulunsky standard) was obtained in 1991 at the GSU of the Republic of Buryatia, seeds 10.6 c/ha (+1.2 c/ha to the Kamalinsky standard 14) was obtained in 1990 at the GSU of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The vegetative period from the beginning of spring regrowth to the first mowing is 67-72 days, to the economic ripeness of seeds 109-122 days. Rust was affected below average - medium.Titanium
Included in the State Register for the West Siberian region. The bush is upright. The stem is rounded, without pubescence, medium coarseness. The leaves are broadly linear, rough, green and dark green, of medium softness. The tongue is blunt, short. The inflorescence is a panicle, compressed before flowering, then spreading, gray, with an anthocyanin shade. Floral scales are awnless. The seeds are flattened, gray in color, with a dark purple tint. The average yield of dry matter is 24.5 q/ha. According to the content and collection of protein at the level of the standard. It was moderately affected by brown rust, like the standard, slightly damaged by the swedish fly.Anniversary
Included in the State Register for the Volga-Vyatka, Middle Volga, West Siberian and Far Eastern regions. The bush is upright, loose. Plant height 100-177 cm. The stem is rounded, medium soft, with slight pubescence. Bushiness is strong. The leaf is lanceolate, without pubescence, with a slight wax coating. The inflorescence is a semi-contracted panicle. Seeds are large, light brown. The average yield of dry matter in the Volga-Vyatka region is 77.2 c/ha, the Middle Volga region is 74.2 c/ha, the West Siberian region is 33.9 c/ha, the Far East is 43.4 c/ha, higher than the standards by 6 ,five; 3.9; 0.6 and 1.2 q/ha, respectively. Recommended for cultivation in the Sakhalin region. Weakly affected by rust.For more information visit our section -
Bonfire bezosy. The range is very wide - it is found in various countries of Europe, Asia, America. On the territory of the USSR, the awnless bonfire is widespread throughout the European part, as well as in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and Siberia. In the Far East, it is found as an adventive plant. In the Moscow region found in all areas.
Morphological description. Awnless bonfire is a perennial, long-rhizome (rhizome-bush, according to T. I. Serebryakova, 1971), polycarpic herbaceous plant. An adult plant represents a separate system of vegetative and non-vegetative partial bushes and a primary bush (plants of seed origin) or a system of partial bushes (plants of vegetative origin), inside which continuity and morphophysiological integrity are preserved (Serebryakova 1971; Egorova, 1976).
A young plant at the beginning of development has an embryonic root and 1-2 adventitious germinal roots. Embryonic roots penetrate 20–30 cm under culture conditions, and 10–15 cm in natural cenoses (Ovesnov, 1961; Egorova, 1976). In the phase of development of the second green leaf, an adventitious root system begins to form at the base of the main shoot.
Intensive branching of adventitious roots begins when 4-6 green leaves appear. In natural cenoses, germinal roots die relatively quickly.
The roots of adult bonfire plants penetrate up to 2-2.25 m. According to S.P. Smelov (1947), the deepening of the roots in spring begins in the tillering phase and continues throughout the growing season. The bulk of the roots (75-94% of the total) in adult plants is formed by the time of fruiting and is located in the upper soil layer (0-10 cm).
The stem of the fruiting shoot is straight, smooth or pubescent, well leafy. Pubescence is sometimes observed only near the nodes. Height ranges from 30 to 100-134 cm. The main shoot forms 20-25 leaves (Chibrik, 1968).
The leaves are flat, rarely slightly curled. The width of the leaf blades ranges from 0.1 to 1.4 cm, depending on the age of the plants and habitat conditions. Leaves glabrous or hairy on upper side, rough along margins and veins; vagina naked. Uvula 1-2 mm long, dissected. The length of leaf blades in natural cenoses ranges from 4-6 to 40 cm.
Inflorescence - panicle 10-15 cm long, oblong, straight with branches obliquely upwards, extending 3-7 together; spikelets oblong-linear, 1.5-3 cm long and 3-5 mm wide, 5-12-flowered with a rough or pubescent stem, pale green or grayish-lilac. Spikelet scales are bare, rough along the veins.
Caryopsis oblong, broadly lanceolate, 9-12 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide and 0.75-1 mm high. It is densely surrounded by flower scales. The embryo is oval, basal, slightly curved, reaches 0.5 mm in diameter and 1.93 mm in length. In relation to the endosperm, it lies obliquely, adjacent to it on one side.
Ontogenesis. Bonfire seeds are able to germinate within 5 days after the end of flowering. However, the highest percentage of germination is found in freshly harvested seeds, 17 days after the end of flowering, when they have the greatest weight. The germination of freshly harvested seeds collected in natural cenoses ranges from 5-6 to 80-95%. The duration of post-harvest ripening of seeds collected from bonfire crops ranges from 1 to 3 months.
Bonfire seeds have the least viability among other cereals; after 3-5 years, their germination rate drops to 40%. In floodplain cenoses (Volga and Kama floodplains), they have a lower germination rate and an extended germination period compared to seeds collected in plant communities of watersheds (Markova, 1955; Ovesnov, 1961). Seeds of the southern and steppe forms of bonfire, on the contrary, have a shallow dormancy, germinate together and quickly in a wide temperature range.
Better germinate (and especially freshly harvested and unripe) fire seeds at a variable temperature and from a depth of 1-2 cm. Light slows down their germination to a slight extent. They tolerate a long stay under water (up to 24 days). They have high biological stability during germination; dried at a temperature of 14–16°C in the coleorhiza and germinal root phase to an air-dry state during secondary germination after 30 days, they had 100% viability (Ovesnov, 1961; Filimonov, 1961).
The optimal soil moisture for germination of bonfire seeds is 40-60% of the total moisture capacity. Germination begins at 3-5°C (optimal temperature 18-30°C). The swelling of the grain proceeds during the day.
Seed germination begins with coleorhiza, which breaks through the integuments of the seed and fruit. Coleorhiza extends by 1-2 mm, forms numerous hairs, firmly attaching it to the substrate.
The duration of the period from the beginning of the germination of the grain to the emergence of the coleoptile on the soil surface is 4-5 days. At about the same time, the first green leaf unfolds. By the time of deployment of the second, green leaf, the formation of the first secondary roots at the base of the stem part of the main shoot is timed.
In the initial period of development of the main shoot of the fire, A. M. Ovesnov (1961) distinguishes the phases of coleorhiza, the main germinal root, and the first green leaf. P. V. Lebedev (1968) in the same period of development of the main shoot distinguishes 3 phases of morphogenesis: the formation of an embryonic bud, the seedling - from the beginning of the germination of the grain to the full deployment of the first green leaf, the seedling - a young plant with the first unfolded leaf.
In natural cenoses, seedlings appear throughout the growing season. Seedlings that emerged in spring and autumn and collected in the middle of summer in the conditions of the middle zone in the floodplain
Juvenile plants are also the main shoot, but with a dead germinal root system and intensively forming adventitious roots in the stem part of the main shoot, which by this time penetrate deep into 10-15 cm. Branching of the roots increases up to 2-3 orders, the length of the main shoot increases up to 15-17 cm.
Immature plants initially represent an emerging primary bush. At the end of the immature age state, an individual bonfire forms a system; consisting of primary and partial bushes (up to three orders). The plagiotropic part of the first rhizomatous shoots is small (2-4 cm), and therefore, immature bonfire plants are quite compact.
Adult vegetative plants combine individuals of vegetative and seed origin. Individuals of seed origin consist of a primary bush and partial bushes, individuals of vegetative origin - from a system of partial bushes that arose as a result of vegetative reproduction.
In natural cenoses, this is observed in the third or fourth year of the seed plant's life. On average, a seed adult vegetative individual consists of 6-7 bushes, of which 2-3 are non-vegetative. Among vegetating partial bushes 3-5 orders. Adult vegetative plants of vegetative origin consist of 4-5 partial bushes, among which 1-3 are non-vegetative. In natural cenoses, the development of bonfire plants of the pregenerative period is carried out in 3-5 years, and in culture conditions - in one growing season during the spring sowing period.
Young generative plants can also be of seed and vegetative origin. Seed individuals consist of 7-9 bushes, 2-3 of which are non-vegetative. Among the vegetating ones there are partial bushes of the 1st-2nd (rarely 3rd) year of life. In the general shoot system of the plant, 4-5 orders of partial bushes can be traced. In a young generative plant, newly emerging partial bushes quickly move away from the parent bush in different directions due to a rather sharp increase in the plagiotropic part of the shoots compared to the previous age states of plants in the pregenerative period. Young generative individuals of vegetative origin consist of 4-5 partial bushes, vegetative ones predominate among them.
Middle-aged generative plants reach their maximum development. They, as a rule, are of vegetative origin, consist of 5-7 partial bushes of the 1-3rd year of life. This age state is characterized by a high intensity of shoot formation. In partial bushes of the 1st year of life, up to three orders of shoots can be traced.
Old generative individuals have 3-4 non-vegetating and 1-3 vegetative partial bushes. Partial bushes of old generative plants are characterized by a reduced shoot formation ability, the duration of shoot formation in them is reduced to 2 years. During this time, no more than 3-4 orders of shoots are formed in partial bushes. Among old generative plants, individuals are often found that lack partial bushes of the 1st year of life. The nature of shoot formation in partial bushes changes.
Subsenile individuals most often have one vegetative partial bush.
Senile plants of two categories. The first includes plants underdeveloped, but elongated vegetative shoot; to the second - with one shoot in the rosette state. Vegetates 1 partial bush of the 2nd year of life. The number of non-vegetating partial bushes can vary from 3 to 7. The length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots decreases sharply, and therefore the partial bushes are close to each other (Egorova, 1976).
seasonal development. The development of bonfire plants from seed in natural cenoses is possible throughout the growing season. However, a larger number of seedlings in the cenosis appears in the spring (in May - in the middle lane) and a smaller number in the summer-autumn vegetation period. Autumn seedlings after overwintering in natural cenoses by the end of May or in the first half of July form 5-7 green leaves, of which 2-3 are dead. In the underground sphere, they are characterized by a mixed root system. In the second half of the growing season, they reach the next age state. Spring seedlings under the conditions of the middle zone also pass into the juvenile state during the current growing season. However, in natural cenoses, up to 94% of seedlings die.
Adult seed plants of the bonfire are formed by the main shoot, which arose from the germinal bud, in the process of sympodial branching. Adult plants of vegetative origin are represented by a system of partial bushes resulting from the formation of a clone.
The annual renewal of the above-ground sphere of adult individuals of the fire is carried out as a result of the formation of shoots from the axillary buds of renewal. Long-rhizome (hypogeogenic, diageotropic, plagiotropic), short-rhizome and orthotropic (intravaginal, apogeotropic) monocyclic shoots and winter-type shoots function within the shoot system of bonfire plants.
Short-rhizome and orthotropic shoots are "intra-bush" and ensure the vital activity of the partial and primary bush; long-rhizome shoots - "out-of-bush". Moving away to a considerable distance from the maternal axis due to prolonged plagiotropic growth and leaving the top in the above-ground sphere, they give rise to new partial bushes.
The formation of the main shoot comes from the kidney of the embryo. The capacity of the embryonic bud is one cap leaf under the coleoptile (Knobloch, 1944; Serebryakova, 1959); the capacity of the seedling bud increases to three to five metamers (Lebedev, 1968). The growth point has the shape of a convexity, it consists of a single-layer tunic and several rows of body cells. When deploying the second assimilating leaf, the growth point of the main shoot increases by more than 2 times. It reaches its maximum size with 2-4 unfolded green leaves. With the formation of elongated internodes on the main shoot, the size of the growth point gradually decreases (Lebedev et al., 1972),
During the formation of the main shoot, a change in the morphological structure of the apical meristem is traced, which manifests itself in a change in its shape and size. From the emergence of seedlings to autumn tillering, the height of the growing cone increases by 11-22 times, the width (diameter) - by 9.5-23 times; growth point height - 4-9 times, width - 2-28 times.
The main shoot of the fire is orthotropic, elongated vegetative. Under cultural conditions, the tillering zone of the main shoot during spring sowing has 4-5 nodes and internodes with a length of 2-3 mm, with summer 6-8 nodes and a length of 5-6 mm.
The buds in the tillering zone of the main shoot differ in capacity and shape: 1-2 lower buds are rounded, obtuse, directed perpendicular to the axis of the shoot, i.e. horizontal to the soil surface. The formation of the tillering zone of the main shoot lasts 20-25 days. The elongated part of the main shoot is formed in 60-80 days. The first lateral bud of the main shoot begins to grow when the fifth green leaf unfolds (Chibrik, 1968).
The rate of leaf-forming activity of the growth cone of the main shoot changes dramatically during the growing season: at the beginning of development, the duration of the plastochron is 7-9 days, at the end of the growing season - 14. The average duration of the plastochron is 6 days (Lebedev, 1968).
Lateral shoots are formed from buds located in the axils of the leaves in the zone of shortened internodes. The axillary bud has a greater number of leaf formations than the germinal bud.
The capacity of a mature lateral closed bud is 7-10 ridges, and an open apical bud of a growing shoot is from 5-6 to 8-9 ridges (Lamp., 1952; Lebedev, 1968; Serebryakova, 1971). In the apical bud of the rhizome shoot, which remains underground for the winter, there are 8-10 ridges in autumn. Lateral buds, located along the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoot, have an average of 3 rudiments of lower leaves (Borisova, 1960).
Lateral buds are laid in the axil of the coleoptile and further in the axils of the overlying true green leaves in the zone of shortened internodes. They are also laid in the axils of green leaves in the zone of elongated shoot internodes, but here the lateral buds are not completely formed and gradually degenerate. Lateral buds are also formed along the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots. They are located on the upper and lower side of the rhizome. The kidneys on the underside are larger than on the top.
The buds of the tillering zone develop into side shoots. Buds located in the zone of elongated internodes do not develop into shoots.
The first plagiotropic shoots in the tillering zone of the main shoot begin to form when 4-6 green leaves are deployed on it. The plagiotropic part of the first rhizomatous shoots is short (2-4 cm), and soon they become orthotropic. position. Starting from the 3rd-4th order of shoots, the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots increases sharply.
In natural cenoses in bonfire plants of seed origin, as a rule, shoots of the III and subsequent orders become the first generative shoots.
Elongation and segmentation of growth cones of future generative shoots begins in the autumn. The inflorescence is formed after overwintering. In the spring, after the deployment of 2-3 green leaves and the laying of 1-3 leaf primordia on the growth cone, an inflorescence begins to form in future generative shoots (Serebryakov, 1952; Borisova, 1960).
Quite intensive tillering is characteristic of the awnless bonfire, although the nature and intensity of tillering "change significantly during ontogenesis. In natural cenoses, during the period of maximum development of individuals during the growing season, 2-3 orders of shoots are formed and in general there are up to 15 shoots in a partial bush .
As the plants age, the duration of vegetation of the partial bush is reduced to 1-2 years. In a partial bush, no more than 3 orders of shoots can be traced. New partial bushes (plagiotropic shoots) are not formed annually. The growth of plagiotropic shoots begins, as a rule, after the death of the mother shoot in the aerial part.
In the course of ontogenesis, rhizomatous (rhizome-bush) and bush life forms can be formed.
Bonfire shoots are blooming in the Moscow region. at the end of June - beginning of July. Flowering can continue until September. Intensive flowering is observed within two weeks from the moment of flowering. In rainy weather, flowering occurs later and stretches for a longer period. In dry years, early flowering is noted, lasting no more than a week. Panicle blooms 6-10 days. Flowering begins at the top and goes in the basipetal direction. Within the spikelet, the lower flowers bloom first and the flowering process spreads in the acropetal direction.
In spikelets, 1-2, sometimes 3-5 flowers open daily. The flowers open within 1.5-3 minutes. The growth rate of filaments is -1--1.5 mm/min. It is impossible to get one's own pollen on the stigma of the same flower, since the opening of the anthers occurs after they overturn and hang on the stamen filaments below the stigma. Blooms in the afternoon: between 15 and 20 hours. Mass opening of flowers from 16 to 17 hours.
Flowering is explosive and portioned.
Methods of reproduction and distribution. Bonfire propagation is carried out by seed and vegetative means. The individuals of the generative period have the greatest potential for vegetative reproduction, when they reach the maximum branching and are characterized by the highest vitality. In natural cenoses, if individuals of the bonfire have a relatively high vitality, they can indefinitely, for a long time, renew themselves and maintain a fairly high number mainly by vegetative means.
In culture, single-species bonfire populations are significantly thinned at 2-5 years of age. The number is falling, the shoot-forming ability is sharply reduced, and, consequently, the potential for vegetative propagation. The comparatively rapid loss of fire in cultivation is connected primarily with the accumulation in the upper soil layers of a large number of underground plant organs, which slowly decompose under these conditions.
In natural cenoses, seed reproduction is less important for self-maintenance and renewal of bonfire coenopopulations, although there is a potential opportunity for this. According to our observations in the floodplain of the Oka, the seed productivity of the fire ranges from 23.8 to 144.5;. the number of seeds per 1 m2 is from 114 to 18,000, depending on the abundance of fire in the cenosis and the vitality of individual plants. Of these, the number of germinating seeds per 1 m2 is 105-16,700, but the number of seedlings in the cenosis is small: only single specimens reach an adult state.
Ecology. Awnless bonfire is found in conditions from meadow-steppe to raw-meadow moisture - 62-80 steps of the Ramensky scale. According to G. Ellenberg (Ellenberg, 1974), the bonfire is on the 4th level of the moisture scale, that is, it grows on dry and fresh soils. Particularly resistant to flooding (up to 40-53 days). The fire forms the maximum biomass at the optimal duration of flooding with hollow waters (Khitrovo, 1967). It tolerates well the overlap with a sufficiently powerful silt due to the ability to move renewal buds into the surface layers of the soil, for example, the overlap with sandy loam and sandy silt with a thickness of 5-10 cm. on the mechanical composition of soils and fertilizer regime. Grows better on slightly acidic or neutral soils, cannot grow under anaerobic conditions (Shlygina, 1926; Rabotnov, 1974).
The bonfire is demanding on lighting, and therefore it grows better in open and slightly shaded places. G, Ellenberg (Ellenberg, 1974) places it between semi-light-loving and light-loving species (3 degree of the scale, at least 50% of full illumination).
Belongs to the group of highly frost-resistant plants, does not freeze even in cold and severe winters. Buds in the tillering zone remain at minus 46°, and during spring frosts - at minus 18°. Little resistant to ice crust (Kolosova, 1947; Rabotnov, 1974).
Bonfire is demanding on the richness of soils; it occurs in the greatest abundance on rich soils - 11-20 steps of the soil richness scale (Ramensky et al., 1956). Medium salt tolerant.
Responsive to fertilization, especially nitrogen. Potassium-phosphorus fertilizers also have a positive effect on the productivity of the fire. The influence of potash fertilizers is less clearly manifested (Savitskaya, 1966; Rabotnov, 1974).
Bonfire awnless in the mountains is distributed to the middle zone (2000-2800 m). In the subalpine zone, it is found, as a rule, on open slopes (Larin et al., 1950; Bykov, 1960).
Phytocenology. Within the range, the fire often acts as a co-dominant and dominant in many natural cenoses of meadows and steppes. Constantly grows on fallows, in bushes, light forests, along beams, especially where sediments are well expressed. (Lyubarsky, 1968). In floodplain cenoses, fire is often dominant and can form monodominant plant communities (Likhachev, 1959). Most often, this is observed in areas with the introduction of increased doses of nitrogen fertilizers and hay use of plant communities.
The number of bonfire populations varies greatly depending on habitats and anthropogenic impact on plant communities. According to our data, in the studied cenoses, the number of coenopopulations of the bonfire ranged from 4-5 to 105 individuals per 1 m2. According to the position of the species in the cenosis, the structure of age spectra, the vitality of individuals of individual age groups and coenopopulations as a whole, also change.
In plant communities where the fire occupies a dominant position, cenopopulations are characterized by a full-length age spectrum. The structure of the age spectrum is dominated by plants of the generative and post-generative period; individuals of the pregenerative period are also quite complete with a maximum in the group of young vegetative plants, which is due here to intensive vegetative propagation. With a decrease in the number of age spectra, they continue to retain fullness, but subsenile and senile plants begin to predominate in their structure. The participation of plants of the generative and especially the virginal period decreases due to a decrease in the efficiency of vegetative propagation.
A fairly strong negative effect on the fire is provided by meadow fescue, meadow foxtail, yellow alfalfa, mouse peas, loosestrife.
Economic importance. Awnless bonfire is a valuable fodder plant, widely used in meadow growing and field grass planting, as well as in the fight against soil erosion in ravine regions of the European part of the USSR, in mountainous regions.
Under the conditions of culture, the maximum yield of a bonfire is in the second year of life, a high biomass is maintained here for 2-5 years, depending on soil fertility.
Literature: Biological flora of the Moscow region. Issue. 5. Moscow University Press, 1980
The awnless rump is a perennial cereal plant. It has a fairly high yield, as well as advantages in terms of fodder. Awnless rump is usually sown in early spring under cover or without cover, summer crops are also practiced (in the second half of July). The sowing rate of awnless brome for seeds in a continuous (ordinary row) way is 20-25 kg/ha, in a wide-row method - 8-10 kg/ha, for fodder purposes in the composition of grass mixtures - 8-12, if in grass mixtures the seeding rate will be - 5-6 kg/ha. Green fodder is used for harvesting hay and haylage. When cultivating awnless brome mixed with perennial legumes, its effectiveness is significantly increased. The increase in yield contributes to the condition of the growth of the herbage in the mixture. Biology - The rump is well adapted to various soil and climatic conditions. The height of vegetative and generative stems reaches a height of 60 to 150 cm. The leafiness of the stems is quite high, and is about 53%. On average, the weight of 1000 grains is -3.5 g. The root system is fibrous. The root system penetrates into the ground to a depth of 150 cm. Awnless brome is a perennial cereal grass that is drought-resistant and withstands quite a long flood. It can grow on various soils, but loamy and sandy soils are the most optimal for it. Crop yields are reduced on heavy and clay soils. Gives quite high yields on peat-bog soils, but categorically does not tolerate waterlogged ones. Awnless rump is one of the most drought-resistant perennial grasses, able to withstand prolonged flooding. It grows on a variety of soils, but loamy and sandy loamy soils are considered the best for it. To the fertility of the soil, as well as to its friability makes increased demands. Agricultural technology of cereal crops. Timothy grass, cocksfoot, meadow fescue, awnless brome are cultivated in their pure form and mixed with legumes and cereals. They are usually sown under winter or spring crops. Soil cultivation - as well as for perennial leguminous grasses: stubble peeling, early autumn plowing. If necessary, the plowing is treated in the fall as a half-pair. Spring pre-sowing treatment - as well as under a cover crop. The field surface must be well leveled and rolled. Grasses respond well to organic manure for cover crop or predecessor crop. Phosphorus to potassium can be added to the reserve for 2-3 years. High efficiency is ensured by the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers under cereal grasses. Average long-term optimal terms for the first mowing of cereal early grasses: in the northern zone - June 7-16, in the middle zone - June 3-10, in the southern zone - May 27 - June 4; late - 10-14 days later. sown perennial grasses should be harvested during the period between the heading phases - the beginning of flowering in order to obtain an optimal yield.
20. Corn, biology and agricultural technology for feed.
Maize (Zeamais L., chromosome number 2n = 20) belongs botanically to the bluegrass family. Annual, cross-pollinated plant. The male inflorescence is a panicle. The female inflorescence is an ear. Corn is a light-loving plant, quite demanding on growing conditions. At the same time, it has the most important ecological feature - to use soil and climatic factors productively and, with the right selection of hybrids and a high level of agricultural technology, ensure a high yield. Corn is very demanding on heat. The biological minimum for the germination of corn seeds is 8...10°C. Moisture requirements for corn are low. With a minimum of precipitation, but in warm weather, the crop develops a powerful root system in search of moisture. Corn belongs to light-loving, short-day plants. Corn level requirements crop culture higher than the soil type. It gives high yields on clean, loose, breathable soils, at a pH of at least 5.5. Best of all, corn grows and develops on chernozem and dark chestnut soils. Plowing under corn should be done at the end of September or at the beginning of October; in the spring, the field is doubled and harrowed. Seeds are planted to a depth of 6-9 cm. Seedlings of corn with sufficiently moist soil appear on the fifth or sixth day after sowing. The harvesting of corn for green fodder is usually started when the seed panicles of cereals appear, since at that time its stalks have not yet had time to harden and are very readily eaten by cattle. Corn is plastic in relation to predecessors. In field crop rotations, it is placed after winter and spring crops, legumes and row crops; in fodder crop rotations - after leguminous, annual legume-cereal mixtures and root crops. After the stubble predecessors, peeling is carried out to a depth of 6-8 cm. In fields clogged with root shoot weeds, double peeling is effective (second peeling to a depth of 10-12 cm). When clogging with rhizomatous weeds, the field is disked in two directions to a depth of 10-12 cm. Deep autumn plowing for corn to a depth of 27-30 cm has significant advantages over shallower (20-22 cm).
Spring tillage consists of early spring harrowing and two or three cultivations with simultaneous harrowing. The first cultivation to a depth of 10-12 cm is carried out simultaneously with cultivation for early spiked crops; the second cultivation to a depth of 8-10 cm - immediately before sowing corn. In areas of insufficient moisture, soil rolling is of great agrotechnical importance.
Rump awnless- horse grass, widely used in grassland and field crops.
By the type of tillering, this is a rhizomatous plant: it forms underground shoots, from the nodes of which new ones come to the surface of the soil. The root system is fibrous, fashionable and penetrating into the soil up to 2 m.
Rhizomes are located at a depth of 8-15 cm, with age - closer to the soil surface. The tillering nodes are formed at a depth of 1.3-2.5 cm.
The awnless rump forms shoots of three types - vegetative shortened, elongated, generative. The first two types of shoots usually dominate in the herbage, due to which the foliage of the awnless rump is high.
The leaves are soft, long, wide (up to 2 cm) when cultivated on fertile soils, the tongue is short, blunt, with a finely serrated edge.
Inflorescence - panicle, 10-130 cm long, compressed before flowering, sprawling during flowering. Spikelets are long, many-flowered (5-12).
Seeds are large, 9-12 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, dark gray or brownish, without awns and awned points, non-friable.
In the first month of life, it grows and develops slowly. Tillering begins on the 35th-40th day after germination. In the first year of life, with sparse crops, it forms a certain number of generative shoots. Nevertheless, it is classified as a cereal of a winter or semi-winter type of development.
In the second year of life, it grows quickly and forms new shoots throughout the warm season. Flowering is relatively late. The flowering phase of the awnless rump occurs during the period of the lowest air humidity, in the afternoon.
In the second and subsequent years of life, 65-75 days pass from the beginning of the growing season to flowering, and 95-110 days to seed ripening. In the second mowing, generative shoots are practically not formed.
Awnless brome can be cultivated on sufficiently aerated sandy and loamy floodplains, fertile soils of upland and drained peat bogs.
The biological and economic features of the awnless brome determine a wide area of its cultivation. Its culture, including seed production, is possible in many regions of the country, including non-chernozem forest-steppe and steppe regions of the European part, Siberia, the Far East, and mountainous regions.
The low natural seed productivity of the brome requires a number of agricultural practices that stimulate the switch from vegetative to seed renewal. One of the conditions guaranteeing a good seed yield in the first year of use is coverless sowing. An equally important factor that determines the level of yield of rump seeds is wide-row sowing, which increases the duration of use of the seed.
The optimal sowing time for awnless brome determines the friendliness of seedlings and the formation of an appropriate plant density. Depending on the specific conditions, the sowing time may be different. So, in the northwestern and central regions, the optimal sowing time is the end of May-beginning of June; in the forest-steppe and steppe regions, spring and summer sowing is possible.
Seed care consists of loosening row spacing and fertilizing. Nitrogen top dressing is most effective if carried out in two steps: in spring and summer (A. R. Adoyam, T. V. Mityashina, etc.). On poorly cultivated soddy-podzolic soils, the dose is N 60-80.
With age, thickening of herbage and soil compaction occurs, in connection with which the yield of seeds decreases. In order to increase seed productivity, N. B. Khvorova on peat bogs (Irkutsk region) and N. S. Bekhtin on alluvial chernozem (Tambov region) tested the possibility of rejuvenating grass stands by disking. Experiments have shown the promise of using this technique on old-growth herbage of awnless brome.
Seeds are harvested in the phase of full ripeness by direct combining, on a high cut so that the green parts of the plants do not clog the combine.
The seeds of awnless rump have a long period of post-harvest ripening: according to P. V. Lebedev and N. P. Uglov, 2-3 months, according to other sources - 1.5-2 months. In this regard, the use of freshly harvested seeds can only be recommended for autumn sowing.
Awnless rump is one of the cereals in which the seeds remain viable for no more than three years (M. A. Filimonova).
The average seed yield of awnless brome is 0.2-0.4 t/ha.
There are four ecological groups of awnless brome, which differ in morphological and economic characteristics, as well as biological properties: the meadow group of the northern regions of the Non-Chernozem zone, the meadow group of the southern regions of the Non-Chernozem zone, the forest-steppe and steppe groups.
The differences between plants of the steppe and meadow groups are significant. The former have hard and coarse leaves, small (10-20 cm) panicles, increased drought resistance. They differ in friendly flowering. In plants of the meadow group, the foliage is higher, the leaves are tender, the plants are more moisture-loving.
45 breeding and local varieties of awnless rump are used in the country. The most widespread of them are Morshansky 760, SibNIISKhoz 189, Sverdlovsky 38.
