Multivariance of social development. Typology of societies

The life of each individual and society as a whole is constantly changing. Not a single day and hour we live is like the previous ones. When do we say that there has been a change? Then, when it is clear to us that one state is not equal to another and something new has appeared that was not there before. How are changes taking place and where are they directed?

At each individual moment of time, a person and his associations are influenced by many factors, sometimes mismatched and multidirectional. Therefore, it is difficult to speak of any clear, precise arrow-shaped line of development characteristic of society. The processes of change are complex, uneven, and sometimes it is difficult to grasp their logic. The paths of social change are varied and tortuous.

Often we come across such a concept as "social development". Let's think about how change will generally differ from development? Which of these concepts is broader, and which is more specific (it can be entered into another, considered as a special case of the other)? Obviously, not all change is development. But only that which involves complication, improvement and is associated with the manifestation of social progress.

What drives the development of society? What can be hidden behind each new stage? We should look for answers to these questions, first of all, in the very system of complex social relations, in internal contradictions, conflicts of different interests.

Development impulses can come both from the society itself, its internal contradictions, and from outside.

External impulses can be generated, in particular, by the natural environment, space. For example, climate change on our planet, the so-called "global warming", has become a serious problem for modern society. The answer to this "challenge" was the adoption by a number of countries of the world of the Kyoto Protocol, which prescribes to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In 2004, Russia also ratified this protocol, making commitments to protect the environment.

If changes in society occur gradually, then the new accumulates in the system quite slowly and sometimes imperceptibly to the observer. And the old, the previous, is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous one. We do not feel conflict and negation by the new of the old. And only after some time we exclaim with surprise: “How everything has changed around!”. Such gradual progressive changes we call evolution. The evolutionary path of development does not imply a sharp breakdown, destruction of previous social relations.

The external manifestation of evolution, the main way of its implementation is reform. Under reform we understand the power action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life in order to give society greater stability, stability.

The evolutionary path of development is not the only one. Not all societies could solve urgent problems through organic gradual transformations. In conditions of an acute crisis affecting all spheres of society, when the accumulated contradictions literally blow up the established order, revolution. Any revolution taking place in society implies a qualitative transformation of social structures, the destruction of the old order and rapid innovation. The revolution releases significant social energy, which is not always possible to control the forces that initiated the revolutionary change. The ideologists and practitioners of the revolution seem to be letting the "genie out of the bottle." Subsequently, they try to drive this "genie" back, but this, as a rule, does not work. The revolutionary element begins to develop according to its own laws, often baffling its creators.

That is why spontaneous, chaotic principles often prevail in the course of a social revolution. Sometimes revolutions bury those people who stood at their origins. Or the results and consequences of the revolutionary explosion are so fundamentally different from the original tasks that the creators of the revolution cannot but admit their defeat. Revolutions give rise to a new quality, and it is important to be able to transfer further development processes in an evolutionary direction in time. Russia experienced two revolutions in the 20th century. Particularly severe shocks befell our country in 1917-1920.

As history shows, many revolutions were replaced by reaction, a rollback to the past. We can talk about different types of revolutions in the development of society: social, technical, scientific, cultural.

The significance of revolutions is assessed differently by thinkers. So, for example, the German philosopher K. Marx, the founder of scientific communism, considered revolutions to be "the locomotives of history." At the same time, many emphasized the destructive, destructive effect of revolutions on society. In particular, the Russian philosopher N. A. Berdyaev (1874–1948) wrote the following about the revolution: “All revolutions ended in reactions. This is inevitable. This is the law. And the more violent and furious the revolutions were, the stronger were the reactions. There is a kind of magic circle in the alternation of revolutions and reactions.

Comparing the ways of transforming society, the famous modern Russian historian P.V. Volobuev wrote: “The evolutionary form, firstly, made it possible to ensure the continuity of social development and, thanks to this, to preserve all the accumulated wealth. Secondly, evolution, contrary to our primitive ideas, was also accompanied by major qualitative changes in society, not only in productive forces and technology, but also in spiritual culture, in the way of life of people. Thirdly, in order to solve the new social tasks that arose in the course of evolution, it adopted such a method of social transformation as reforms, which turned out to be simply incomparable in their “costs” with the gigantic price of many revolutions. Ultimately, as historical experience has shown, evolution is able to ensure and maintain social progress, giving it, moreover, a civilized form.

Typology of societies

Singling out different types of societies, thinkers are based, on the one hand, on the chronological principle, noting the changes that occur over time in the organization of social life. On the other hand, certain signs of societies coexisting with each other at the same time are grouped. This allows you to create a kind of horizontal slice of civilizations. So, speaking of traditional society as the basis for the formation of modern civilization, one cannot fail to note the preservation of many of its features and signs in our days.

The most well-established in modern social science is the approach based on the allocation three types of societies: traditional (pre-industrial), industrial, post-industrial (sometimes called technological or informational). This approach is based to a greater extent on a vertical, chronological cut, i.e., it assumes the replacement of one society by another in the course of historical development. With the theory of K. Marx, this approach has in common that it is based primarily on the distinction of technical and technological features.

What are the characteristics and characteristics of each of these societies? Let's go to the description traditional society- the foundations of the formation of the modern world. First of all, ancient and medieval society is called traditional, although many of its features are preserved in later times. For example, the countries of the East, Asia, Africa retain signs of traditional civilization today.

So, what are the main features and characteristics of a traditional type of society?

In the very understanding of traditional society, it is necessary to note the focus on reproducing in an unchanged form the ways of human activity, interactions, forms of communication, organization of life, and culture samples. That is, in this society, relations that have developed between people, methods of work, family values, and a way of life are carefully observed.

A person in a traditional society is bound by a complex system of dependence on the community, the state. His behavior is strictly regulated by the norms adopted in the family, estate, society as a whole.

traditional society distinguishes the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the majority of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, works on the land, lives by its fruits. Land is considered the main wealth, and the basis for the reproduction of society is what is produced on it. Mainly hand tools (plow, plow) are used, the renewal of equipment and production technology is rather slow.

The main element of the structure of traditional societies is the agricultural community: the collective that manages the land. The personality in such a team is weakly singled out, its interests are not clearly identified. The community, on the one hand, will limit a person, on the other hand, provide him with protection and stability. The most severe punishment in such a society was often considered expulsion from the community, "deprivation of shelter and water." Society has a hierarchical structure, more often divided into estates according to the political and legal principle.

A feature of a traditional society is its closeness to innovation, the extremely slow nature of change. And these changes themselves are not considered as a value. More important - stability, stability, following the commandments of the ancestors. Any innovation is seen as a threat to the existing world order, and the attitude towards it is extremely wary. "The traditions of all the dead generations weigh like a nightmare over the minds of the living."

The Czech educator J. Korchak noted the dogmatic way of life inherent in traditional society: “Prudence up to complete passivity, to the point of ignoring all rights and rules that have not become traditional, not consecrated by authorities, not rooted in repetition day after day ... Everything can become dogma - and the earth , and the church, and the fatherland, and virtue, and sin; science, social and political activity, wealth, any opposition can become ... "

A traditional society will diligently protect its behavioral norms, the standards of its culture from outside influences from other societies and cultures. An example of such "closedness" is the centuries-old development of China and Japan, which were characterized by a closed, self-sufficient existence and any contacts with strangers were practically excluded by the authorities. A significant role in the history of traditional societies is played by the state and religion.

Undoubtedly, as trade, economic, military, political, cultural and other contacts develop between different countries and peoples, such “closeness” will be violated, often in a very painful way for these countries. Traditional societies under the influence of the development of technology, technology, means of communication will enter a period of modernization.

Of course, this is a generalized picture of a traditional society. More precisely, one can speak of a traditional society as a kind of cumulative phenomenon that includes the features of the development of different peoples at a certain stage. There are many different traditional societies (Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Western European, Russian, etc.) that bear the imprint of their culture.

We are well aware that the society of ancient Greece and the Old Babylonian kingdom differ significantly in the dominant forms of ownership, the degree of influence of communal structures and the state. If in Greece, Rome, private property and the beginnings of civil rights and freedoms develop, then in societies of the Eastern type, traditions of despotic rule, the suppression of man by the agricultural community, and the collective nature of labor are strong. Nevertheless, both are different versions of a traditional society.

The long-term preservation of the agricultural community, the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the peasantry in the composition of the population, the joint labor and collective land use of communal peasants, and autocratic power allow us to characterize Russian society over many centuries of its development as traditional. Transition to a new type of society - industrial- will be carried out quite late - only in the second half of the XIX century.

It cannot be said that traditional society is a past stage, that everything connected with traditional structures, norms, and consciousness has remained in the distant past. Moreover, considering this, we make it difficult for ourselves to understand many problems and phenomena of the modern world. And today, a number of societies retain the features of traditionalism, primarily in culture, social consciousness, political system, and everyday life.

The transition from a traditional society, devoid of dynamism, to an industrial type society reflects such a concept as modernization.

industrial society is born as a result of the industrial revolution, leading to the development of large-scale industry, new modes of transport and communications, a decrease in the role of agriculture in the structure of the economy and the resettlement of people in cities.

The Modern Philosophical Dictionary, published in 1998 in London, contains the following definition of an industrial society:

An industrial society is characterized by the orientation of people towards ever-increasing volumes of production, consumption, knowledge, etc. The ideas of growth and progress are the "core" of the industrial myth, or ideology. An essential role in the social organization of industrial society is played by the concept of a machine. The consequence of the implementation of ideas about the machine is the extensive development of production, as well as the "mechanization" of social relations, the relationship of man with nature ... The boundaries of the development of an industrial society are revealed as the limits of extensively oriented production are discovered.

Earlier than others, the industrial revolution swept the countries of Western Europe. The UK was the first country to implement it. By the middle of the 19th century, the vast majority of its population was employed in industry. The industrial society is characterized by rapid dynamic changes, the growth of social mobility, urbanization - the process of growth and development of cities. Contacts and ties between countries and peoples are expanding. These communications are carried out by telegraph and telephone. The structure of society is also changing: it is based not on estates, but on social groups that differ in their place in the economic system - classes. Along with changes in the economy and the social sphere, the political system of an industrial society is also changing - parliamentarism, a multi-party system are developing, and the rights and freedoms of citizens are expanding. Many researchers believe that the formation of a civil society that is aware of its interests and acts as a full partner of the state is also associated with the formation of an industrial society. To a certain extent, it is precisely such a society that has received the name capitalist. The early stages of its development were analyzed in the 19th century by the English scientists J. Mill, A. Smith, and the German philosopher K. Marx.

At the same time, in the era of the industrial revolution, there is an increase in unevenness in the development of various regions of the world, which leads to colonial wars, seizures, and the enslavement of weak countries by strong ones.

Russian society is quite late, only by the 40s of the 19th century, it enters the period of the industrial revolution, and the formation of the foundations of an industrial society in Russia is noted only by the beginning of the 20th century. Many historians believe that at the beginning of the 20th century our country was agrarian-industrial. Russia could not complete industrialization in the pre-revolutionary period. Although the reforms carried out on the initiative of S. Yu. Witte and P. A. Stolypin were aimed precisely at this.

By the end of industrialization, that is, the creation of a powerful industry that would make the main contribution to the national wealth of the country, the authorities returned already in the Soviet period of history.

We know the concept of "Stalin's industrialization", which took place in the 1930s and 1940s. In the shortest possible time, at an accelerated pace, using primarily the funds received from the robbery of the village, the mass collectivization of peasant farms, by the end of the 1930s, our country created the foundations of heavy and military industry, mechanical engineering and ceased to depend on the supply of equipment from abroad. But did this mean the end of the process of industrialization? Historians argue. Some researchers believe that even in the late 1930s, the main share of national wealth was still formed in the agricultural sector, that is, agriculture produced more product than industry.

Therefore, experts believe that industrialization in the Soviet Union was completed only after the Great Patriotic War, by the middle - second half of the 1950s. By this time, industry had taken a leading position in the production of gross domestic product. Also, most of the country's population was employed in the industrial sector.

The second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of fundamental science, engineering and technology. Science is turning into a direct powerful economic force.

The rapid changes that have engulfed a number of spheres of the life of modern society have made it possible to talk about the entry of the world into post-industrial era. In the 1960s, this term was first proposed by the American sociologist D. Bell. He also formulated the main features of a post-industrial society: creating a vast service economy, increasing the layer of qualified scientific and technical specialists, the central role of scientific knowledge as a source of innovation, ensuring technological growth, creating a new generation of intelligent technology. Following Bell, the theory of post-industrial society was developed by American scientists J. Galbright and O. Toffler.

basis post-industrial society was the restructuring of the economy, carried out in Western countries at the turn of the 1960s - 1970s. Instead of heavy industry, the leading positions in the economy were taken by science-intensive industries, the “knowledge industry”. The symbol of this era, its basis is the microprocessor revolution, the mass distribution of personal computers, information technology, electronic communications. The rates of economic development, the speed of transmission of information and financial flows over a distance are multiplying. With the entry of the world into the post-industrial, information age, there is a decrease in the employment of people in industry, transport, industrial sectors, and vice versa, the number of people employed in the service sector, in the information sector is increasing. It is no coincidence that a number of scientists call the post-industrial society informational or technological.

Describing modern society, the American researcher P. Drucker notes: “Today, knowledge is already being applied to the sphere of knowledge itself, and this can be called a revolution in the field of management. Knowledge is rapidly becoming the determining factor of production, relegating both capital and labor to the background.”

Scientists who study the development of culture, spiritual life, in relation to the post-industrial world, introduce another name - postmodern era. (Scientists understand the era of modernism as an industrial society. - Note by the author.) If the concept of post-industrialism mainly emphasizes differences in the sphere of economy, production, methods of communication, then postmodernism primarily covers the sphere of consciousness, culture, patterns of behavior.

The new perception of the world, according to scientists, is based on three main features.

First, at the end of faith in the possibilities of the human mind, a skeptical questioning of everything that European culture traditionally considers rational. Secondly, on the collapse of the idea of unity and universality of the world. The postmodern understanding of the world is based on multiplicity, pluralism, the absence of common models and canons for the development of various cultures. Thirdly: the era of postmodernism sees the individual differently, "the individual as responsible for shaping the world retires, he is outdated, he is recognized as connected with the prejudices of rationalism and is discarded." The sphere of communication between people, communications, collective agreements comes to the fore.

As the main features of a postmodern society, scientists call increasing pluralism, multivariance and diversity of forms of social development, changes in the system of values, motives and incentives of people.

The approach we have chosen in a generalized form represents the main milestones in the development of mankind, focusing primarily on the history of the countries of Western Europe. Thus, it significantly narrows the possibility of studying the specific features, features of the development of individual countries. He draws attention primarily to universal processes, and much remains outside the field of view of scientists. In addition, willy-nilly, we take for granted the point of view that there are countries that have pulled ahead, there are those that are successfully catching up with them, and those that are hopelessly behind, not having time to jump into the last carriage of the modernization machine rushing forward. The ideologists of the theory of modernization are convinced that it is the values and models of development of Western society that are universal and are a guideline for development and a model for everyone to follow.

Society structure

Social institutions:

organize human activity into a certain system of roles and statuses, establishing patterns of people's behavior in various spheres of public life;
include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;
streamline, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;
provide standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features:

It is distinguished by a wide variety of different social structures and subsystems.
Society is not only people, but also social relations that arise between them, between spheres (subsystems) and their institutions. Public relations are the diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as the connections that arise between different social groups (or within them).
Society is capable of creating and reproducing the necessary conditions for its own existence.
Society is a dynamic system, it is characterized by the emergence and development of new phenomena, the obsolescence and death of old elements, as well as the incompleteness and alternative development. The choice of development options is carried out by a person.
Society is characterized by unpredictability, non-linearity of development.
Society functions:
- reproduction and socialization of a person;
– production of material goods and services;
– distribution of products of labor (activity);
– regulation and management of activities and behavior;
- spiritual production.

The structure of the socio-economic formation

productive forces- these are the means of production and people with production experience, skills for work.
Relations of production- relations between people that develop in the process of production.
A type superstructures predominantly determined by the nature basis. It also represents the basis of the formation, determining the affiliation of a particular society.
The authors of the approach singled out five socio-economic formations:

primitive communal;
slaveholding;
feudal;
capitalist;
communist.

Selection criterion socio-economic formations is production activities of people, the nature of labor and ways of inclusion in the production process(natural necessity, non-economic coercion, economic coercion, labor becomes a need of the individual).
Driving force for development society is the class struggle. The transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out as a result of social revolutions.

Strengths of this approach:

– it is universal: practically all peoples went through the indicated stages in their development (in one volume or another);
- it allows you to compare the levels of development of different peoples in different historical periods;
- it allows you to track social progress.

Weaknesses:

- does not take into account the specific conditions and characteristics of individual peoples;
- pays more attention to the economic sphere of society, subordinating all the rest to it.

Stage-civilizational approach (W. Rostow, Toffler)
This approach is based on the understanding of civilization as a stage in the process of progressive development of mankind, in its ascent up the stairs leading up to a single world civilization.
Proponents of this approach distinguish three types of civilizations: traditional, industrial, post-industrial (or information society).

Characteristics of the main types of civilizations

Criteria for comparison	Traditional (agrarian) society	Industrial (western) society	Post-industrial (information) society
Features of the historical process	Long, slow evolutionary development, lack of clear boundaries between eras	Sharp, spasmodic, revolutionary development, the boundaries between eras are obvious	Evolutionary development of society, revolutions only in the scientific and technical sphere, globalization of all spheres of public life
Relations between society and nature	Harmonious relationships without destructive impact, the desire to adapt to nature	The desire to dominate nature, active transformational activity, the emergence of a global environmental problem	Awareness of the essence of the global environmental problem, attempts to solve it, the desire to create the noosphere - the "sphere of reason"
Features of economic development	The leading sector is the agricultural sector, the main means of production is land, which is in communal ownership or incomplete private ownership, since the ruler is the supreme owner	Industry dominates, the main means of production is capital, which is privately owned.	The service sector and the production of information prevail, world economic integration, the creation of transnational corporations
The social structure of society	Rigid closed caste or class system, low or no social mobility	Open class social structure, high level of social mobility	Open social structure, stratification of society by income, education, occupational characteristics, high level of social mobility
Features of the political system, regulation of social relations	The predominance of monarchical forms of government, the main regulators of social relations are customs, traditions, religious norms	The predominance of republican forms of government, the creation of a rule of law state, the main regulator of public relations is law
The position of the individual in society	The individual is absorbed by the community and the state, the dominance of collectivist values	Individualism, individual freedom

The typology of societies is considered from different positions. Scientific approaches allow us to identify the main features of the types of government. Grade 10 of the profile course of social science disciplines presents briefly but clearly the general characteristics and levels of development of countries.

State development

Society, according to researchers, goes through 3 stages (levels, stages) . They can be ordered sequentially as follows:

agricultural, pre-industrial or traditional;
industrial or capitalist;
post-industrial or informational.

The first two types developed slowly. Their historical period lasted depending on the cultural traditions of the countries. Despite the differences and individual characteristics of the development of countries, in all states these types had similar characteristics. Scientists have not stopped studying the development of states, they identify which features should be brought to the level of mandatory, which may be present in whole or in part. Evolution can move slowly, holding the state at one stage of development for many centuries. In other conditions, everything accelerates. What matters in type definition :

man and his attitude to nature, the natural resources of the planet;
interpersonal relationships, social connections;
values of the spiritual life of people (man and society).

The topic of the training course helps to imagine how the history of the planet, country, individual person goes.

All three types are interconnected, it is impossible to name the exact date of transition from one state to another, evolution passes through the territories, remote areas are pulled up behind the center or vice versa.

Table "Typology of societies"

	*Traditional to industrial*	*industrial society*	*post-industrial society*
Manufacturing	The predominant production area is agricultural labor based on manual technologies. It is clear that there are tools of production, but they are simple in design.	The industrial sector dominates. It is characterized by the active use of machines and conveyor technologies.	The sphere of production is services for the population. Production is distinguished by the development of computer technology. The era of robots begins.
Population	Most of the population are rural residents. Their standard of living is low: wood-burning houses. A person is engaged in physical labor that requires good health. A person lives by caring for pets. The main food products are produced independently. The society adheres to customs and traditions built on the experience of ancestors.	Most of the population lives in urban areas. Energy sources - the use of natural resources: oil, coal or gas.	The population is concentrated around cities. For energy production, alternative sources are selected: dangerous, but less expensive, for example, an atom.
core values	Land is the main value.	Capital is the main value.	The value of a person and society is knowledge and the timeliness of obtaining information.
Political structure	Society is politically a monarchy with disenfranchised residents. It is difficult for a person to rise, to move from one class to another. The ruler has a special right and inviolable authority.	The structure of society is a republic that guarantees the observance of the rights of any person, but the rights are not the same for all countries, but different. Public laws are regulated by legal normative acts.	According to the political structure - the rule of law. Public life is regulated by laws and regulations.

The traditional society is still found today. These are the states of Asia and Africa. Part of the signs of civilization reached the countries, but did not fully take root in society.

The industrial type of society is characterized by: the flourishing of large cities, the concentration of financial resources in one hand and a clear division of ownership.

What have we learned?

The table "Typology of society" helps to imagine how different countries develop. What determines the speed of transition from one type of society to another, whether it is possible to jump to the next step without stopping at the previous one. In what situations the country stops in development.

Topic quiz

Report Evaluation

Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 292.

We continue to work on the introductory topic "Society". Today we will solve several tasks on the topic "Types of societies". I remind you that I use only “combat” options that have already been tested at the Unified State Examination in different years. This significantly increases our chances that such tasks will be found in the USE-2015, since they are included in the closed FIPI segment.

We solve tasks for the lesson "Types of societies"

So, a few tasks to the topic we have analyzed

Let's solve the problems of part 1.

USE-2008. Task A2. What are the characteristics of an industrial society?

1) the influence of religious institutions

2) the natural nature of the economy

3) the predominance of agriculture

4) increasing the value of scientific information

We remember. We argue. Extreme religiosity, the agrarian nature of production are signs of a traditional society. Accordingly, answers 1 and 3 are not correct.

Next, remember the term. Subsistence farming is production for own consumption. For an industrial and post-industrial society, it is not typical, since all products are goods, produced for sale. So answer 2 is also wrong, correct 4- increasing the value of scientific information.

USE-2008. Task B4. In the list below, mark the signs of a pre-industrial society:

1) the basis of production is land, agricultural labor

2) the development of large-scale machine industry

3) the predominance of manual labor

4) the basis of production - knowledge, information

5) illiteracy of the majority of the population

6) the main type of export is the means of production

7) the main type of export is raw materials

We recall lesson 3. We reason. pre-industrial is a synonym for traditional, as it precedes the industrial. It is agricultural, so 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect, 3 is correct, 4 is incorrect. In a traditional society, the level of education of the majority of the population is extremely low, option 5 is correct.
The means of production are equipment, machines, mechanisms. Therefore, 6 is characteristic of an industrial society, 6 is not true. Raw materials are products of agriculture, hunting, but not industrial production. In a post-industrial society, the service sector dominates. Therefore, by elimination, option 7 is correct.

So our answer is 1357.Let's pay attention that we write it down exactly like this, in ascending order and without commas and spaces, as the USE procedure requires from us! Otherwise, during the machine check, which processes the answer form No. 1, the answer will not be read correctly.

And the task of part 2.

Task 33(C6 in the USE format 2014). Give three signs of a post-industrial (information) society, illustrating each of them with a specific example.

We remember Lesson 3. We argue. To begin with, let's choose any three signs of a post-industrial society. Let's take:
1) the development of education is continuous, 2) the basis of production is information, 3) environmental problems are being solved.

Now we need specific examples! This means, extremely brought to the understanding of social reality. The ability to apply socio-economic and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive tasks on topical social problems is tested.

So, 1) Stanislav Ivanovich, a mathematics teacher, completed two refresher courses last year, this year he will have to take courses in Moscow on working with interactive whiteboards.

We see that specifics are applied (what teacher? what is his name? where will he take the courses? what will he study?). The continuity of education in connection with the development of new technologies (interactive whiteboards) is shown.

2) Bill Gates created the Windows program, which allowed his company Microsoft to gain an advantage in the computer market.

We show computer technology (information) as the basis for the production of a particular company.

3) Automakers in many developed post-industrial countries produce cars with electric engines that are more environmentally friendly and less polluting. For example, Russia is preparing to release "Ë-mobile".

We use the expression FOR EXAMPLE, showing our willingness to give a SPECIFIC EXAMPLE!

In a comment to a lessonand in our group

Society has existed since ancient times. In a broad sense, this concept includes the interaction of people with nature and among themselves, as well as ways to unite them. In a narrower definition, society is a collection of people who are endowed with their own consciousness and will and who manifest themselves in the light of certain interests, moods and motives. Each society can be characterized by the following features: a name, stable and holistic forms of human interaction, the presence of a history of creation and development, the presence of its own culture, self-sufficiency and self-regulation.

Historically, all the diversity of societies can be divided into three types: traditional, or agrarian, industrial, post-industrial. Each of them has certain features and characteristics that uniquely separate one form of social relations from another. Nevertheless, the types of society, although they differ from each other, perform the same functions, such as the production of goods, the distribution of the results of labor activity, the formation of a specific ideology, the socialization of a person, and much more.

This type includes a set of social ideas and ways of life that may be at different stages of development, but do not have a sufficient level of industrial complex. The main interaction is between nature and man, with an important role given to the survival of each individual. This category includes agrarian, feudal, tribal society and others. Each of them is characterized by low rates of production and development. Nevertheless, such types of society have a characteristic feature: the presence of an established social solidarity.

Characteristics of an industrial society

It has a complex and sufficiently developed structure, has a high degree of specialization and division of labor activity, and is also distinguished by the widespread introduction of innovations. Industrial types of society are formed in the presence of active processes of urbanization, the growth of automation of production, the mass production of various goods, the widespread use of scientific discoveries and achievements. The main interaction takes place between man and nature, in which there is the enslavement of the surrounding world by people.

Characteristics of a post-industrial society

This type of human relationship has the following features: the creation of highly intelligent technologies, the transition to a service economy, control over various mechanisms, the rise of highly educated specialists and the dominance of theoretical knowledge. The main interaction occurs between a person and a person. Nature acts as a victim of anthropogenic influence, therefore, programs are being developed to minimize production waste and environmental pollution, as well as to create highly efficient technologies that can ensure waste-free production.

Guys, good day!

Do your homework carefully:
1. Kravchenko A.I. Social science. Grade 8 - §3.
2. Bogolyubova L.N. Introduction to Social Studies: Grades 8-9 - §17
3. Table "Types of companies".
4. Concepts: traditional, industrial, post-industrial society.

WE GET READY FOR THE CONCEPT DICTATION!!!

We work with texts:

traditional society a society governed by tradition. The preservation of traditions is a higher value in it than development. The social structure in it is characterized by a rigid class hierarchy, the existence of stable social communities (especially in the countries of the East), a special way of regulating the life of society based on traditions and customs. This organization of society seeks to preserve the socio-cultural foundations of life unchanged. The traditional society is an agrarian society.
General characteristics:
For a traditional society, as a rule, are characterized by:
traditional economy
the predominance of the agrarian way;
structure stability;
estate organization;
low mobility;
high mortality;
low life expectancy.
The traditional person perceives the world and the established order of life as something inseparably integral, holistic, sacred and not subject to change. A person's place in society and his status are determined by tradition (as a rule, by birthright).
In a traditional society, collectivist attitudes prevail, individualism is not welcome (because the freedom of individual actions can lead to a violation of the established order, time-tested). In general, traditional societies are characterized by the predominance of collective interests over private ones, including the primacy of the interests of existing hierarchical structures (state, clan, etc.). It is not so much individual capacity that is valued, but the place in the hierarchy (bureaucratic, class, clan, etc.) that a person occupies.
Traditional societies tend to be authoritarian and not pluralistic. Authoritarianism is necessary, in particular, to stop attempts to violate traditions or change them.
In a traditional society, as a rule, relations of redistribution rather than market exchange prevail, and elements of a market economy are tightly regulated. This is due to the fact that free market relations increase social mobility and change the social structure of society (in particular, they destroy estates); the system of redistribution can be regulated by tradition, but market prices are not; forced redistribution prevents "unauthorized" enrichment/impoverishment of both individuals and classes. The pursuit of economic gain in a traditional society is often morally condemned, opposed to selfless help.
In a traditional society, most people live all their lives in a local community (for example, a village), ties with the "big society" are rather weak. At the same time, family ties, on the contrary, are very strong.
The worldview (ideology) of a traditional society is conditioned by tradition and authority.

industrial society(German Industriegesellschaft) - a type of society that has reached a level of socio-economic development in which the greatest contribution to the value of material goods is made by the extraction and processing of natural resources, as well as industry.
An industrial society is a society based on industry with flexible dynamic structures, which is characterized by: division of labor, extensive development of mass media and a high level of urbanization.
The industrial society emerges as a result of the industrial revolution. There is a redistribution of the labor force: employment in agriculture falls from 70-80% to 10-15%, the share of employment in industry increases to 80-85%, and the urban population is also growing. Entrepreneurial activity becomes the dominant factor of production. As a result of the scientific and technological revolution, the industrial society is being transformed into a post-industrial society.
Features of an industrial society:
1. History moves unevenly, in “leaps”, gaps between eras are obvious, often these are revolutions of different types.
2. Socio-historical progress is quite obvious and can be "measured" by various criteria.
3. Society seeks to dominate nature, subordinating it and extracting the maximum possible from it.
4. The basis of the economy is the institution of highly developed private property. The right to property is seen as natural and inalienable.
5. Social mobility of the population is high, the possibilities of social movements are practically unlimited.
6. Society is autonomous from the state; a developed civil society has developed.
7. Autonomy, freedoms and rights of the individual are constitutionally enshrined as inalienable and innate. Relationships between the individual and society are built on the basis of mutual responsibility.
8. Ability and readiness for changes and innovations are recognized as the most important social values.
An industrial society is characterized by a sharp increase in industrial and agricultural production, unimaginable in previous eras; the rapid development of science and technology, means of communication, the invention of newspapers, radio and television; a sharp expansion of propaganda opportunities; a sharp increase in the population, an increase in its life expectancy; a significant increase in the standard of living in comparison with previous eras; a sharp increase in the mobility of the population; complex division of labor not only within individual countries, but also on an international scale; centralized state; smoothing of the horizontal differentiation of the population (its division into castes, estates, classes) and the growth of vertical differentiation (the division of society into nations, "worlds", regions).

post-industrial society is a society in whose economy, as a result of the scientific and technological revolution and a significant increase in the income of the population, priority has shifted from the predominant production of goods to the production of services. Information and knowledge become a production resource. Scientific developments are becoming the main driving force of the economy. The most valuable qualities are the level of education, professionalism, learning ability and creativity of the employee.
As a rule, post-industrial countries are those in which the service sector accounts for significantly more than half of GDP. This criterion includes, in particular, the United States (services account for 80% of US GDP, 2002), EU countries (services — 69.4% of GDP, 2004), Australia (69% of GDP, 2003), Japan (67.7% of GDP, 2001), Canada (70% of GDP, 2004), Russia (58% of GDP, 2007). However, some economists point out that the share of services in Russia is overstated.
The relative predominance of the share of services over material production does not necessarily mean a decrease in output. It's just that these volumes in the post-industrial society increase more slowly than the volume of services rendered increases.
Services should be understood not only as trade, utilities and consumer services: any infrastructure is created and maintained by society to provide services: the state, the army, law, finance, transport, communications, healthcare, education, science, culture, the Internet - these are all services. The service industry includes the production and sale of software. The buyer does not own all rights to the program. He uses its copy on certain conditions, that is, he receives a service.
The term "post-industrialism" was introduced into scientific circulation at the beginning of the 20th century by the scientist A. Kumaraswamy, who specialized in the pre-industrial development of Asian countries. In the modern sense, this term was first used in the late 1950s, and the concept of a post-industrial society received wide recognition as a result of the work of Harvard University professor Daniel Bell, in particular, after the publication of his book The Coming Post-Industrial Society in 1973.
The concept of post-industrial society is based on the division of all social development into three stages:
Agrarian (pre-industrial) - the agricultural sector was decisive, the main structures were the church, the army
Industrial - industry was the determining factor, the main structures were corporations, firms
Post-industrial - theoretical knowledge is decisive, the main structure is the university, as a place of their production and accumulation
Similarly, E. Toffler identifies three "waves" in the development of society:
agrarian in the transition to agriculture,
industrial during the industrial revolution
informational in the transition to a society based on knowledge (post-industrial).
D. Bell identifies three technological revolutions:
invention of the steam engine in the 18th century
scientific and technological advances in electricity and chemistry in the 19th century
creation of computers in the 20th century
Bell argued that, just as the industrial revolution brought about the assembly line, which increased productivity and prepared the mass consumer society, so now there must be a mass production of information that ensures appropriate social development in all directions.
Post-industrial theory, in many ways, has been confirmed by practice. As predicted by its creators, the mass consumer society gave rise to a service economy, and within its framework, the information sector of the economy began to develop at the fastest pace.