Conjunctions are one of the important elements of speech in everyday life. In Russian it is very difficult to communicate without them: after all, they are connecting elements in any text. With them, speech becomes more beautiful and varied.
Let's see what is meant in our language by this term. What words can be attributed to them, what are their functions.
Consider the types and categories of this part of speech, we will find out the main features. Let's draw up a plan for parsing these words as a specific category of speech and make a parsing using a specific example.
Definition and functionality
The Russian language is rich in different types of helper words. One of these basic categories of speech is conjunctions.
The essence of this term is as follows: they can be called words connecting various repeating elements in a passage, its segments, several different sentences.
These are peculiar linking words.
It's important to know: words of this category do not change and must not be elements (members) of the sentence!
Types of unions
The classification of such terms occurs, as a rule, in 3 directions. Let's consider each separately.
By syntactic features
These words connect fragments of compound or compound sentences. Let's take a look at each type separately.
Writing
They are also called compound. These words can be used only when linking equal fragments of a complex sentence.
There are groups of words for composition, some of which are shown in the table.
Subordinate
They are used as follows - one fragment of a complex sentence is subordinate to another. These segments are considered subordinate clauses.
The following groups of such words are distinguished.
Sometimes elements of the 7th subspecies can be easily confused with the explanatory and other categories of this service category of speech. To avoid confusion, follow-up questions should be asked.
By morphological characteristics
They can be divided as easily as the previous type into:
- simple (in one word) - a, u, but also others;
- compound (a few words) - not only, but also; other.
Moreover, the latter are also divided into 2 categories: double and repetitive. Most often, the second type is a subtype of the first.
The double can be attributed: if ... yes, when ... then ...; and to repetitive ones - then ... that, neither ... nor ...
By word formation
By the way they are formed, they can be divided into:
- non-derivatives - occurred independently of other categories;
- derivatives - formed from words of other categories.
There are the following types of the last kind of words:
- a combination of several words of this category of the 1st type;
- decree. word ch. sentence member + simple union;
- word of this category + generalizing link;
- history education.
Algorithm for parsing a union as part of speech
How to find and determine the nature of unions in any text is written either in a reference book or in a textbook or collection.
An example of parsing according to the specified plan
We were preparing a scene to perform well at the regional theatrical art competition. In order to there was a variety, we included dance, literary, play and musical numbers. Hope, what we will perform well.
For clarity, the search terms are highlighted.
- To
- Union - connects the members of the SPP;
- Submissive, simple, derivative.
- In order to
- Union - connects the members of the SPP;
- Submissive, compound, derivative.
- Union - connects oneor. members of the SPP;
- Writing, simple, non-derivative.
- Union - connects the members of the SPP;
- Submissive, simple, non-derivative.
Conclusion
We learned into what types of unions are subdivided, how the compositional ones differ from the subordinate ones, what subspecies they are divided into. The result will be a table characterizing this part of speech.
§one. General characteristics of unions
Union is a service part of speech that serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences in the text. The uniqueness of the unions in the role they perform. This role is an expression of the compositional and subordinate syntactic connections. Unlike prepositions, conjunctions are not associated with grammatical features of other words. Why? Because they serve for higher level syntactic links.
Conjunctions are an immutable part of speech. The union is not a member of the proposal. Conjunctions are a class that combines dissimilar words. Unions differ in education, structure, function, meaning.
§2. Union formation
Like prepositions, unions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives according to the method of formation.
- Non-derivatives unions: and, a, but, or, like that and etc.
- Derivatives formed in different ways:
- by connecting non-derivative unions: as if, but also, since
- by combining an index word and a simple union: in order in order to
- conjunction of a union with a pronoun and a word with a generalized meaning: while, until
from other parts of speech: although to
§3. Union structure
By structure, unions are divided into simple and compound:
- Simple:and, a, but, or, what, so that, how, if, however, on the other hand, also, moreover, moreover, and others, consisting of one word.
- Composite: since, while, how soon, due to the fact that, due to the fact that... Compounds are divided into double and repeating: not only ..., but also ..., neither ... nor ..., then ... then ...
§4. Function (role) of unions. Digits by value
The function (role) of unions is the expression of syntactic connections: compositional and subordinate.
A compositional relationship is a relationship that expresses the equal relationship of elements.
Writing unions. Digits by value
- Connecting: and, yes (= and: cabbage soup and porridge), and ... and ..., not only ... but also, like ... and, also, also
- Separating: either, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, or ... or, either ... or
- Adverse: a, but, Yes(= but: good-looking, but poor), but, but
- Gradational *: not only, but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but
- Explanatory *: that is, namely
- Connecting *: also, also, and, moreover, moreover
* Traditionally, sentences with a compositional connection are considered more accessible for understanding and are introduced into learning earlier than others: already in elementary school. Then the children are taught to distinguish between the meanings of unions. Therefore, the material is presented in a simplified form. This is how the idea is assimilated that there are three types of creative conjunctions: connecting, separating and adversary. In high school, children are faced with a wider range of phenomena that need to be understood and understood. For example, everyone should be able to distinguish and correctly write conjunctions. too, also and combinations the same, the same, you need to know how to punctually formalize sentences with different unions. And the question of what kind of unions they are does not arise. However, gradational, explanatory and connecting conjunctions are very frequent, they can get caught in test tasks. Therefore, I advise high school students and graduates to pay special attention to them.
A subordinate relationship is a relationship of unequal components, in which one of the components depends on the other. This is how parts of complex sentences are connected.
Submissive unions. Digits by value
- Temporary: when, so far, barely, only, while, only only, a little, a little
- Causal: because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because (obsolete), because
- Conditional: if (if only, if, if - outdated.), If, if, if, how soon
- Target: so that, in order, so that (obsolete), in order to, in order, then to
- Consequences: so
- Consensus: although, despite the fact that
- Comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, just as, rather than (obsolete)
- Explanatory: what, how, to
Attention:
Some conjunctions are ambiguous and can, performing different functions, enter into different categories. For example, let's compare:
Tell him, to he did not call: I will not be at home.
to - explanatory union
To to please mom, he washed the dishes left in the sink in the morning.
to- target union
When the teacher entered the classroom, Mishka was talking on the phone.
when- temporary union
I do not know, when he will call.
when- explanatory union
When he doesn't want to understand anything, how can you explain to him?
when- conditional union
Attention:
Many conjunctions have homonymous forms, which creates problems in distinguishing and spelling them correctly. Cm. Unified State Exam: "A, B, C" - everything for preparation. A18. Merged, hyphenated, separate spelling of words.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of the content of this chapter.
Final test
What are unions for?
- To link words in a sentence
- To link homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of complex sentences and individual sentences in the text
Is there a difference between compositional and subordinate unions?
Is it true to believe that simple unions are creative, and compound ones are subordinate?
Is it true to believe that simple conjunctions are used in simple sentences, and compound ones in complex ones?
What syntactic relationship expresses the peer-to-peer relationship of elements?
- Writing
- Submissive
What syntactic relationship expresses the unequal relationship of elements, in which one depends on the other?
- Writing
- Submissive
Constructive or subordinate unions express a compositional connection?
- Writing
- Subordinate
Constructive or subordinate unions express a subordinate connection?
- Writing
- Subordinate
Are there ambiguous conjunctions in the Russian language?
Is it true that many unions have homonyms?
Derivatives or non-derivatives are unions: and, a, but, or, as - ?
- Derivatives
- Non-derivative
Mikhail Nikolaevich Peterson (1885-1962) - Soviet linguist, representative of the Moscow Fortunatov school. He penned works on Russian syntax and methods of teaching the Russian language, as well as works on other languages - French, Armenian, Lithuanian.
MN Peterson was active in teaching. In teaching languages, he used a peculiar methodology: he began teaching not with exercises, but with reading and analyzing unadapted text. In the first class, Peterson conducted a comprehensive analysis of one or two words, one phrase. Gradually, the pace accelerated, the amount of linguistic information increased, and soon students were already able to independently analyze the most complex texts.
The scientist was an opponent of Marrism, for which he was persecuted (in the press he was called a "representative of pseudoscience"), and in the late 1940s he was forced to leave teaching and practically did not publish. MN Peterson was able to return to active teaching only after in 1950.
We bring to the attention of the readers of the portal an article by M. N. Peterson "Unions in the Russian language", published in the journal "Russian language at school" (No. 5, 1952). The article provides a classification of unions and describes their main functions. The article, even 60 years after it was written, will be very useful for teachers of Russian as a native language and as a foreign language.
I... Unions and their varieties
Conjunctions, together with a bunch, prepositions and particles, belong to the category of official (non-independent) words that are opposed to significant (self-sustaining) words - parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numbers, pronouns, glagolam, adverbs.
The main difference between these categories of words is that significant parts of speech can be sentence words and sentence members. Service words are used in speech only in conjunction with significant words.
Official words of a later origin than significant ones, and came from significant ones. Depending on the needs of communication, service words continue to develop, expressing more and more semantic relations between significant words. In many cases, it is quite clear the origin of the official words from the significant ones. Wed, for example, union what and place-estate what, pretext near and spice near. It is more difficult to establish this for such unions as and, but, but.
Conjunctions are service words expressing semantic relations between homogeneous members of a sentence1 or between parts of a complex sentence (main or subordinate clauses).
Unions according to their structure can be divided into simple and compound.
Simple unions, in turn, can be divided into non-derivatives for a given era, or primaries, such as and, no, but, but, and derivatives- such as the what, so, when, though, if.
Composite unions: because that, because that, in order for something, because of the fact that, so that, so that, since and others. The number of compound unions is increasing.
Of all these unions, the most ancient in origin are simple non-derivatives; they are followed by simple derivatives; compound unions appeared later than all.
By use, unions are single, repeated and paired:
- single: and, a, but, yes and etc.
- repeated: and - and, neither - nor, then - that, or - either, not that - not that, or - or and etc.
- paired: not only - but also, although - however, although - but, if - then and etc.
Alliances by their role in the proposal can be divided into two categories: some conjunctions express semantic relationships between individual words in a sentence (and, no, yes, but, but, then, not that, or) , other unions express semantic relations between parts of a complex sentence.
There are similarities and differences between these and other unions.
Unions such as and, but, but, They are also used to connect parts of a complex sentence. Their meaning is the same in either case. For instance:
AND pull yourself together and fit in,
AND in an hour of trouble
Still be the mistress
Agile and dashing.
(Tvardovsky)
AND the fields are blooming,
AND the forests are noisy
AND lie in the ground
Piles of gold.
(Nikitin)
Here in both cases - enumeration.
The same parallel examples can be given for other unions. However, there are more differences between those and other unions.
There are many conjunctions that are used only to express semantic relations between parts of complex sentences: what if, because, when, though and etc.
Semantic relations, expressed by complex sentences with conjunction and, much richer than the semantic relations expressed by the same union between the separate words of the sentence (see examples below).
Conjunctions expressing semantic relations only between parts of a complex sentence are of more recent origin. Along with the growth in the use of complex sentences, which is caused by the need to express more and more complex relations between phenomena, the number of alliances is increasing, their meaning becomes more diverse.
The number of unions expressing semantic relations between individual words in a sentence is also increasing, but not to the same extent.
Thus, those and other unions are in constant interaction.
Semantic relations, expressed by both those and other unions, can be described in detail only in syntax. Here, the most necessary information will be given, first about the meaning of the conjunctions that connect individual words in a sentence, and then - about the meaning of the conjunctions that connect parts of complex sentences.
II. Unions expressing semantic relations
between single words in a sentence
The most common union and. More than half of all cases are due to combinations with this union. Those semantic relationships that are expressed by the union and, most often they are found in our language practice, which is closely related to our social activities.
According to the semantic relations expressed by them, the unions can be divided into four groups:
1) unions expressing enumeration (and, neither, yes, or, then );
2) unions expressing opposition (but, not only - but also and etc.);
3) alliances expressing comparison (how, than );
4) unions expressing purpose (to ).
Some of these unions also express other semantic relationships, which will be shown later.
1. Conjunctions expressing enumeration
This group includes connecting and dividing unions.
AND
Union and expresses the enumeration of words that are in homogeneous relations and designating various objects, signs, phenomena.
AND I want to live and drink, and there is,
I want warmth and light ...
(Tvardovsky)
When re-union and - and, in addition to the enumeration, the gain is expressed.
AND sling, and arrow, and crafty dagger
Years have spared the winner.
(Pushkin)
Union and may have the opposite meaning (see below).
NO
Union nor (repeated) expresses the same enumeration in negative sentences (with amplification):
Then he saw clearly
The same boredom in the village
Though no nor streets, nor palaces,
No kart, nor balls, nor poetry.
(Pushkin)
I love my homeland, but with a strange love!
My mind will not conquer her,
No blood-bought glory
No peace full of proud confidence,
No dark antiquity cherished traditions
Do not stir in me a joyful dream.
(Lermontov)
YES
Union Yes usually makes the statement colloquial.
Dog, man, Yes cat, Yes falcon
They swore to each other once in eternal friendship.
(Krylov)
The same union is used when repeating a word to strengthen:
- You know, everyone scolds our steppe, they say it is boring, red, hills Yes hills, as if she is homeless, and I love her (Fadeev).
Union Yes also serves to express opposition (see below).
Union and yes has a connecting connotation of meaning.
The caretaker stood, stood - and yes went(Pushkin).
OR
Union or serves to express an enumeration with a tinge of choice from two or more possibilities:
These are our "lags" ( or"Moments", or"Yaki"), they said(Fadeev).
Repeated conjunctions are used with the same meaning. either - whether - whether - whether, whether- or:
With strangers I or shy or took importance(M. Gorky).
The county official pass by - I was already wondering where he was going: for the evening whether to some brother of mine or straight to your home(Gogol).
THEN
Union then (repeated) serves to express the enumeration of objects or phenomena that exist not simultaneously, but alternately:
Lieutenants then appeared in the city, then disappeared, there were always many new ones ...(Fadeev)
All the girls, raising their heads, listened to the intermittent, then thin, axial, then low, rumbling, rumble, trying to make out the plane in the white-hot air(He is).
NOT THAT
Union notthen (repeated) expresses the enumeration of objects or phenomena, the existence of which is assumed and one of which excludes the other:
In all her movements, she was noticed not that negligence, not that fatigue(Turgenev).
And she seemed to come to life, and she herself was born not that hope for something, not that design(Goncharov).
A repeated union is used with the same meaning. or:
... and smelled from a fresh cold mouth whether by the wind, whether the distant barely perceptible smell of fresh steppe hay(Sholokhov).
The enumeration value is expressed by some paired conjunctions, for example both - and:
Siberia has many features. How in nature, so and in human morals(Goncharov).
2. Unions expressing the opposite position(but, yes, however, but and etc.)
After all, it is not marble, not alabaster, a alive, but how cold!(Fadeev).
A crow perching on a spruce,
I was already getting ready for breakfast,
Yes thoughtful ...
(Krylov)
I hesitated a little but sat down(Turgenev).
They fight a little,
But they do not take drunken ones in their mouths.
(Krylov)
I wanted to go around the whole world
AND did not go around a hundredth.
(Griboyedov)
Various shades of opposition and juxtaposition are expressed by paired unions not only - but (and), not only - but (and), not so much - how and etc.
They already Not only in appearance, and and they distinguished their own and German planes by sound(Fadeev).
3. Conjunctions expressing comparison (how, what)
These unions do not express the relationship between homogeneous members of the proposals.
Seryozha Tyulenin was the youngest in the family and grew up how grass in the steppe(Fadeev).
And the father, who wheezed, whistled and did more on him, how on any of his children, loved him more, how any of the rest(Fadeev).
4. Conjunctions expressing purpose (to)
Yuri stood behind the truck, to to look at the sky(A. Tolstoy).
Union to also expresses a relationship not between homogeneous members of the proposal.
III... Unions expressing semantic relations
between parts of a complex sentence
In the first place in terms of use, and here is the union and, followed by but, what, to other. Union dominance and associated with its ambiguity. The usability of individual conjunctions varies depending on the nature of the text. The material is grouped by value.
1. Enumeration
Offers with union and denote enumeration of either simultaneous or sequential events.
Their faces were so close among the foliage that their breath was mingled, and they looked directly into each other's eyes(Fadeev).
And this spring they graduated from school, said goodbye to their teachers and organizations, and the war, as if she was waiting for them, looked them right in the eyes(Fadeev).
Complex sentences with union and may have other meanings.
1) The first part of a complex sentence expresses the basis, the cause, the other - the effect.
Poor Ashik-Kerib had little hope of getting her hand, and he became rough, like the winter sky(Lermontov).
2) The first part of a complex sentence expresses a condition, the second - a consequence:
He will give a sign - and everyone is busy(Pushkin).
3) The second part expresses the opposite of what the first expresses:
I love you, and you will never be mine(Lermontov).
Everyone knew her and nobody noticed ...(Pushkin)
The enumeration is also expressed by the unions Yes (the use of this union is very small), and yes (with a connecting value), repeated no no (in negative sentences), whether - whether, or, or - or (with the meaning of choice, separation), then - then (indicates alternation) not that - not that (with a touch of assumption and exclusion of one of the phenomena), also, too and etc.
Plates and cutlery clatter
Yes the glass is ringing.
(Pushkin)
Boris doesn't want to help me and yes I do not want to contact him(L. Tolstoy).
No arrows did not fly, nor the guns did not rattle(Krylov).
To blame whether there was a teacher or the student was to blame, but the same thing was repeated every day(L. Tolstoy).
That cold, then very hot,
That the sun will hide then shines too brightly.
(Krylov)
The strange old man spoke in a very drawn-out, the sound of his voice also amazed me(Turgenev).
2. Opposition
but, yes, however, but, on the other hand, although denote the opposition of different strengths.
Union a used when comparing various phenomena:
The same striking contrast is also in the development of culture in Soviet Azerbaijan and Iran. Illiteracy has been eliminated in Azerbaijan, a in Iran, illiterate people make up about 85 percent of the population. There is one higher educational institution in Azerbaijan for 163 thousand people, a in Iran - by 3.4 million people. There is one doctor for every 525 people in Azerbaijan. population, a in Ira-not - by 11.3 thousand people("Pravda", December 30, 1949. "The Indestructible Union of Soviet Republics", p. 1).
Stronger opposition is expressed by union but ; it is reinforced by negation, which is almost always found in one of the parts of a complex sentence:
You know, I'm not afraid of anything in the world, I'm not afraid of any struggle, difficulties, torment, but if I knew how to post-drink ...(Fadeev).
A rather strong opposition expresses union Yes :
Vladimir would write odes,
Yes Olga did not read them.
(Pushkin)
It would be better for me to leave him and hide in the woods, Yes it was a pity to part with him - and the prophet rewarded me(Lermontov).
Alliances give the shade of reinforcement however, on the other hand:
The eye is eagerly looking for a light but every turn of the river deceives our hopes(Korolenko).
In the house the windows were closed, the door the same the porch was wide open... (Goncharov).
Suppose he knows forest paths.
Prances on horseback, is not afraid of water,
But gnats mercilessly eat it,
But he is familiar with the works early.
(Nekrasov)
Oppositions of various forces are expressed by a union although (though):
AND though it was restless -
Remained unharmed
Under oblique, three-layer fire,
Under hinged and direct ...
(Tvardovsky).
Stronger opposition, when in the second part - but yes:
Though I read something wild and suspicious in her looks, although there was something vague in her smile, but such is the power of prejudice ...(Lermontov).
Though sees an eye, Yes tooth itching.
(Krylov)
Union though are called yielding, but, revealing the meaning of this term, they usually indicate opposition.
Alliances what to and much more rare as if, as if, as if commonly called explanatory, associating this term with the verb express yourself. The meaning of this term is that complex sentences with these unions express the content of speech, thought or feeling attributed to one character or another, as opposed to "someone else's speech", transmitted verbatim.
Combinations with unions as if it would be as if convey this content presumably.
WHAT
In the canopy ... a fat woman came out and answered my questions, what the old supervisor died a year ago, what a brewer settled in his house, and what she is the wife of a brewer(Pushkin).
Complex sentence with union what also denotes the degree of manifestation of a sign:
Fighting comrades greeted him with such sincere joy, what something that did not allow him to sleep, eat, or breathe fell off from his soul(A. Tolstoy).
TO
Meanwhile the horses came, and the overseer ordered to immediately, without feeding, they were harnessed to the visitor's wagon(Pushkin).
- Chocolate? - the captain was surprised and vy-nip the tube from his mouth. - The first time I've heard, to the senior lieutenant in the bare steppe needed chocolate(A. Tolstoy).
Complex sentences with union to also denote the goal:
A so that the mouse race did not harm him,
So he established a police of cats.
(Krylov)
More often this meaning is found in combinations with the indefinite form of the verb:
Donetsk red-hot winds and the scorching sun as if on purpose, to to highlight the physical nature of each of the girls, one was gilded, the other was darkened, and the other was calcined, as in a fiery font, arms and legs, face and neck to the very shoulder blades(Fadeev).
BUDTO
You look, and you don't know whether its majestic width is walking or not, and it seems as if it is all poured out of glass, and as if blue mirror road, without measure in width, without end in length, flutters and flows over the green world(Gogol).
She is dreaming as if she
Walking through a snowy glade.
(Pushkin)
Suddenly it seemed to me as if a string rang weakly and plaintively in the room(Turgenev).
4. Temporal relationships
Complex sentences with unions when, how, bye, barely express temporal relationships with different shades. The same relationship is expressed by a large number of compound unions: as soon, as suddenly, as soon, since, after, only, only, barely, as, before and others. Some of these alliances indicate the simultaneity of two actions), others - to the previous action, and still others - to the subsequent action (sometimes with an additional tinge of rapid succession of one action after another). The meaning of the temporal correlation of actions can be very diverse. We give examples only for some of the unions (with simpler meanings).
WHEN
When blue clouds will go up in the sky like mountains, the black forest is reeling to the roots, the oaks are cracking, and lightning, breaking between the clouds, will at once illuminate the whole world - then the Dnieper is terrible!(Gogol)
HOW
I AM how looked at the steppe, where we sang so many songs, but at this sunset, and barely held back tears(Fadeev).
BYE
Complex sentences with unions bye, bye, bye express that one event happened before another:
And the lonely figure of Nikolai Ivanovich loomed for a long time in the back of the street, bye it was not closed by a tram(A. Tolstoy).
Till does not require a poet
To the sacred sacrifice of Apollo,
Into the worries of vain light
He is cowardly immersed.
(Pushkin)
Barely
Complex sentences with union barely express events that quickly follow one after the other:
But barely he entered as the spectacle of a new miracle made him grab his hand on the leather coat of the ship's commander(V. Kataev).
5. Causal relationships
Complex sentences with unions So how, because, because, thanks to the fact that, due to the fact that and some others express the reason:
Dad even regretted that they put a coat on me, because it was very hot like summer(V. Kataev).
Crossing fast rivers, one should not look at the water, for immediately the head is dizzy(Lermontov).
6. Condition
Complex sentences with unions if, if, if - if, if, if, when, as soon and others express the condition and the consequence following from it. Particle conjunctions would express the presumptive condition:
He is my father.
AND if I have to,
I will give all my blood for him.
(A. Kuleshov)
How well people could live in the world, if they just wanted if they only understood!(Fadeev).
- Don't mess with her. If she has already put on such a cap, you can't perepolpit it, - said Shura Dubrovina to Maya(Fadeev).
We walked dozens of villages with him,
Where as, where a mortal hole.
AND once he walked, but did not reach,
So I have to go.
(Tvardovsky)
A when all the people are rising to the liberation war of the patriotic war - then woe to the enemy! Woe!(V. Kataev)
Other unions play a comparatively lesser role in expressing semantic relations between parts of a complex sentence: concessional (let it be true, for nothing, despite the fact that), comparative (how, than, rather than, as if, word-but, exactly, just like), consequences (so), explanatory (that is, namely). Here are some examples:
Let it go I am weak, my sword is strong.
(Zhukovsky)
He was clearly visible for nothing rode in the shadows(Turgenev).
As if mother over her son's grave,
The sandpiper groans over the dull plain.
(Nekrasov)
He laughed, exactly steel rang(M. Gorky).
The mistress's words were interrupted by a strange hiss, so the guest was scared(Gogol).
Our garden is dying, strangers are already in charge of it, that is the very thing that poor father feared is happening(Chekhov).
IV. Conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence
We are not talking about repeated and paired unions, but about single ones, which are usually not used at the beginning of a sentence.
Most often, conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence are found in dialogical speech, expressing an attitude towards what is said by the interlocutor:
“How Tanya has grown! Long time ago
I think I baptized you?
A I took it in my arms!
A I was so hard for the ears.
A I fed it with gingerbread! "
(Pushkin)
- Quiet. Do you hear?
- I hear. This snow is rustling. Why is it good if nord-ost?
– because you can't see it in the yard now.
(V. Kataev)
Russian character! Go ahead and describe it ... Should I tell you about heroic deeds? But there are so many of them that you will be at a loss which one to prefer(A. Tolstoy).
The last example is a monologue, but it is conducted like a dialogue. In this way, conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence could penetrate into a monologue speech. A sentence is rarely used in isolation in monologue speech either. More often it is included in conjunction with other offers. Unions at the beginning of sentences and express relationships to neighboring sentences:
Alexander Fedorovich was an old Donetsk miner, a wonderful carpenter. As a young guy, a native of the Tambov province, he began to go to the mines to earn money. AND in the deep bowels of the Donetsk land, in the most terrible taluses and crawls, his wonderful hatchet, which in his hands played and sang, and nibbled like a golden cockerel, fixed a lot of workings(Fadeev).
They picked her up on the road. At first, they thought that the girl was dead, and Grisha twisted the wheel so as not to spread her bare feet. But she raised her head, the wind ruffled her hair like scorched grass(A. Tolstoy).
These are the most important unions and their role in the Russian language. A more detailed disclosure of semantic relations expressed by individual unions can be given, as indicated above, on the specific material of the syn-taxis of a simple and complex sentence.
1 Except unions how, than and to, what see below.
UNION
Union Is a service part of speech that serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, as well as individual sentences in the text. Unions do not change and are not members of the proposal.
Of Education unions are:
1) non-derivatives (antiderivatives), that is, those that are not associated by origin with other parts of speech: but, or, and;
2) derivatives (non-primitive) formed:
By connecting non-derivative unions: as if,
By combining an index word from the main part and a simple union: in order to,
Conjunction of a union with a word with a generalized meaning: as long as,
Historically from other parts of speech: for now though, to.
By structure there are unions:
1) simple, consisting of one word: a, because, to;
2) composite, consisting of several components: since, while.
By use unions are divided into:
1) single (non-recurring): but, however, on the other hand;
2) repetitive, which consist of the same parts ( neither ... nor, then ... then, or ... or, either ... or).
3) double (two-component) unions, parts of which are located distantly with a mandatory or optional second part: not so much ... how much, not only ... but also; if ... then, when ... then, barely ... how.
By the nature of syntactic relations, expressed by them, the unions are divided into: 1) compositional: and, but, but, even, but, however;
2) subordinate: though to, if, because.
Writing unions connect peer-to-peer components. They connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text.
Constructive conjunctions, depending on the transmitted meanings, are grouped into categories by meaning.
Classification of conjunctive conjunctions by meaning
|
Name |
Alliances |
Examples of |
|
Connecting |
and, yes (= and), also, also, neither ... nor and etc. |
1. Grasshoppers crackle dryly, and lulls and excites this whisper-crackle(I. Bunin). 2. Peter got up, I too rose. |
|
Dividing |
or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that and etc. |
1. Harnessed a horse, threw two on a cart or three knots, a bed and a wooden trestle bed - that's all(V. Rasputin). 2. That cold, then very hot, then the sun will hide then shines too bright(I. Krylov). |
|
Adversaries |
but, but, yes (= but), however, but, the same and etc. |
1. I will laugh with everyone a I don't want to cry with anyone(M. Lermontov). 2. They poke at us, drive us home from the cold, but we are not leaving(V. Astafiev). |
|
Gradational |
not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but and others. |
I.E. Repin has repeatedly argued that Leonid Andreev Not only appearance, but also character reminds him of one of the most charming Russian writers - Garshina(K. Chukovsky). |
|
Explanatory |
that is, namely, or (= that is) and etc. |
He was one of the young people who "played tetanus" in every exam, that is did not answer a word to the professor's questions(I. Turgenev). |
|
Connecting |
and, moreover, besides and etc. |
When the exhausted musicians stopped playing, the excitement caused by the music disappeared and I felt that I was about to fall, and yes I would have fallen if I hadn't had a rest stop in time(V. Garshin). |
Submissive unions combine unequal components and indicate the dependence of one of these components on the other. They connect mainly parts of a complex sentence, but they can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous members: The book is interesting, although a bit lengthy.... Alliances how, as if, as if, than connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of the sentence: In winter, the night is longer than the day; The pond is like a mirror.
The categories of subordinate unions are varied in meaning.
Classification of subordinate unions by meaning
|
Name |
Alliances |
Examples of |
|
|
Explanatory |
what, so that, like and etc. |
1. It seemed what colorful shreds are falling on the ground(Yu. Olesha). 2. My goal was to visit the Old Street(I. Bunin). |
|
|
Temporary |
when, while, since, only, barely and etc. |
1. The first bell rang in the frosty air when Makar entered the hut(V. Korolenko). 2. So the hut will be kososenitsya, bye will not fail at all or will not wait for a good owner(V. Rasputin). |
|
|
Causal |
because, because, because, because, because, because and etc. |
And now it was difficult for a foreign stranger to fight with a simple local pipe, because she appeared to the blind boy, accompanied by all the kindred Ukrainian nature(V. Korolenko). |
|
|
Target |
in order to, in order to and etc. |
1. Then, to to reward themselves for the dreary day, the passengers huddled together with the sailors in the wardroom(I. Bunin). 2. In order to bring up real men, you need to educate real women(V. Sukhomlinsky). |
|
|
Conditional |
if, if, if ... then, whether and etc. |
If you will successfully choose a job and put your soul into it, then happiness will find you by itself(K. Ushinsky). |
|
|
The condemnatory |
despite the fact that though and etc. |
1. There was no time to admire the view although the sight deserved it(Yu. Olesha). 2. The horse began to get tired, and sweat rolled from him in a hail, though he was constantly in the snow up to his waist(A. Pushkin). |
|
|
Comparative |
as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly and etc. |
The flame appeared in one second, as if someone let sunbeams into the crowd(Yu. Olesha). Comparative unions can add a comparative turnover: Thunder jumped how ball, and rolled in the wind(Yu. Olesha). |
|
|
Consequences |
so |
Everything goes according to plan, so act boldly. |
These examples of subordinate unions can be supplemented with compound subordinate unions, for example: while, as if, only only, due to the fact that, in order to and others (see above). Some conjunctions are ambiguous and can be attributed to several categories, for example to(targeted and explanatory), when(temporary and conditional).
