- With compound numerals with the last word, one (one, one) nouns are put in the singular: twenty-one students, thirty-one students, three hundred sixty-one points.
- Numbers two, three, four, five, etc. (up to nine hundred) agree with nouns: two books, two books, about two books.
For all other numerals (five, six, etc. up to nine hundred), the noun is used in the genitive plural: five books, ten days, twenty skiers.
- Compound cardinal numbers ending in two, three, four, when declined, retain the nominative form in the accusative case even in cases where the names of animate objects are combined with them: elect thirty-three representatives, receive twenty-four visitors, nominate one hundred forty-two candidates.
- Nouns that have only plural forms do not combine with the nominative case of compound numbers.
solid, ending in two, three, four. It is impossible: twenty-two (two, two) days have passed; Recommended: Twenty-two days have passed; ended the twenty-second day. - In expressions two or more., Three or more., Four or more. a noun is put in the genitive singular: not possible: two or more variants; recommended: two or more options.
- The definition between the numerals two, three, four and the following noun is usually used in the genitive plural for masculine and neuter words (two large houses, two large windows) and in the nominative plural for feminine words (two large rooms).
- Collective numbers are combined:
- with masculine and general nouns na -а (servant, man, orphan, foreman, etc.): two servants, three men, four orphans, five foremen, etc .;
- with animate nouns denoting males: two boys, three chauffeurs. In the same meaning, cardinal numbers are used: two boys, three drivers.
- with nouns calling cubs of animals: two bears, three hedgehogs, four kids (but: two bears, three hedgehogs, four goats);
- with nouns children, guys, people, face (meaning "person"): two children, three guys, four people, five unfamiliar faces;
- with personal pronouns we, you, they: there were four of us, there were seven of them;
- with the names of paired objects in the meaning of “so many pairs” (in common parlance): two boots, three mittens;
- with nouns used only in the plural form: three sleighs, two days.
Determine the cases of numerals and related nouns.
1) For two days, new secluded fields seemed to him. (A. Pushkin) 2) The family is big, but there are two people in all men: my father and me. (N. Nekrasov) 3) Six more people ran out after the boy. (A. Kuprin) 4) At these words, a girl of about fourteen came out from behind the partition. (M. Lermontov) 5) And what kind of hat won't stick to a girl at seventeen? (A. Pushkin) 6) The hour of dinner was approaching, the stamping came through the courtyard: seven heroes enter, seven ruddy barbel. (A. Pushkin)
Complete the endings.
1) There were two oars in the room .. boy ... 2) The student bought two large .. pens ... 3) The teacher studies with forty .. two .. student ... 4) We have already met forty .. five .. pages .. of the book. 5) Three mil .. girls were walking along the shore. 6) This dictionary will come out with thousands .. illustrats ... 7) The cashier gave out about st .. seven..ty ... eight .. thousand rubles. 8) All sisters bought four .. red .. ribbons ... 9) Each received one .. watermelon ... 10) Caught two .. ruff .., five perch .. yes two .. bream ...
Replace numbers with words, harmonizing them with nouns and using collective numbers where possible.
2 (friend), 5 (feather), 3 (day), 6 (paddle), 2 (pitchfork), 5 (broom), 4 (rake), 7 (loop), 9 (pine), 4 (girl), 8 (board), 6 (daughter), 10 (gram), 12 (orange), 7 (tablecloth), 9 (order), 11 (cherry), 13 (village), 15 (hectare), 12 (kilogram).
Compose sentences by choosing the desired word form. Determine the categories of numbers. Write the numbers in words.
1) (both, both) girls had bright bows. 2) The expedition lasted 22 (days, days). 3) By September, new settlers had occupied up to (one and a half, one and a half) (thousand, thousand) apartments. 4) (Three, three) (skiers, skiers) Russian teams won prizes.
- The program was implemented by 110.5 (percent, percent).
- At the end of the chess game, it turned out that its continuation had three or more (variants, variants). 7) Of (five, five) freshmen according to the results of the session (two, two) were presented for an increased scholarship, (three, three) - for a regular one. 8) Going on a trip, I had only (one thousand, one thousand) (rubles, rubles). 9) We were (two, two): me and a brother. 10) After the battle, there were about 350 (cartridge, cartridges). 11) How many letters are there in 2-fold and 2-tier words? 12) Out of 101 (applicants, applicants) after the 2nd round of the competition, there are no more than 23 (candidates, candidates) for the prizes. 13) By 8 (March, March) women were presented with souvenirs. 14) All veterans were congratulated on 9 (May, May).
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The difficulty in using collective numerals is that they cannot be combined with all nouns. They are used with the following groups of words: 1. With animate nouns denoting only males: "three soldiers", "seven friends", as well as nouns of a common gender, when they again refer to a male person: two orphans. Collective numerals are not used to designate females, therefore it is wrong: "Three links have been created, three milkmaids in each, two of which (correctly: two) work and one rests" (Red sign) *; “Three (correctly: three women) women appeared from the alley” (Len. Sign). 2. With animate nouns that name baby animals; "a wolf and seven kids", "four bears". But to designate adult animals, only quantitative numbers are used: "two bears", "six deer". Therefore, it is wrong: "Two buffaloes (followed: two buffaloes) seem to have calmed down" (Peer). In the above cases, it is possible to designate these nouns in parallel using both collective and quantitative numbers: "two friends" - "two friends", "seven kids" - "seven kids". Exceptions are: a) masculine nouns na -а: man, servant; only collective numerals are used with them (incorrectly: "two men", "two servants"); b) animated masculine nouns denoting high government posts, academic titles, etc.: president, marshal, professor, especially when they are used in the official style of speech. With these words, on the contrary, it is not recommended to use collective numbers, since the latter have a colloquial tone; in such cases, only quantitative numbers are possible: "two presidents", "seven marshals", "five professors". Only collective numbers are combined with the following word groups: 1) with inanimate nouns that do not have a singular form: two scissors, five sleighs, three symoc; 2) with nouns denoting paired objects: two stockings, three boots. Parallel combinations of these words with numbers two, three, etc. indicate a different number of items: two stockings are two pairs of stockings, and two stockings are two separate items; 3) with personal pronouns: "There were only three of us left"; 4) when using a numeral as a subject: "One with a bipod, seven with a spoon", "Seven do not wait for one"; 5) with nouns children, guys: "I have two children." |
See also:
« Russian language and the culture speeches". edited by Professor V. I. Maksimov. Recommended by the Ministry FOREWORD. Chapter I. Speech in interpersonal and social relations.
Russian language and the culture speeches. Speech and mutual understanding. On the process of understanding in speech communication is significantly influenced by some features of use language v speeches.
Russian language and the culture speeches. The culture speech communication. Under culture speech communication is understood as such a selection and organization of linguistic means that contribute to the most effective achievement of the tasks in this area speech...
Russian language and the culture speeches... The three main types of interaction between participants in the dialogue in Russian language So, dialogical unity is ensured by the connection of various kinds of remarks (formulas speech etiquette, question - answer, addition, narration ...
Russian language and the culture speeches... Structure speech communications. As an act of communication, speech always addressed to someone.
Russian language and the culture speeches... Establishment (maintenance) of business contacts. Communicative attitude determination of the social and role status of participants in communication, the establishment of social speech contact.
Russian language and the culture speeches. Speech, its features. speeches also include the products of speaking in the form speech a work (text) recorded by memory or writing.
A significant place in the textbook is occupied by material related to culture speech communication and with the execution of service documentation. The tutorial aims at presenting contemporary views on Russian language and culture speeches at the beginning of the XXI century ...
Collective numbers are used less frequently than the corresponding cardinal numbers. Collective numbers are used only in combination with the following words:
1.With male nouns: two boys, three students, four students, five workers.
And also with nouns children and people: three people, four children.
In these cases, along with the collective ones, the use of quantitative numbers is also possible: two boys, five workers, three people, four children.
With nouns denoting female persons, only cardinal numbers are used: two girls, three students, four students, five workers.
2.With pronouns more often when it comes to persons
male:
There were five of them.
The two of you were missing.
All four came.
3. Independently, without pronouns and nouns:
Three were standing at the corner.
He works for two.
Seven don't wait for one. (Last)
In such cases, we can talk about both men and women:
Three were walking: two men and a woman.
4. With nouns for baby animals: two kittens, four puppies, seven kids.
With the rest of the names of animals, only cardinal numbers are used: two cats, two cats.
5.With non-singular nouns: two scissors, three days, four sledges.
Numbers are usually used with these nouns. two, three, four only in nominative and accusative (He lived here for four days. He bought three scissors). In other cases, cardinal numbers are used:
He lived here for about four days.
They arrived in three sleighs.
6.With the names of paired objects: two hands(means: two pairs of hands), three skis(means: three pairs of skis).
Collective nouns two, three, four, five etc., standing in the nominative and similar accusative cases, stand in the genitive plural: three children, five children. Personal pronouns with numerals can be in the nominative case (Only the two of us stayed here. The three of us were in the meeting) and in genitive (There were only two of us left. There were three of us at the meeting).
Collective numerals also include the words both and both (both brothers, both sisters). After these numbers in the nominative or similar accusative, nouns are in singular genitive
Numerals both, both are used in combination with any masculine, feminine and neuter nouns: both houses, both brothers, both hands, both sisters, both windows.
Declension of numbers both, both
Exercise 15. Read the sentences. Indicate the collective numbers, nouns or pronouns with which the numbers are associated, and the reliability of the numbers.
1. The bridge was ready, and the army calmly crossed in three days. (P.) 2. In the kitchen, they cooked in three hands, as if by ten. (Hound.) 3. Seven do not wait for one. (Last) 4. They both worked in a factory. 5. The cubs, all three, were fast asleep. (Czech,) 6. I had both hands busy. 7. Half an hour later, all three of them walked along the banks of the Moskva River. (Turg.) 8. On both sides of the street there were stone fences of gardens. (Turg.) 9 People appeared on the road ahead. They walked towards Leontiev. He stopped and looked closely. Two people walked: a man and a woman. (Paust.)
Exercise 16. Decline (orally) combinations of collective numbers with nouns and write one sentence with each combination in any case.
Four friends; three brothers; two days; all seven; three patients, two doctors; both patients; both friends.
Ordinals
| first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth | eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth | tenth twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eighty ninetieth | hundredth two hundredth three hundredth four hundredth five hundredth six hundredth seven hundredth eight hundredth nine hundredth |
1. Ordinal numbers are formed from the genitive stem of the corresponding cardinal numbers. In this case, the ending of the genitive case is discarded. -a or -a and the endings of adjectives are added:
fifth - fifth, fifth, fifth, fifth
fifty-and-fiftieth, -th, -th, -th
ninety - ninety, th, th, th
2. The numerals are especially formed: first, th, th, th; second, th, th, th; third, -ya, -ye, -y; fourth, th, th, th; seventh, th, th, th; fortieth, th, th, th.
3. From words thousand, million, billion ordinal numbers are formed using the suffix -n- and adjective endings: thousandth, millionth, billionth.
4. When forming ordinal numbers from compound cardinal numbers, only the last word takes the form of an ordinal number: twenty-fifth, two hundred forty-eighth.
5. Ordinal numbers are usually used in conjunction with nouns. They always agree with nouns in gender, number and case.
Ordinal numbers change by gender, number and case, like adjectives: first exam, first lecture, first lesson, first lesson, first exam, first lecture etc.
6. Numeral third in declension has before endings b: third, third, third, third(just like the pronoun whose).
7. When declining compound ordinal numbers, only their last part changes:
I am reading page two hundred and forty-eighth.
He lives in the fifty-second apartment.
8. When designating time, ordinal numbers are used in the following cases:
to indicate time in hours and minutes:
It's ten past three(that is, it is now three hours and ten minutes);
to indicate time by number and month:
Classes began on the 1st of September; to indicate the season:
I arrived in Turkestan in two thousand and seven.
Exercise 17. Write off, replaced the numbers with words (ordinal numbers).
1. I am a 1st year student. 2. My younger brother is in 3rd grade. 3. Our seats are in the 10th row. 4. I live on the 6th floor in 34 apartments. 5. The lift lifted the pass from the 3rd floor to the 8th floor. 6. We went down the elevator from the 12th floor to the 4th floor. 7. The lecture will be in audience 5. 8. Students came out of 32 auditoriums. 9. We sat in the theater in box 3.
Exercise 18. Read the sentences. Enter ordinal numbers.
1.Moscow was first mentioned in the annals in 1147. 2. Moscow University was founded in the middle of the 18th century, in 1755. 3. The city of Petersburg (now St. Petersburg) was founded in 1703. 4. The patriotic war of the Russian people against Napoleon I was in 1812. 5. In 1905, the first bourgeois-democratic revolution took place in Russia. 6. In 1917, the workers and peasants of Russia overthrew the power of the landowners and capitalists and took power into their own hands.
Exercise 19. Replace time combinations with other time combinations. Write the numbers in words.
Sample: 1. I left the house at 8:15.
I left the house at fifteen minutes past eight.
2. I came to the institute at 8:45. I arrived at the institute at fifteen minutes to nine.
1. We will meet at the theater at 7.20. 2. It is now 11 hours 5 minutes. 3. The train leaves at 12 hours 6 minutes. "4. The film show will start at 3 hours 15 minutes. 5. The store closes at 7 hours 45 minutes. 6. At 9 hours 50 minutes, a concert will be broadcast on the radio."
Spelling of numbers
Concordance of nouns with numerals
1. The collective numerals TWO, THREE, FOUR are used
a) with nouns denoting males (four students;)
b) with nouns CHILDREN, GUYS, PEOPLE (two children);
c) with nouns calling baby animals (three kittens);
d) with nouns used only in the plural (two scissors);
e) with personal pronouns (there are three of us, there were five of them).
2. with the preposition PO, the numbers 2,3,4,200,300,400 are used with the Vin case (two books, three pencils each), the rest with the dative case (one pencil each).
3. Numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred agree in indirect cases, except for the accusative case with a noun (no one and a half days, in one and a half days; no one and a half volumes, to one and a half hundred volumes).
An independent type forms the declension of the numerals TWO, THREE, FOUR.
Im.pad. two, three, four lakes, But! two villages
Genus pad. two, three, four lakes, villages
Dat. two, three, four lakes, villages
Wine pad two, three, four lakes, But! two villages
two, three, four people, girls
TV pad two, three, four lakes, villages
Pr. Pad. about two, three, four lakes, villages
Training exercises
Distinguish the parts of speech.
Five (numeral) people, five (noun) friends; fivefold (adverb) increase; one hundred (…) days, one hundred ruble (…) bill, one hundred (…) books; increase tenfold (...) strength; triple (…) the issue; seven-day (…) hike; triple (…) cologne; Secondly (…); old lorry (...); one and a half (...) people.
(answer. Num., adj., n., verb, verb, adj., adverb., n., n.)
Remember ! Numbers denoting quantity combined with a noun are one member of the sentence, five students (subject) entered the class. Let's get together at five o'clock (there are
Exercise 7. Finish the sentences. Explain the presence or absence of application segregation.
1. Brother, Head of the Department of Surgery,… 2. Dean of the Faculty of Medicine,…. 3. To him, the student dean,…. 4. ... my favorite poet O. Suleimenov. 5. We, students of the medical faculty,….
In Russian, there is such a type of numeral name as a collective numeral. Most often in speech they are combined with nouns, but there are certain rules for their interaction with other parts of speech. This article describes these rules in detail, provides illustrative examples.
Cardinal numbers are divided by collective, whole and fractional digits... Examples of collective numbers: three, seven, ten, etc.
Most often, collective numbers are combined with nouns. But there are certain rules for this combination. Collective numerals agree with the following nouns:
- masculine or general, which call an animate object and end in -а: grandfather, headman, man etc. ( three men, two grandfathers);
- with other masculine endings: guy, surgeon, professor and others ( five guys, four sons);
- formed from adjectives ( six passers-by, seven invited);
- only plural ( two glasses, three sleds);
- indicating the number of a group of people ( five guys);
- the names of baby animals ( seven kids, two kittens);
- in the names of paired items ( two scissors, four boots).
Such numerals are consistent with personal pronouns: three of us, two of them.
Collective numbers are not used:
- with inanimate masculine nouns ( two(but not two) tables);
- with words of feminine and neuter gender ( two grandmothers, five clouds).
TOP-1 articlewho read along with this
The Russian language course in the school curriculum provides for the study of all official and significant parts of speech. To study each of them there is its own section of the language, which is given a certain amount of time. One of the voluminous topics is "Numeral name". It contains many sections. This is the structure of this part of speech, in which there are quantitative, ordinal, whole, fractional and collective numbers. And also the ways of using words denoting numbers in a sentence, their change by gender and declension by case.
Definition
The study of the section begins with the third grade and continues throughout the entire school course. In a textbook on the Russian language, the definition sounds approximately like this: it is an independent part of speech, which is formed by an incomplete group of words indicating the number and number of objects, as well as their ordinal number when counting and answering questions which? and how much? The initial form of the name of the numeral is the nominative case.
Morphological signs of a numeral
Like other names, the numeral has variable and permanent signs. The former include gender, number and case form, and the others - belonging to the category and type in the numeral naming system. It is these morphological features that are the basis for recognizing this part of speech as independent.
Numeral categories
By value, all numerals are divided into two categories:
- Quantitative. As a rule, words related to this category denote the number and number of objects. Among the cardinal numbers, there are three types: whole ( five, eight, twenty), fractional ( one fifth, three quarters) and collective ( two, both, five). It should be noted that some types of cardinal numbers can be used simultaneously, forming mixed numbers. For instance: two whole and three fourths, one whole and one second. Collective and fractional numbers cannot be used together.
- Ordinal. Words that belong to this category indicate the serial number of an object or person when counting. For instance: fifth, seventh, thirty-third, one hundred fifty-eighth... As you can see from the example, such numerals can consist of either one word or several.
Structure of numerals by composition
Depending on how many words a numeral name consists of, it can be simple ( one, forty), complex ( sixty, seventy) and composite ( twenty five, two thirds). It should be noted that complex names are those numerals that are built on the basis of simple ones, for example, five and ten - fifty.
Collective numbers and their signs
Collective numerals are a special group of words that indicate a collection of objects or persons. Quite often, schoolchildren confuse simple numbers with collective numbers. To prevent this from happening, you need to learn to distinguish between them. For instance: two fishermen- simple numeral; two fishermen- collective numeral. This type is formed on the basis of a cardinal number by adding a suffix -o or -ep- and endings -e or -o... For instance: two - two, three - three, four - four, five - five, six - six, seven - seven, eight - eight, nine - nine, ten - ten.
Declension of numbers
As already mentioned, one of the unstable signs of this part of speech is the change in case. This topic is quite difficult to master, and many make mistakes in declension of numbers by case, even as adults. And the reason for this is the special forms of declension of some words. Each type of number is declined according to certain rules:
- The declension of collective numerals is performed in the same way as in the case of plural adjectives.
- When changing the case form of a fractional number, the first part is declined as a simple integer, and the second as an ordinal, standing in the plural.
- The cardinal numbers in declension have their own characteristics: the number "one" is declined like the pronoun "this", and the rest of the numbers should be considered by example. It is also worth noting that all parts of the number are declined when declining.
Examples of declension of numbers
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Instrumental | Prepositional |
| who? what? | whom? what? | to whom? what? | whom? what? | by whom? how? | about whom? about what? |
| two | two | two | two, two | two | about two |
| one | one | one | one, one | one | about one |
| five hundred and twenty | five hundred and twenty | five hundred twenty | five hundred and twenty | five hundred twenty | about five hundred and twenty |
| Fourty | magpie | magpie | Fourty | magpie | about forty |
| one thousand four | one thousand four | one thousand four | one thousand four | one thousand four | about a thousand four |
| three hundred three | three hundred and three | three hundred three | three hundred and three | three hundred and three | about three hundred and three |
| four | four | four | four, four | four | about four |
It is also worth noting that cardinal numbers such as a little, a lot, can only be used in the nominative and But the words a little, a lot, a few and how when used in, they acquire endings similar to plural adjectives.
Syntactic compatibility of a numeral
Another important topic in the section on the numeral is the use of this part of speech. Quite often in everyday life one has to deal with collective numbers, and therefore one should know how to pronounce and write them correctly. And in order to avoid mistakes, one should study not only the declension of the numerals by cases, but also the topic that reveals what the collective numeral can be combined with. A noun is the main syntactic companion of a numeral. And here there are a lot of features that every educated person should know.
Use of Cardinal Wholes and Ordinal Numbers
If a numeral in a sentence is used in the nominative and accusative cases, then the noun must have the genitive form. For example: d eve notebooks, twenty roses, five people.
It should also be noted that numerals such as one and a half, four, three and two, are combined only with nouns in the singular, and all others in the plural. For instance: two notebooks, three roses, four people.
The examples discussed above show a syntactic collocation, which is called control, since the case of a noun depends on the number.
Another type of compatibility is agreement, when one and the other parts of speech are used in the same case. The only exception in this case is the word one which agrees with the noun in all cases.
When coordinating ordinal numbers with a noun, they behave in the same way as adjectives. For instance: eighth week, tenth day, fourth day... When declining such a numeral in cases, it should be borne in mind that only the ending of the last word changes. For instance: one hundred and fifty-fifth paragraph.
The use of collective numerals
Collective numbers are combined with nouns only in the genitive case. An exception is the word both, in which the companion should only have For example: seven kittens and both friends.
