Olga Belosheikina
A set of exercises for children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system
I. The main stand against the wall, touching the back of the head, back, buttocks, calves, heels.
1. Starting position: main stance, 1-2 hands through the sides up, 3-4 returned to the starting position
Initial position: basic stance, 1-2 rise on toes, arms forward, palms down, 3-4 to the starting position
2. Starting position: main stance, toes apart. Sit down without looking up from the wall, with with the sound of sh-sh-sh, inhale Starting position
3. I. P. 1-2 raise the right leg, bend at the knee, 3-4 to the starting position
II. Different types walk along hall:
On socks (hands up)
On the heels (hands behind head)
On the outside of the foot (hands to the side)
High knee lift (Heron)
III. Exercises on gymnastic mats.
Initial position: lying on the stomach.
1. Swing. Initial position: hands forward, 1-2-3-4-raise your head straight arms and legs, pump yourself with muscles, 5-6 Starting position 4-6 times
2. Swallow. Starting position, arms to the sides. 1-2-3-4 raise straight legs and arms to the sides, 5-6 Starting position 4-6 times
3. Wings. Starting position, arms along the body. 1-2 raise the head and shoulders, arms in wings, 3-4 Starting position 4-6 times.
4. Abdominal breathing. 1-2 inhale, draw in the stomach, 3-4 exhale, inflate the stomach. 4 times
Initial position: standing.
Initial position: heels and toes together, raise your hands above your head, 1-2 take your hands back, 3-4 Starting position
The starting position of the legs is shoulder width apart, arms are wings. Tilts to the right and left, touch the thigh with the elbow.
Initial position: lying on back
1. Horizontal scissors. Starting position, arms along the body. Raise legs 30 degrees, horizontal leg movements, Starting position for 6-8 counts
2. Vertical scissors. Initial position: arms along the body. Raise legs 30 degrees, vertical leg movements Starting position for 6-8 counts
3. Bicycle. Initial position: arms along the body. Alternate flexion and extension of the legs in weight. For 6 accounts.
4. Change of breath. 1-2, inhale, inflate the chest, 3-4 exhale, inflate the stomach. 4 times
Initial position: knee-carpal
1. Affectionate kitty 1-2
Angry kitty 3-4 4-6 times
2. Shelf Starting position 1-2 stood on toes, straightened the torso, 3-4 Starting position 4-6 times
Initial position: sitting.
1. Starting position: legs bent at the knees, feet parallel, lifting the heels together and alternately. 8 times
2. Semaphore. Starting position, legs straight. Raise your arms to the sides, slowly lower with a sound "S-S-S" 4 times
Related publications:
Psycho-and sensorimotor development of children of senior preschool age with disorders of the musculoskeletal system The most important period of intense physical development children, the development of individual organs and systems is the preschool age. leading system.
The development of fine motor skills of preschoolers with disorders of the musculoskeletal system in the process of activity Childhood is a unique period in a person's life. It is at this time that the foundations of psychophysical health are formed, the formation of personality takes place.
“Is your health okay? Thank you charger! Abstract of the GCD lesson for children with a violation of the musculoskeletal system Technology: health saving. Integration of educational areas: "Cognition". To form knowledge about what is useful and what is harmful.
Individual educational route for children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Part 3 Part 2 Part 4 3.4.1 Organization of movement A child with cerebral palsy has specific deficiencies in motor skills and psychomotor skills, which are.
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Individual educational route for children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 2. Characteristics of the subject-developing environment. effective condition implementation of an inclusive educational process.
A complex of respiratory and sound gymnastics for children with CBD and children with severe speech disorders (5–7 years old) Purpose: to develop the habit of correct breathing in children. Tasks: exercise in general developmental exercises; increase breathing volume, normalize.
Games and exercises for children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system
For you, dear parents and teachers.
Games and exercises for the development of motor skills of the hand.
- "Washing my hands" - children alternately cover the hands of the right and left hands in a circular motion.
- "Put on gloves"- we draw from the nail to the base of each finger of the right hand with all the fingers of the left hand gathered together (and vice versa) starting from the thumb.
- "We take off the mitten"- we begin the movement at the base of the hand (we cover the right and left hands alternately) and reach the fingertips.
- "A horned goat is coming"- all fingers except the middle and index fingers are clenched into a fist. In this case, the outstretched hand is turned alternately to the right and left.
- "Bunny wiggles his ears"- the index and middle fingers are directed upwards, they are alternately bent and unbent (the rest are all the time clenched into a fist).
- "Hello finger!"- in this task, you need to alternately touch the thumb with the index, middle, ring fingers and little finger. When children can remember the names of all fingers, you can complicate and concretize tasks by changing the sequence of touches.
- "Draw the sun in the sky"- with the index finger “draw” a circle, using both the right and left hands. In the future, you can do this exercise with both hands at the same time.
- "Balls". Lightweight and safe, they can be rolled up from foil or paper.
- "Maracas". In small plastic bottles pour small items: beads, pebbles, coins, seeds. Together with the child, you can simply fill the bottles and twist them, or you can complicate the task: mix the fillers in a pile and lay out each type in “your own vessel”. Each of them will have its own “voice”, in addition, it is interesting to look at the contents through the transparent walls while relaxing!
- "Shurshariki". Now we fill with small objects slightly inflated balls, one is left empty. We feel and guess: "what's inside?"
Finger massage.
You can perform massage with the following material:
toothbrush,
massage comb,
Pencil, felt-tip pen,
Various balls, balls,
Walnut.
Exercises with balls
Learn to grab the ball with the whole brush and release it;
Roll clockwise;
Hold with one hand or the other and perform screwing movements, clicking, pinching;
Compress and decompress;
Throw and catch.
Grain games
Contribute to the development of fine motor skills, sensory perception, fixing color, shape, thinking.
Massage of the palms with peas or beans,
Transferring cereals from one container to another (jars, bowls, cups, boxes),
- "magic bag" - guessing by touch (various cereals),
- "Dry pool" of beans and peas,
Laying out geometric or floral ornaments at reference points,
Laying out figures of people and animals, numbers, letters
Water and sand games
water games they are good because they allow even a slight movement - a slap on the water - to set in motion both the water itself and the object placed in it. It is good to play with objects of different density: some will float, while others will “drown”. Those that will make sounds, on the one hand, will attract attention, on the other hand, will contribute to sensory perception.
sand games develop and improve tactile sensitivity and motor skills of the hand, attract and hold the attention of the child with their dynamism. Stirring and pouring, filling objects with sand, mixing with water and even sifting through a sieve - these simple manipulations will calm and bring positive emotions at any age. Promote the development of fine motor skills, tactile sensations.
- “burrowing” of a toy, object,
Search for "treasure",
Various images (drawing) on the sand,
Working with a pipette (suction of water with a pipette),
Coloring water (experiments with water),
Sand crafts.
Randomly release the toy from the hand into the water (according to the instructions: "Give");
Take out - put the toy in on your own or with the help of an adult;
Ride a car, a ball, a boat on the water;
Collect small objects from the water with two fingers, varying the weight, shape and size of objects
Games with rubber bands and ribbons, wire
Contribute to the development of fine motor skills, dexterity of fingers, attention, perseverance, patience; development of a sense of color, size.
fold ribbons,
Wrap on a stick
Take the gum from the table with different fingers,
Stretch the rubber band with different fingers
Puppet therapy, finger theater
Promotes the development of fine motor skills, creativity, dexterity, orientation in space, to combine movements with speech, the development of creativity.
driving doll,
Dressing the doll in different hands,
Imitation of movements and speech.
Clothespin games
It promotes the development of fine motor skills, develops dexterity, the ability to control one's movements, develops sensory experience.
Transfer from one hand to another
Take clothespins out of the basket
With clothespins, “bite” alternately the nail phalanges,
- “dry handkerchiefs” (hanging handkerchiefs on a string),
- “additives” we select the missing details for objects (for example, for a hedgehog - needles, for the sun - rays, for a house - a roof, and so on),
Choose clothespins according to the color of clothes, fabrics.
Working with rings
There is a wooden rod on the table and several rings of the same size lie. The child is invited to alternately put these rings on the rod. Previously, an adult explains and shows how to perform these actions.
Working with cubes
Several cubes of the same size are placed in front of the child. After explaining and showing, the kid should independently put the cubes one on top of the other to get a turret, then a house, etc.
Working with wooden toys
Folding wooden nesting dolls, pyramids, boxes are laid out on the table. An adult, together with a child, carefully examines these items. Then the child is shown how the toy opens, how it can be disassembled, assembled and closed. After the explanation and demonstration, the adult invites the child to perform the action on his own.
With balls.
An empty box is placed on the table, several balls are placed on both sides of it. The adult takes one ball, which is on the right side of the child, and throws it into the box, and then invites the child to do the same.
In this case, it is necessary to determine how much the child owns one or the other hand, how he grasps the ball.
Give the children the following tasks:
It is easy to press with three fingers on the pear of the spray gun, while directing the stream of air onto the cotton wool so that it moves smoothly on the table.
Stretch a thin rubber band between your index and middle fingers. Finger this rubber band with the index and middle fingers of the other hand (like guitar strings).
We squeeze our fingers into a fist, then alternately bend and unbend each finger with the rest gathered into a fist. Repeat up to 10 times.
With the hands clenched into a fist, we will make circular movements to the left and to the right. Repeat circles in both directions 10 times.
We spread straight fingers and, starting with the little finger, we successively bend our fingers into a fist. Then, starting with the big one, we return them to their original position.
Alternately bend the fingers of the right hand (left hand), starting with the thumb.
Bend the fingers of the right (left) hand into a fist, straighten them one by one, starting with the little finger and starting with the thumb.
Take large objects, different in weight, material, shape of the toy throughout brush;
Take objects with both hands at once (they change the texture, volume, weight of these objects).
handkerchief games
There is a handkerchief unfolded on the table. The child puts his hand in the middle of the handkerchief, palm down, all fingers apart. To the teacher’s words, “pull your fingers together” and take a handkerchief in your palm. The child moves his fingers, grabs a handkerchief between his fingers. The same is done with the other hand.
- "Snake".
Hands bent at the elbows are on the table. To the words of the teacher, “the snake is crawling fast, calling the guys to play” - the children send a handkerchief between the little finger and the ring finger, put the handkerchief between the ring and middle fingers, then stretch it between the middle and index fingers. The stretching between the index and thumb ends, the “snake” crawls from right to left and back, starting its way between the thumb and forefinger, etc. The direction of movement of the "snake" will depend on the hand, the motor function of which is most preserved.
- "Lump".
The handkerchief lies unfolded on the table. The palm of the hand is placed on the corner of the handkerchief. To the words of the teacher “and-and-and ... crumple, crumple, crumple our hands do not appease” - the child begins to crumple the handkerchief so that it is all in his fist.
Tasks for the development of facial expressions in children with cerebral palsy:
- an adult should demonstrate to the baby how a puppy sniffs, a bird listens, how a cat tracks a mouse. Then you should ask the child to repeat what he saw;
- demonstrate surprised eyes, ask to repeat;
- describe the moment of happiness and pleasure, show how the kitten rejoices in the caress, and the puppy in the delicious treat;
- describe the feeling of pain, demonstrate pain in the abdomen, crying, feeling cold;
- show a moment of disgust: let the baby imagine that he is drinking a bitter medicine or eating a lemon;
- explain what anger is by showing an angry person;
- demonstrate a sense of fear, loss of home or loved ones;
- develop a sense of shame and guilt for their actions, teach to ask for forgiveness.
A set of exercises for children with cerebral palsy.
Classes that develop movement skills:
- the child squats, the adult stands in front of him in the same way, puts the child’s arms on his shoulders and, holding him at the waist, tries to put the baby on his knees;
- the child is on his knees, the adult supports him with his armpits and tilts him in different directions. This technique allows the child to learn to distribute the load on the right, then on the left leg;
- an adult stands behind a standing child, holding his armpits, and gently pushes the child's popliteal cavities with his knees, forcing him to sit down;
- the child sits on a chair, the adult stands opposite him, fixing his legs, pressing his feet to the floor. The adult takes the child's hands and pulls them forward and upward, which makes the baby stand up;
- holding the child, ask him to stand alternately on each leg, trying to maintain balance;
- securing the child by the hands, make pushes and pulling movements in different directions, forcing the child to take a step.
Classes for the normalization of joint functions:
- the child lies on his back, one leg is extended, and the other should be gradually brought with the knee to the stomach, and then returned to its original position;
- the child lies on its side, with the help of an adult, slowly moving the thigh to one side or the other. The knee is bent at the same time;
- the child lies on his back, alternately raises and lowers his legs, bending them at the knee;
- the child lies on his stomach, a pillow is placed under the chest. An adult lifts the child by the upper limbs, unbending the upper body.
Exercises for abdominal muscles:
- the child sits on a chair, the adult helps the child lean forward. The baby must return to its original position on its own, or with a little help from an adult;
- the child lies on his back, arms along the body. It is necessary to stimulate the baby's attempt to roll over on his stomach and again on his back on his own, without using the handles;
- to teach the child to strain the muscles of the tummy, the exercise can be combined with deep breaths and exhalations;
- the child sits on the floor, legs are extended. Help the baby reach out with his fingers to his toes, without bending the legs at the knees;
- the child lies on his back, the adult helps the child raise the straight legs and bring them up, touching the floor above the head with the fingers.
Classes to eliminate hypertonicity of the muscles of the hands:
- carry out active movements with the child's brush in different directions, occasionally shaking the hand and relaxing the muscles;
- hold the child’s hand or forearm firmly until the state of hypertonicity is eliminated, then shake or shake the limb to relax.
Leg muscle exercises:
- the child lies on his back, arms along the body, legs lead to the stomach. An adult holds the shins and alternately abducts the legs in the hip joint, combining abductions to the sides with circular rotations of the leg;
- an adult conducts flexion and extension movements of the hip joint to the child, after which the child tries to hold the leg on his own.
Exercises to maintain the cervical muscles and the muscular corset of the body:
- the child lies on his back, and the adult, lifting the body by the armpits, shakes it from side to side, turns right and left, not allowing the child to resist. In the same way, they shake their head, holding it in the air;
- the child lies on his side, and the adult tries to knock him over on his stomach or on his back. In this case, the baby should try not to succumb to pushes, resisting;
- the child sits on a chair, hands and head are relaxed. The adult turns his head in different directions, tilts back and forth, and the child tries to relax the neck muscles as much as possible.
Exercises to stabilize breathing:
- ask the child to imitate deep breathing, blow out a burning candle, blow a feather from the palm of your hand. It is useful to inflate balloons with the baby or play by blowing soap bubbles;
- an excellent effect can be expected if a child is taught to sing. A similar effect is observed when playing the harmonica, flute, for starters, you can use a regular whistle;
- teach your child to blow bubbles through a straw into a glass of water.
Exercise #2
- 1. Starting position - stand legs apart, arms to the sides.
Repeat 3 times, increasing the angle of inclination.
7-10. The same on the other side.
Repeat 3 times, perform slowly with a gradual increase in the amplitude of the slope.
Exercise number 4
- 1. Starting position - main stance, arms up, palms inward - stretch out.
Repeat 3 times, increasing the angle of inclination to the maximum.
Exercise number 5
- 1. Starting position - main stance, arms relaxed.
- 2. Slow breath through the nose, simultaneously stick out the stomach, turn the shoulders, hold the breath for 5 seconds.
- 3. Exhale through the half-open mouth, draw in the stomach, relax the shoulders and arms, exhale slowly for 10 s.
Repeat 4-5 times.
Exercise number 6
- 1. Starting position - main stance.
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 7
- 1. Starting position - leg stand apart.
- 2. Hands forward, stand on your toes.
- 3. Turn the body to the left by 90 °, look at the hands.
- 4. Dropping on the heels, tilt to the left, touch the toe of the left leg with the right hand, left hand to the side - look at the left hand, hold the pose for 20 s. Return to starting position.
- 5. The same in the other direction.
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 8
- 1. Starting position - main stance, arms above the head, palms together, elbows bent and spread apart.
Repeat 4-5 times, squat and lift at a slow pace, for about 8-10 seconds.
Exercise number 9
- 1. Starting position - sitting, legs forward, arms up, bend over, look at the hands.
- 2. Slowly lean forward, touch your toes with your fingers, do not bend your knees, try to touch your knees with your forehead. Hold the pose for 15 s. You can grab your lower leg with your hands and pull your head to your knees, gently using force.
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 10
- 1. Starting position - sitting, put the right foot on the heel behind the knee of the straight left leg, bend, turn the body to the right, emphasis with the left hand.
Repeat 2 times.
Exercise number 11
- 1. Starting position - sitting on the heels, hands on the hips.
- 2. Taking your hands back, take an emphasis while sitting behind, head back, bend over, hold the pose for 15 s.
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 12
- 1. Starting position - sitting on the heels, hands on the belt.
Repeat 4-6 times.
Guideline: if the exercise is impossible due to poor physical fitness or insufficient flexibility of the knee and ankle joints, you should sit on your heels for up to 20 seconds or more. The ability to perform the exercises will come after a few sessions.
- 2-3. Slow tilt to the right and forward, strive to touch the floor behind the right knee with the left elbow, without lifting the buttocks from the heels.
- 4. Starting position.
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 14
- 1. Starting position - lying on your back, arms extended horizontally, relax (5 s).
Repeat 3 times.
Guideline: performing the exercise relieves pain in the spine.
- 3. Starting position.
- 4. The same in the other direction.
Repeat 3 times.
By doing this exercise all parts of the spine are involved in the work, the spinal column is stretched.
Exercise number 16
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 17
- 1. Starting position - lying on your back, arms extended up.
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 18
Rice. 13.20
- 3. Slowly raise your head and upper body, while exhaling, look at the feet. Hold the pose for 10 s.
- 4. Starting position.
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 19
- 1. Starting position - sitting with bent legs, the back is round, the head touches the knees, the hands wrap around the knees (tuck position).
Repeat 4-6 times.
- 3. Touch the floor behind your head with your toes. Hold the pose for 10 s.
Repeat 2 times.
Exercise #21
- 1. Lying on your back, hands in the "lock" behind your head, toes on your feet.
Exercise number 22
Exercise number 23
- 13.25
Repeat 3 times.
Methodical instructions: when performing the exercise, do not tear your legs off the floor. The exercise should begin with the movement of the head, then the shoulders, etc. Return to starting position in reverse order (stomach, chest, shoulders, head).
Exercise number 24
Exercise number 25
- 1. Starting position - lying on your stomach.
Repeat 3 times.
Methodical instructions: at the first attempts to spread the legs a little to the sides, grabbing the bent legs by the feet. As the flexibility of the legs increases, connect, and bring the grip closer to the ankle joints.
Exercise number 27
- 1. Starting position - lying on your stomach, arms bent at the elbows at the level of the chin, fingers intertwined, chin on the fingers.
Repeat 3 times.
Exercise number 29
- 1. Starting position - standing, legs apart.
Repeat 8 times.
1-2. Smooth circular movements of the head to the left, to the right. Repeat 3 times.
- Starting position - hands in front of the chest, palms out.
- Hands forward with force (imitation of repulsion), slowly move your hands to the sides - back (imitation of extension), lowering your hands from behind, interlace your fingers.
- Bend over, head back, hands as far back as possible and hold the pose for 10 s (count up to 10).
- Slowly lean forward, take your hands back and hold them in an extremely high position, the neck muscles are relaxed, bend your knees (hold the pose for 20 s).
- Hands up, bend over.
- Initial position. Repeat 3 times. After the exercise - a deep breath through the nose (3 s) and a slow exhalation through the closed mouth gap (4 s).
- Starting position - main stance, hands on the belt.
- Tilt forward (hold the pose for 5 s).
- Tilt to the right (hold the pose for 5 s).
- Tilt to the left (hold the pose for 5 s).
- Initial position.
Forms of combating diseases of the musculoskeletal system
Physical exercise and sports increase the strength of bone tissue, contribute to a stronger attachment to the bones of muscle tendons, strengthen the spine and eliminate unwanted curvatures in it, contribute to the expansion of the chest and the development of good posture.
The main function of the joints is the implementation of movement. At the same time, they act as dampers, a kind of brakes that dampen the inertia of movement and allow for an instant stop after a fast movement. Joints during systematic physical exercises and sports develop, the elasticity of their ligaments and muscle tendons increases, and flexibility increases.
When working, muscles develop a certain force that can be measured. Strength depends on quantity muscle fibers and their cross section, as well as on the elasticity and initial length of an individual muscle. Systematic physical training increases muscle strength precisely by increasing the number and thickening of muscle fibers and by increasing their elasticity.
It is estimated that all human muscles contain about 300 million muscle fibers. Many skeletal muscles have strength in excess of body weight. If the activity of the fibers of all muscles is directed in one direction, then with a simultaneous contraction they could develop a force of 25,000 kg m.
The main physical culture form of combating diseases of the musculoskeletal system is physiotherapy exercises. It is used in the form of therapeutic exercises, walking, health path, games, strictly dosed sports exercises. Therapeutic gymnastics is the main form of exercise therapy (see Appendix No. 2). Exercises of therapeutic gymnastics are divided into 2 groups: for musculoskeletal and respiratory.
The first, in turn, are subdivided according to the localization of the impact, or the anatomical principle, - for small, medium and large muscle groups; according to the degree of activity of the patient - passive and active. Passive exercises are called exercises for the affected limb, performed by the patient with the help of a healthy limb or with the assistance of an exercise therapy instructor; active - exercises performed completely by the patient himself.
Based on all of the above, we can conclude that in diseases of the musculoskeletal system, the main emphasis should be placed on:
exercises aimed at strengthening the bone, muscle tissue, joints.
Physical therapy must be included in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
Classes are conducted by the best specialists-rehabilitologists. The effectiveness of each individual lesson and training complex will provide a lasting result.
Kenesitherapy for scoliosis, kyphosis, flat feet, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis.
Articular gymnastics for arthritis, arthrosis and injuries.
Gymnastics "relax" - with radiculitis, osteochondrosis, acute pain in the spine and joints.
Adaptive physical culture - to improve metabolism and adaptation to physical activity.
Corrective, detorsion gymnastics - for the formation of a corrective muscle corset and normalization of muscle tone.
There are two types of physiotherapy exercises: general training and special training. General training in exercise therapy is aimed at strengthening and improving the body as a whole; and special training during the course of physiotherapy exercises are prescribed by a doctor to eliminate violations in the functioning of certain organs or systems in the body.
To achieve results in physiotherapy exercises, certain exercises are used aimed at restoring the functions of one or another part of the body (for example, to strengthen the abdominal muscles, physiotherapy includes a complex exercise standing, sitting and lying). As a result of taking a course of exercise therapy, the body adapts to gradually increasing loads and corrects the disorders caused by the disease.
The attending physician prescribes a course of therapeutic exercises, and a specialist in physiotherapy exercises (exercise therapy) determines the methods of training. Procedures are carried out by an instructor, especially difficult cases- physiotherapy doctor. The use of therapeutic exercises, increasing efficiency complex therapy patients, accelerates the recovery time and prevents further progression of the disease. You should not start exercise therapy classes on your own, as this can lead to a deterioration in the condition, the method of therapeutic exercises prescribed by the doctor must be strictly observed.
General Exercises for Joint Mobility
To increase mobility in the joints, you can use the following exercises:
Starting position - hands forward, palms down. Movement of the brushes up, down, in, out.
Starting position - hands forward, palms inward. Movement of the brushes up, down, inward, outward, in the wrist joint.
Starting position - hands forward. Circular movements in the wrist joints, in the elbow and shoulder joints.
Starting position - hands on the belt. Turns of the body to the left and right with different positions of the hands (to the sides, up).
Starting position - hands behind the head. Circular movements of the body.
Starting position - hands to the shoulders. Circular movements of the pelvis to the left and right.
Starting position - semi-squat, hands on knees. Leaning the legs to the left and right. Circular movements in the knee joints to the left and right.
Starting position - main stance. Tilt left, right.
Starting position - arms up to the sides. Lean forward until your hands touch the floor.
Starting position - lying on your back, arms up. Leaning forward, hands to toes.
Exercises for the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle are performed from a wide variety of starting positions (standing, crouching, lying, hanging, kneeling, etc.). Movements to the sides, up, back and forth are carried out both with straight arms and bent at the elbow joints. Exercises for the arms and shoulder girdle can be widely used in combination with exercises for other muscle groups (legs and torso, etc.).
Exercises for the neck muscles are mainly tilting the head forward, backward, to the sides, turning the head and rotating movements.
Exercises for the muscles of the legs should be selected taking into account all muscle groups that perform flexion and extension of the legs in the hip, knee and ankle joints, as well as abduction and adduction by the hips. These are various movements with straight and bent legs, lunges forward, sideways, backwards, lifting on toes, squats on two and one legs with and without support by hands, jumping in place, moving forward, etc.
Exercises for the muscles of the body contribute to the development of mobility in the spine. These are basically tilts and turns in various directions.
They are performed from the starting position, standing, sitting, lying on the stomach and back, kneeling, etc. After exercises aimed at developing a particular muscle group, a relaxation exercise should follow, which normalizes muscle tone. This is the raising of the arms and their free, relaxed lowering, wide, sweeping movements of the body without tension, leaning forward with lowered arms, relaxation of the muscles in a sitting position, lying down, shaking arms, legs, and some others.
Exercises for the education of posture. As a rule, with age, as a result of weakening of the muscles of the legs and torso, incorrect or forced position separate parts body at work or at home posture worsens.
The constant use of specially selected exercises will help maintain a correct and beautiful posture for many years.
conclusions
Thus, the main forms of combating diseases of the musculoskeletal system are physiotherapy exercises and massage. Therapeutic physical training is used in the form of therapeutic exercises, walking, health path, games, strictly dosed sports exercises. Therapeutic gymnastics is the main form of exercise therapy. Massage within the complex rehabilitation treatment allows you to reduce the intensity of drug therapy, and accelerate the process of recovery of the body in case of illness. In the correct and rational implementation of a set of exercise therapy exercises and passing a course of massage, the patient's condition will improve. Classes in rehabilitation centers are conducted by specialists of various profiles and high level preparation. For each type of disease of the musculoskeletal system, a separate rehabilitation program is being developed.
The main physical culture form of combating diseases of the musculoskeletal system is physiotherapy exercises. It is used in the form of therapeutic exercises, walking, health path, games, strictly dosed sports exercises. Therapeutic gymnastics is the main form of exercise therapy. Exercises of therapeutic gymnastics are divided into 2 groups: for musculoskeletal and respiratory.
In diseases of the musculoskeletal system, the main emphasis should be on exercises aimed at strengthening bone, muscle tissue, and joints. Classes are conducted by the best rehabilitation specialists and masseurs.
Methodical work on physical culture on the topic:
"Physical exercises for the prevention and correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system".
Plan:
1. Introduction
2. Chapter 1. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and their causes
1.1 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system
1.2 Flat feet and its types
1.4 Causes of flat feet
3. Chapter 2. Methods for determining diseases of the musculoskeletal system
4. Chapter 3. Medical methods of treatment and prevention of scoliosis
5. Conclusion
6. List of used literature
Introduction
The health-improving and preventive effect of mass physical culture is inextricably linked with increased physical activity, strengthening of the functions of the musculoskeletal system, and activation of metabolism. The teachings of R. Mogendovich about motor-visceral reflexes showed the relationship between the activity of the motor apparatus, skeletal muscles and autonomic organs. As a result of insufficient motor activity in the human body, the neuroreflex connections laid down by nature and fixed in the process of hard physical labor are disrupted, which leads to a disorder in the regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular and other systems, metabolic disorders and the development of degenerative diseases (atherosclerosis, etc.).
For the normal functioning of the human body and the preservation of health, a certain “dose” of physical activity is necessary. In this regard, the question arises about the so-called habitual motor activity, i.e., activities performed in the process of everyday professional work and in everyday life. In economically developed countries over the past 100 years, the share muscle work as a generator of energy used by man, decreased by almost 200 times, which led to a decrease in energy consumption for muscle activity. In this regard, to compensate for the lack of energy consumption in the process labor activity a modern person needs to perform physical exercises with an energy consumption of at least 350-500 kcal per day (or 2000-3000 kcal per week).
According to Becker, at present, only 20% of the population of economically developed countries are engaged in sufficiently intense physical training, providing the necessary minimum energy consumption, the remaining 80% of the daily energy consumption is much lower than the level required to maintain stable health. A sharp restriction of physical activity in recent decades has led to a decrease functionality middle aged people.
The mechanism of the protective action of intense physical exercise lies in the genetic code of the human body. Skeletal muscles, which on average make up 40% of body weight (in men), are genetically programmed by nature for hard physical work. “Motor activity is one of the main factors that determine the level of metabolic processes of the body and the state of its bone, muscle and cardiovascular systems,” wrote Academician VV Parin (1969).
Human muscles are a powerful generator of energy. Distinguish between the general and special effects of physical exercise, as well as their indirect effect on risk factors. Most overall effect training is the expenditure of energy, directly proportional to the duration and intensity muscle activity which makes it possible to compensate for the energy deficit. The special effect of health training is associated with an increase in the functionality of the cardiovascular system.
Insufficient physical activity and lack of calcium in food worsens the condition of the musculoskeletal system. The most common diseases such as arthritis, arthrosis, osteoporosis, postural disorders, scoliosis.
In my abstract, I would like to take a closer look at scoliosis, as the most common disease of the musculoskeletal system, and as a result, it greatly affects the state of human health. Scoliosis is much more common than people think. Petersburg Children's Orthopedic Institute. G.I.Turner, 40% of the examined high school students revealed a violation of statics, requiring treatment. Scoliosis gets its name from the level of curvature: cervical, thoracic or lumbar and, accordingly, the convex side of the curvature.
Chapter 1. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and their causes
1.1 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system
What are diseases of the musculoskeletal system? The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, ligaments, cartilage and tendons. It provides the structural strength of your body, vertical position, protects internal organs from damage. The musculoskeletal system is a repository of minerals. Bones are long (in the arms and legs), short (patella, ankle, wrist), flat (skull, ribs, chest, shoulder blades). The strength of the musculoskeletal system is reduced due to poor nutrition, the use of large amounts of sugar, the lack of proper physical activity. It also contributes to hormonal imbalance. The use of coffee and drinks with a high content of phosphoric acid leads to the loss of calcium and the formation of osteoporosis, in which the rate of resorption (resorption) of bone minerals increases. On radiographs, such bones have many pores, but in life they cause a lot of trouble for a person - aching pains, frequent fractures, etc. Bone tissue is a living part of the body that is constantly involved in metabolism, receiving mineral elements (boron, silicon, calcium, manganese, potassium , vitamin C and D). Like other cells in our body, it is constantly updated. Mature bones (there are 206 of them) are completely replaced every 10-12 years.
Depending on the number of components of the musculoskeletal system, there is a wide variety of its diseases. Joint diseases include various forms of damage to the musculoskeletal system (bones, joints, muscles, periarticular soft tissues), systemic diseases that occur with damage to the joints (rheumatism, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.), rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, syphilitic, gonorrheal and others arthritis of infectious origin, psoriatic arthritis, metabolic arthritis. The group of dystrophic diseases of the joints is deforming osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis, deforming spondylosis, osteochondropathy.
Diseases of the spine. Spine - part of the skeleton, consisting of interconnected vertebrae; serves as an organ of support and movement of the trunk, neck and head, protects the spinal cord located in the spinal canal. Diseases of the spine are often accompanied by its deformities. Curvature in the sagittal plane is called either kyphosis (with backward bulge) or lordosis (anterior bulge); curvature in the frontal plane - scoliosis. These deformities are often manifestations of various diseases. With coccygodynia (pain in the coccyx), osteochondrosis is detected on the x-ray, sometimes a slight displacement of the coccygeal vertebra. In the region of the sacrum, there may be inflammatory processes, fistulas form. Tuberculosis of the spine is a serious disease, the diagnosis and treatment of which is carried out in a specialized hospital. Spondylolisthesis - slippage of the overlying vertebra relative to the underlying anteriorly. This is facilitated by spondylolysis - nonunion of the arch with the vertebral body.
1.2 Flat feet and its types
Flatfoot is a deformity of the foot, which consists in a decrease in the height of the longitudinal arches in combination with heel pronation and supination contracture of the forefoot. The arched structure of the foot determines its strength. A powerful system of ligaments and muscles ensures the preservation of the shape of the arches of the foot and their functions.
There are longitudinal and transverse flat feet. In cases of progression of longitudinal flat feet, the length of the feet increases mainly due to the lowering of the longitudinal arch, and with the development transverse flatfoot the length of the feet decreases due to the fan-shaped divergence of the metatarsal bones, the outward deviation of the first toe and the hammer-like deformity of the middle toe.
Depending on the cause, there are congenital flat feet, rickety, paralytic, traumatic and the most common static.
Symptoms of flat feet: increased fatigue when walking, pain in the calf muscles during long walking and by the end of the day; decrease in physical performance. One of the manifestations of flat feet can be headaches as a result of a reduced spring function of the feet. In the feet, pain is localized in the arch of the foot, talocalcaneal-navicular joint, with a sharp turn of the foot outward - in the ankles.
There are the following signs of flat feet: pain in the lower back, swelling of the foot that appears in the evening, which disappears overnight. With pronounced flat feet, the foot lengthens and expands in the middle part. Those suffering from flat feet walk with their legs wide apart and their feet turned, slightly bending their legs at the knee and hip joints and waving their arms vigorously; they usually wear out the inside of the soles and heels of the shoes.
Clinically, there are 5 stages of flat feet:
1. Prodromal stage.
At the first stage, fatigue increases when walking, and by the end of the day there are changes in the foot - sweating, "corns", calluses. There is an increased sensitivity to microtrauma, pain after a long static load, a feeling of fatigue by the end of the day.
Physical performance decreases, general fatigue is expressed. Headaches are possible as a result of a decrease in the spring function of the foot. The overall result of all this is sleep disturbance.
2. Stage of intermittent flat feet. Increased pain in the foot by the end of the day. The longitudinal arch of the foot at the same time is visually compacted, after rest it is restored. There may be some swelling of the feet and coming (temporary) contracture of the muscles. By morning, these symptoms are gone. Already at this stage, changes occur in the area of the knee joints, swelling in the ankles, blood circulation in the lower extremities is disturbed, which is manifested by heaviness in the legs, orthostatic edema. Pain in the feet leads to a decrease in motor activity: preference is given to movement by car. Insufficient muscle mobility leads to impaired microcirculation, changes in lymphovenous outflow. At these two stages, there are no significant visible changes in the area of the feet, and only the accompanying deficiencies lead to a cosmetologist-dermatologist. The main complaints in this case are thickened, loose tissue in the area of the knee joints, which is not always of fatty origin: an increase in volume is obtained due to micro-effusion from the knee joint, which also suffers from flat feet. In other patients, the pathological process is localized in the area ankle joint: it becomes wide, swollen and loses its finesse.
3. Stage of flat foot development.
Fatigue develops rapidly as a result of muscle overwork. The pain is constant and aching. Reducing the height of the longitudinal arch. The deformity of the legs is clearly visible, the contours of the navicular bone are isolated at the medial (inner) edge of the foot, the calcaneus deviates outward, acting as an ugly tubercle, usually bluish-red in color, easily injured until scuffs appear. The gait changes, as the range of motion in the joints of the feet is limited.
4. Stage of flat-valgus foot.
The longitudinal arch is sharply flattened. When walking, pain quickly appears in the area of \u200b\u200bthe inner ankle. Expressed reflex spasm of the muscles of the leg and foot. The tendons in the rear area of the foot are stretched. There is a deformation of the thumb with the formation of "bones" and rough corns. The latter are often combined with callused warts. The patient pays attention to the plantar wart and comes to the dermatologist, usually late, when pain already appears. The cause of callused warts is also flat feet. Therefore, without concomitant orthopedic correction, treatment may be ineffective.
5.Stage of contracture flatfoot.
Foot pain is constant. The foot is in a position of sharp pronation (the inner surface is trampled). Walking is noticeably disturbed and difficult. In this, the most severe stage of flat feet, surgical correction is unreasonably often offered. Without eliminating the cause that led to this deformity of the foot, namely flat feet, the disease returns.
1.3 The main causes of diseases of the musculoskeletal system
The most common cause of damage to the musculoskeletal system is a mismatch between the load on the joints and the ability of cartilage to resist it. As a result, there is a rapid "aging" of the articular cartilage. It loses its elasticity articular surfaces become rough, cracks appear on them. Later, inflammation joins, in response to which bone tissue grows.
The joints begin to hurt and deform. Attacks of sciatica, exacerbation of arthritis, arthrosis and gout provoke not only increased loads (work in the summer cottage), but also cold, draft, cold water on a hot summer day, etc. Besides, severe pain in these diseases are associated with chronic inflammation of the joints, one of the causes of which is immune disorders (this is the main cause of rheumatic joint diseases).
Another companion of the disease is a violation of blood circulation in the joints, that is, vascular disorders. These problems, in turn, are closely related to metabolic disorders. And, finally, fluctuations in the hormonal background, which lead to metabolic disorders (because of which women after 45 often gain weight). Thus, diseases of the musculoskeletal system are based on a tangle of closely related disorders in the work of the main body systems. But why did the rapid increase in the number of joint diseases begin precisely in the second half of the 20th century?
Psychosomatic causes of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Since ancient times, the spine has been considered the focus of human life force, the energy core. In accordance with ancient Indian ideas about life, the main energy channels, and the centers of the human body (chakras) are located, in which energy of different levels is accumulated.
Correct posture contributes to the unhindered flow of energy in the human biomagnetic field. The physiological curves of the spine symbolize the tension that a person experiences when taking responsibility for the implementation of a certain part of his life program.
The occurrence of osteochondrosis is associated with dehydration of the intervertebral disc, damage to the vertebral body, loss of elasticity and elasticity of the ligaments, muscle weakness, and compression of the neurovascular bundle.
The fluid contained in the core of the disc is a symbol of the emotional nature of man. The properties of ligaments reflect the degree of flexibility in the relationship. Muscles - the ability to manage life circumstances. blood supply spinal cord- the bodily equivalent of a person's connection with the outside world. Accordingly, the lack of flexibility, a rigid worldview, the inability to implement one's aspirations and organize work are the psychosomatic causes of osteochondrosis.
Rheumatoid arthritis- a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the connective tissue with damage to the joints according to the type of progressive polyarthritis.
Connective tissue symbolizes the ability to interact with people. And the joints are the ability to manage these interactions. Autoimmune reactions are an analogue of pronounced internal contradictions, prohibitions on the natural manifestations of the inner "I", as well as the desire to control people. It can be noted in patients with r.a. violation of the internal balance between the feminine and masculine, the poles of hardness and softness. Women tend to masculine forms of protest, men suppress manifestations of gentleness.
Another cause of diseases of the musculoskeletal system is the lack of physical activity - hypodynamia. It arises "in connection with the active replacement of manual labor by mechanized, the development of household appliances, Vehicle etc. It adversely affects the state of all organs and systems of the body, contributes to the appearance of excess body weight, the development of obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease.
In the elderly, under the influence of natural age-related changes nervous structures and the musculoskeletal system, the volume and speed of movements decrease, coordination of complex and subtle movements is disturbed, muscle tone weakens, and some stiffness occurs. All this usually manifests itself earlier and in a more pronounced form in those who lead a sedentary lifestyle.
The lack of motor activity of the muscles surrounding the bones leads to metabolic disorders in the bone tissue and loss of their strength, hence poor posture, narrow shoulders, sunken chest and other things that adversely affect health internal organs.
The lack of sufficient motor activity in the daily regimen leads to loosening of the articular cartilage and changes in the surfaces of articulating bones, to the appearance of pain, and conditions are created for the formation of inflammatory processes in them.
Causes of scoliosis.
One of the causes of scoliosis is poor posture. Curvature and stoop speak of an inflexible worldview, helplessness, insecurity, vulnerability to critical situations, insufficient creative realization, and fear of responsibility.
Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine in the frontal plane. The costal hump, which is observed at the same time, forms a deformity with a bulge to the side and posteriorly - kyphoscoliosis.
Etiologically, congenital scoliosis is distinguished (according to V.D. Chaklin, they occur in 23.0%), which are based on various vertebral deformities:
Underdevelopment;
Their wedge-shaped form;
Accessory vertebrae, etc.
Acquired scoliosis includes:
1. rheumatic, usually occurring suddenly and caused by muscle contracture on the healthy side in the presence of myositis or spondyloarthritis;
2. rachitic, which manifest themselves very early with various deformities of the musculoskeletal system. The softness of the bones and weakness of the muscles, carrying the child in her arms (mainly on the left), prolonged sitting, especially at school - all this favors the manifestation and progression of scoliosis;
3. paralytic, more often occurring after childhood paralysis, with unilateral muscle damage, but can also be observed in other nervous diseases;
4. habitual, on the basis of habitual bad posture (often they are called "school", since at this age they get the most expression). The immediate cause of them may be improperly arranged desks, seating students without taking into account their height and desk numbers, carrying briefcases from the first grade, holding a child while walking by one hand, etc.
This list, of course, does not cover all types of scoliosis, but only the main ones.
Posture is due to heredity, but its formation in the process of growth in children is influenced by numerous environmental factors.
The process of formation of posture begins from a very early age and occurs on the basis of the same physiological patterns of higher nervous activity that are characteristic of the formation of conditioned motor connections. This creates an opportunity for active intervention in the process of posture formation in children, ensuring its proper development.
The reasons that can lead to posture disorders (scoliosis) are numerous. Unfavorable conditions have a negative impact on the formation of posture environment, social and hygienic factors, in particular, the child's prolonged stay in the wrong position of the body. As a result of incorrect body position, the formation of the skill of incorrect body positioning occurs. In some cases, this habit of improper body positioning is formed in the absence of functional and structural changes in the musculoskeletal system, and in others, against the background of pathological changes in the musculoskeletal system of a congenital or acquired nature. The basis of posture disorders is often insufficient physical activity of children (physical inactivity) or an irrational passion for monotonous physical exercises, improper physical education.
In addition, the appearance of incorrect posture (scoliosis) is associated with insufficient sensitivity of receptors that determine the vertical position of the spine or weakening of the muscles that hold this position, with limited mobility in the joints, and acceleration of modern children.
The cause of scoliosis can also be irrational clothing, diseases of internal organs, decreased vision, hearing, insufficient illumination of the workplace, furniture that does not match the height of the child, etc.
In 90-95% of cases, posture disorders are acquired, most often found in asthenic children and most often found in asthenic children. Posture disorders worsen the appearance of a person, contribute to the development of early degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs and create unfavorable conditions for the functioning of the chest and abdominal organs. Violations of posture, as a rule, are not accompanied by gross changes in the spine.
Gross changes in the spine develop with scoliotic disease. They are more pronounced at 2-3-4 degrees of severity of scoliosis. Scoliosis develops mainly during periods of intensive growth of the skeleton, i.e. at 6-7 years old, 12-15 years old. With the end of spinal growth, the increase in deformity usually stops, with the exception of paralytic scoliosis, in which the deformity can progress throughout life.
1.4 Causes of flat feet
The reasons for the development of static flat feet can be different - an increase in body weight, work in a standing position, a decrease in muscle strength during physiological aging, a lack of training in people with sedentary professions, etc. The internal causes that contribute to the development of foot deformities also include hereditary predisposition, to external reasons - overload of the feet associated with the profession (a woman with a normal foot structure, spending 7-8 hours at the counter or in a weaving workshop, may eventually acquire this disease), housekeeping, wearing irrational shoes (narrow, uncomfortable).
1.5 Scoliosis: forms and manifestations
Pathological changes in the spine are determined clinically by the presence of:
Deformation or a number of other external signs;
Fixation of the spine;
Soreness.
Fixation of the spinal column is manifested by limited mobility and associated functional inferiority of the spine.
Depending on the nature of the lesion, the listed signs are either isolated or combined with each other. For individual forms of diseases, different combinations of signs are typical, with the predominance of one or the other of them. In the future, diseases of the spine are described in the relevant sections, depending on the leading symptoms.
When examining a pathologically altered spine, attention is paid to the position of the head in relation to the body.
The head may be tilted forward or sideways. Head tilt to the side - torticollis - may be due to:
Changes in the bone skeleton;
Changes in soft tissues (muscles, fascia, skin);
Protective muscle tension (reflex or pain stiffness of the neck).
Causes of persistent changes in the skeleton and soft tissues in torticollis can be congenital or acquired. In the latter case, the forced position of the head, which is one of the symptoms of a disease or injury, is called symptomatic torticollis.
Scoliosis is a persistent lateral deviation of the spine or its segments from the normal straightened position. Unlike normal lumbar lordosis or thoracic kyphosis, which can become pathological as they grow, there are no persistent lateral curvatures in the normal spine. The presence of persistent lateral curvature of the spine is always abnormal, pathological. The designation "scoliosis" reflects the presence of a lateral curvature of the spine and is not in itself a diagnosis. It requires further research, identification of the features of the lateral curvature, its causes and course.
Acquired scoliosis includes:
Rachitic, due to rickets;
Habitual or, as they are called, school scoliosis, which occurs against the background of incorrect habitual postures and incorrect posture;
Static scoliosis that occurs with improper lateral standing of the pelvis; this is often observed with unequal development of the lower extremities (one limb is shorter than the other);
Paralytic scoliosis, which occurs against the background of damage to the muscles of the body; it is more often associated with past polio.
Other forms of acquired scoliosis (cicatricial - after surgery on the chest, after extensive tightening scars as a result of a burn; traumatic - after various injuries; reflex-pain - more often due to damage to the nerve roots) are not so common.
According to the magnitude of the curvature of the spine, there are three degrees of scoliosis:
The first degree of scoliosis is characterized by a slight lateral deviation of the spine from middle line.
The second degree is characterized by a noticeable deviation of the spine from the midline and the beginning of the costal hump.
The third degree of scoliosis is characterized by persistent and more pronounced deformity of the chest, the presence of a large costovertebral hump and a sharp limitation of spinal mobility.
Depending on the anatomical features of the lateral curvature, there are two groups of scoliosis: non-structural, or simple, and structural, or complex (James, 1967). The exact distinction between these groups is of great clinical importance, as it saves many patients from prolonged unnecessary treatment, and parents from unreasonable worries.
Non-structural scoliosis is a simple lateral deviation of the spine. The deformity, as the name suggests, does not have structural, gross anatomical changes in the vertebrae and the spine as a whole, in particular, there is no fixed rotation characteristic of structural scoliosis. By the absence of a fixed rotation of the spine, non-structural scoliosis can be distinguished from structural scoliosis. Determine the fixed rotation of the spine, using clinical and radiological signs. The clinical definition of stable rotation of the spine is a reliable method that allows you to accurately distinguish between these two groups of scoliosis.
There are five types of non-structural scoliosis:
postural;
compensatory;
Reflex (lumbischialgic);
Inflammatory;
Hysterical.
Postural scoliosis. In addition to the above, when describing a violation of posture in the frontal plane, it should be noted here that postural scoliosis appears in children most often by the end of the first decade of life. The arc of the lateral thoracic curvature with its bulge is usually turned to the left, in contrast to structural scoliosis, which is most often right-sided. When lying down and voluntary effort, the curvature of the spine disappears, and when bending forward, signs of fixed rotation are not detected.
Compensatory scoliosis. Shortening of one leg (true, apparent and relative) causes the tilt of the pelvis and curvature of the spine with a bulge in the direction of shortening, if the latter is not eliminated by orthopedic shoes that compensate for the difference in leg length. Compensatory scoliosis has the appearance of one long arc, including the entire spine. This lateral curvature of the spine is called C-shaped or total scoliosis. Compensatory scoliosis does not have a fixed rotation and structural changes in the vertebrae. According to most authors, structural changes are usually not observed in the vertebrae even with the long-term existence of compensatory scoliosis.
Reflex (lumbischialgic) scoliosis (scoliosis ischiadica) is a reflex lateral deviation of the spine and in fact is not true scoliosis. It would be more correct to call this deviation a gentle posture taken by the patient to reduce root irritation, which is most often caused by a disc herniation.
Hysterical and inflammatory scoliosis do not have structural changes. Hysterical scoliosis is very rare, it gives the impression of severe scoliosis, devoid of compensatory countercurves and fixed rotation of the spine. It resembles postural scoliosis, but is much more pronounced than the latter. Hysterical scoliosis may spontaneously disappear and recur.
A characteristic feature of structural scoliosis is the combination of lateral curvature with rotational curvature in the primary curvature. Indeed, no matter how early structural scoliosis is investigated, rotation is constantly found in conjunction with lateral curvature. Lateral curvature in the primary curvature of structural scoliosis is inseparable from rotational.
At the top of the primary arch, the curvature of the vertebral body takes on a wedge-shaped shape with the apex of the wedge facing the concave side of the curvature. The wedge-shaped bodies of the vertebrae experience lateral movement with the rotation of one vertebra in relation to another, adjacent one. Under normal conditions, such a movement of the vertebrae is impossible; any degree of lateral movement with rotation is pathological.
The spaces where the intervertebral discs are located are narrowed on the concave side of the curvature and expanded on the convex side. The bases of the arches are displaced to the concave side of the curvature. Along with the rotation of the vertebrae and a change in their shape, the internal bone structure of the vertebral bodies also changes. Beams of spongy bone of deformed vertebrae do not cross at a right angle, as is normal, but obliquely.
Chapter 2. Methods for determining diseases of the musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system is one of the most complex systems in the human body. Its damage (for example, a fracture of a bone) leads to a long-term loss of a person's ability to work.
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are a complex diagnostic problem requiring various kinds complex treatment and involvement of specialists of various profiles.
Diagnosis of diseases of bones and joints is based on clinical, radiological and morphological data. However, each of these methods has its limits and possibilities. When recognizing pathological changes in the apparatus of movement, it is the X-ray method, as the most objective and reliable, that allows you to look inside a living organism, becomes of decisive importance. With the help of the X-ray method of research, dynamic observation, objective documentation, clarification of the issues of pathogenesis and the characteristics of the course of various diseases are possible.
X-ray method research. The simplest X-ray unit consists of an X-ray emitter and an X-ray receiver. The source of these rays is an X-ray tube.
An X-ray tube is an electrovacuum high-voltage device designed to generate X-ray radiation by bombarding the anode with an electron beam accelerated by a voltage applied to the electrodes of the tube.
The electron source is a cathode with a tungsten wire filament in thermionic emission X-ray tubes or a specially designed cold cathode in pulsed field emission X-ray tubes.
The simplest X-ray tube consists of a sealed glass or ceramic container with a vacuum of 10-6 - 5.10-7 mm Hg, with cathode and anode assemblies fixed inside the container at a fixed distance from each other. The balloon is also the body of the x-ray tube. In X-ray tubes with an incandescent cathode, the latter is made in the form of a spiral of tungsten wire, placed in a special focusing cylinder. The anode is a massive copper rod with a refractory metal plate soldered onto it. The plate is the target. On a part of its surface - the actual focal spot - electrons dispersed in an electric field are decelerated, emitted by a cathode heated to a temperature of 2200 - 25000 C.
When the electrons are abruptly decelerated, x-rays are produced.
When the focus of an X-ray tube is bombarded with an electron beam, some of the primary electrons are reflected from the anode surface at different angles, with different velocities.
The electrons reflected and knocked out from the atoms of the anode material are called secondary electrons and form secondary electron emission in the X-ray tube, which has a detrimental effect on the normal operation of the tube.
Secondary electrons, slowed down by the electric field, change their trajectory and most of them return to the anode, causing afocal radiation, i.e. x-rays excited out of focus of the x-ray tube.
Afocal radiation degrades the quality of the x-ray image by reducing the sharpness of the image of the object under study. The main methods of struggle are the use of a cylinder with optimal geometry made of high-quality refractory glass (usually this method is used by domestic manufacturers of X-ray tubes), the use of cylinders with a metal middle part (secondary electrons entering the tube shell does not cause harmful consequences; foreign manufacturers use Philips ( Netherlands) and General Electric (USA)), and it is also possible to install covers on the anode.
Several methods are used to detect X-rays. In industry, it is possible to use counters of elementary particles for this purpose, which register the incoming radiation.
A more convenient means is photographic registration, which is used in medicine. X-ray films are used for photographic recording of X-rays. Usually these films are made in two layers. The double layer of photographic emulsion, as well as a significantly higher content of silver bromide, provides a significant sensitivity of these films to x-rays. The photographic effect of X-rays is produced only by that fraction of them that is absorbed in the photographic emulsion.
The fastest and most convenient is the television method for detecting radiation, i.e. the resulting picture is directly transmitted to the TV screen. Television visualization systems are divided into two groups: those that directly convert an x-ray image into a television picture and systems that convert a visible image from the output into a picture on a television screen using sensitive television transmission tubes.
X-ray tomography can be considered the latest achievement in this area - this is a new direction in X-ray diagnostic technology. It is based on the original principle of image acquisition, which consists in layer-by-layer transverse scanning of an object with a collimated X-ray beam; measurement of radiation behind the object by detectors with a linear characteristic; synthesizing a halftone image from a set of measured data related to the scanned layer, and constructing this image on a display screen.
The method of detecting scoliosis and poor posture is to examine the child. Inspection should be carried out in good light, with a different position of the child, with a sufficient degree of exposure of the child's body. Inspection should be done slowly and in a certain sequence: the front and back surfaces of the body, from the side, with the body tilted forward, lying down.
Judgments should not be made aloud about the various deviations in posture noted in the child. Hearing such comments, the child tries to correct the wrong posture, thereby disorienting and making it difficult to diagnose the initial forms of scoliosis.
When examining a child from the front, attention is drawn to the position of the head, the level of the shoulder girdle and nipples, the shape of the chest and abdomen, the position of the body, the symmetry of the triangles of the waist (the distance between the lowered arm and the notch of the waist), the shape of the legs.
When examining a child from the back, it is necessary to pay attention to the position of the head, the level of the shoulder girdle, the position of the shoulder blades (their level, distance from the spine, their tightness to the chest), the symmetry of the waist triangles, the symmetry of the line of the spinous processes, the level of the iliac bones.
With an inclined body (the chin should be pressed to the chest, and the arms should be freely lowered), attention is drawn to the line of the spinous processes, the symmetry of the relief of the chest, the presence of a muscle roller in the lumbar region and the costal hump.
When viewed from the side, the position of the head, smoothness or strengthening of the physiological curves of the spine in the thoracic and lumbar regions are determined.
Scoliosis with two primary curves and a neutral (transitional) vertebra.
With the correct posture and the absence of curvature of the spine, the examination of children reveals a direct holding of the head, a symmetrical arrangement of the shoulder blades, cervical-shoulder lines, axillary folds, iliac bones on both sides, and in the presence of scoliosis and impaired posture, their symmetry is disturbed to a different extent, depending on the degree of scoliosis and posture defects.
It is important to determine the length of the lower extremities (the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the end of the lateral malleolus). Normally, the length of the limbs should be the same. Our observations show that the majority of children referred for a consultation at a medical and physical education dispensary have posture defects and curvature of the spine precisely due to shortening of one limb (about 35%). Measurement of the length of the limb is carried out lying on the back, legs together; at the same time, it must be borne in mind that the tip of the nose, the navel and the line of connection of the feet are on the same straight line. Subject to this condition, shortening of the limbs can sometimes be seen by eye.
If a violation of posture and curvature of the spine is detected, it is necessary to immediately begin treatment, because violation of posture and scoliosis can quickly progress and lead to serious consequences (costovertebral hump, disability).
Diagnosis of flat feet is based on:
1) At a clinical examination by an orthopedic doctor
2) Performing an X-ray examination of the feet (according to indications)
To determine the degree of flat feet, radiographs of both feet are performed in frontal and lateral projections with a load.
The final diagnosis is made on the basis of x-rays.
Chapter 3. Medical methods of treatment and prevention of scoliosis
3.1 Medical treatments for scoliosis
The problem of scoliosis treatment remains one of the most difficult and urgent tasks of orthopedics.
For the last 2 years, a modified Cotrel-Dubousset system has been used in the surgical treatment of scoliosis. All patients underwent courses of preoperative therapeutic exercises according to a specially designed program for 3-6 weeks, aimed at stretching and mobilizing the spine. The operation according to this method is carried out in the position of the patient on his side, with the placement of special rollers under the convex side of the deformation, which achieves the maximum possible correction of the deformity on the orthopedic table. Metal rods are modeled intraoperatively according to the physiological curves of the spine and residual scoliotic deformity. In children with incomplete growth of the spine, sublaminar fixators are made in the form of floating structures that do not interfere with the growth of the spine.
Of the therapeutic methods for the treatment of scoliosis in recent years, the most popular is manual therapy.
Manual therapy is a method of diagnosing and treating diseases of the musculoskeletal system, which has recently become widespread. It is based on the impact on the spine, as a special organ, which includes not only the spinal column, but also the surrounding ligaments and muscles. Over the years of development of manual therapy, numerous and effective ways identification of disorders in the joints and their treatment.
Diagnostic techniques allow you to quite accurately determine the condition of the spine and surrounding tissues. It includes inspection, palpation, the study of active and passive movements. This helps to identify problems already in the early stages of the disease, when the patient himself does not notice the violations that have begun.
Manual therapy has a rich arsenal of therapeutic techniques that allow you to restore the condition of tissues. The main methods in the classical technique of manual therapy are: post-isometric muscle relaxation, mobilization and manipulation.
The so-called soft "graceful" techniques based on modern developments in neurophysiology. They are safe and use the body's ability to self-regulate. These include: myofascial stretching, muscle-energy techniques, cranial therapy.
Like any method in medicine, manual therapy has its own specific indications and contraindications. Mandatory is x-ray examination the affected part of the spine. Increasingly, one has to resort to a more advanced study - magnetic resonance imaging, which helps to clarify the diagnosis.
The attitude towards manual therapy both among patients and among doctors is rather ambiguous - from unconditional faith in miraculous possibilities to complete denial and allegations of its harmfulness. However, correctly and accurately applied, it gives a fairly quick and good result in the general complex of treatment.
3.2 Corrective rhythmic gymnastics for scoliosis
The most effective means of preventing and eliminating posture defects is physical exercise. Recently, for therapeutic purposes, experts recommend rhythmic gymnastics exercises. The main reason for this preference is in the emotionality of these exercises, in the fact that they have a beneficial effect on the mental sphere of a person with health problems. Children are more likely to engage in fun exercises than exercises known to be curative. That is why rhythmic gymnastics should also be considered as the most important means of an obligatory complex of sports and recreational activities for schoolchildren with posture disorders.
In order to prevent and eliminate scoliosis, rhythmic gymnastics exercises bring the greatest benefit when they are carried out in groups completed according to the identified types of posture, as well as taking into account the gender, age and level of physical development of students. In such groups, there is always the opportunity to offer each student a set of exercises that are most necessary for him in this moment. Therefore, when organizing classes, a physical education teacher and a doctor must carefully examine everyone in order to correctly attribute him to one group or another and develop a set of exercises for each group that meets its objectives.
With persistent violations of posture, classes should be carried out in special groups of corrective gymnastics under the supervision of a doctor. In groups of corrective rhythmic gymnastics, where they train with functional posture disorders, the presence of a doctor at each lesson is not necessary. However, he is obliged to exercise systematic medical control in them, assisting the physical education teacher in ensuring differentiated approach to solve the problems facing each group.
The methodology for compiling exercise complexes for corrective rhythmic gymnastics is similar to the methodology for constructing complexes for lessons with elements of rhythmic gymnastics. Therefore, each such complex should consist of three parts.
The preparatory part includes simple general developmental and corrective exercises corresponding to the type of posture disorder. The pace of execution is slow, moderate and medium. The optimal dosage of exercises is 6-8 repetitions.
The main part is saturated with proper corrective exercises, most of which should be performed in the supine position, on the side and on the stomach. In these positions, it is easier to follow the straightened position of the body, the muscles do not experience prolonged static load, as when holding the body in standing and sitting positions. The pace of execution is slow, moderate and medium. The dosage depends on the well-being of children, their physical fitness and mastery of the material. On average, exercises are repeated 8-16 times. All exercises must be performed in both directions.
The final part is built from relaxation exercises performed in the starting positions lying on your back, breathing and special exercises to feel the correct posture.
While doing the exercises, children should breathe through their nose without holding their breath. It should also be borne in mind that exercises with objects contribute to the formation of correct posture. With their help, you can enhance the effect of exposure to individual muscle groups.
The ideal option for rhythmic gymnastics for children with posture disorders involves the presence of mirrors in the room, which enable everyone to monitor their posture both in static, various starting positions, and in motion. All this facilitates the learning of the complex, and also increases the therapeutic effect of gymnastics.
Complexes of corrective rhythmic gymnastics should be interesting, exciting, preferably imitative, then they will be more willing to perform.
An approximate set of exercises for rhythmic gymnastics:
1.I.p.: o.s., hands to shoulders. 1 - tilt to the right, arms to the sides, straighten the hands; 2 - i.p.; 3 - tilt to the left, arms to the sides, straighten the hands; 4 - i.p.; 5 - tilt to the right, step left to the left, arms up, fingers apart; 6 - i.p.; 7 - tilt to the left, step right to the right, arms up, fingers apart; 8 - i.p. 8-16 times. The pace is average.
2.I.p .: stand legs apart, hands behind the head. 1-2 - two springy slopes to the right; 3 - turn the body to the right; 4 - i.p. The same on the other side. 8-16 times. The pace is average.
3.I.p .: o.s., arms up, hands in the castle. 1 - tilt back, right back on the toe; 2 - i.p. The same with the other leg. 8 times. The pace is average.
4.I.p .: wide leg stance apart. 1 - tilt forward, touch the floor with your hands; 2 - turn the body to the right, right hand to the side-back; 3-4 - the same in the other direction. 4-8 times. The pace is average.
5.I.p .: kneeling, hands to the shoulders. 1 - turn the body to the right, right hand to the side-back, left hand up; 2 - i.p. The same on the other side. 8 times. The pace is average.
6.I.p .: kneeling, hands behind the head. 1-2 - two springy turns of the body to the right; 3-4 - two springy turns of the body to the left; 5-6 - sitting on the heels with a slight tilt back, hands forward with palms up; 7–8 - i.p. 4 times. The pace is average.
7.I.p .: kneeling, hands forward, straighten the hands; 1-2 - sit on the right thigh, arms to the left; 3-4 - the same in the other direction. 4-8 times. The pace is average.
8.I.p .: stand on the left knee, right to the side on the toe, arms to the sides. 1-2 - tilt to the right leg, touch the right toe with the left hand, right hand back; 3–4 - i.p. The same on the other side. 4-8 times. The pace is average.
9.I.p.: the same. 1-2 - tilt to the right leg, head touch the right knee, arms back; 3–4 - i.p. The same on the other side. 4 times. The pace is average.
10.I.p .: kneeling, legs apart. 1-3 - three springy slopes to the right knee, arms to the sides; 4 - i.p. The same on the other side. 4 times. The pace is average.
11.I.p .: sitting on the left thigh with an emphasis on the left hand. 1 - straighten the right leg and arm to the side; 2 - bend the right leg and arm to the left; 3 - straighten the right leg and arm to the side; 4 - i.p. 4 times. The same on the other side. The pace is average.
12.I.p .: emphasis on the knees. 1-2 - right back on the toe, left hand up; 3-4 - ip, relax the muscles of the back. The same on the other side. 8 times. The pace is slow and medium.
13. I.p.: emphasis on the right knee, left leg to the side. 1 - bend your arms; 2 - i.p. The same with the other leg. 4-8 times. The pace is average.
14. I.p.: sitting legs apart, arms up, hands in the castle. 1-3 - three springy turns of the body to the right; 4 - i.p. The same to the left. 4-8 times. The pace is average.
15. I.p .: sitting legs crosswise, arms to the sides. 1 - tilt to the right, right hand behind the back, bend the left up; 2 - i.p. The same on the other side. 4-8 times. The pace is average.
16. I.p .: lying on the left side with emphasis on the right hand, left hand up. 1 - swing with the right leg to the side; 2 - i.p.; 3 - swing with the right bent leg to the side; 4 - i.p. The same on the other side. 8-16 times. The pace is average.
17. I.p .: lying on your back, arms to the sides. 1 - legs apart; 2 - raise legs crosswise above the floor; 3 - the same as on account 1; 4 - i.p. During the exercise, press the lower back to the floor. 8 times. The pace is slow.
18.I.p .: lying on your back, hands behind your head. 1-2 - raise the upper body above the floor; 3-4 - ip, relax; 5-6 - legs forward (up to an angle of 30 ° from the floor); 7–8 - ip, relax. 4–8 times. The pace is medium and slow.
19. I.p .: lying on your back, arms up. 1-2 - tilt to the right, hands behind the head; 3-4 - ip, stretch up. The same on the other side. 4-8 times. The same with springy slopes. The pace is slow.
20. I.p.: lying on the stomach, right hand up, left hand down. 1 - bend over, arms crossed in front of you; 2 - left hand up. right down; 3-4 - the same in the other direction; 4-8 times without returning to the starting position. The pace is average.
21.I.p .: emphasis lying on the forearms. 1-2 - emphasis lying on the hips, bend over, turn the head to the right, look at the heels; 3-4 - ip, relax. The same on the other side. 4-8 times. The pace is slow.
22.I.p.: lying on the stomach, hands under the chin. 1-2 - tilt to the right, raise the head, bend the right leg, touch the elbow of the right hand with the knee; 3-4 - ip, relax. The same on the other side. 4-8 times. The pace is slow.
23. I.p.: lying on the stomach, arms up. 1-2 - right hand behind the back, raise the left above the floor, left leg to the side; 3-4 - ip, relax. 4–8 times. The same on the other side. The pace is average.
24. I.p.: lying on the stomach, arms to the sides. 1 - swing with the right leg back; 2 - right leg crossed behind the left, toe touch the floor; 3 - swing right back; 4 - i.p. The same with the other leg. 4-8 times. The pace is average.
25.I.p.: lying on the stomach, hands under the chin. Alternate bending of the legs back. The same with unbent feet. 8-16 times. The pace is average.
3.3 Methods of treatment of flat feet
It is quite difficult to treat this seemingly simple disease. In addition, you need to know that the moment will never come when a person can breathe a sigh of relief: well, I am cured! Especially with advanced pathology. Flat feet is a disease of a lifetime. A complete cure for flat feet is possible only in childhood. In adults, with the help of special rehabilitation measures, the development of the disease can only be slowed down, preventing it from developing into more severe pathologies.
The earlier the signs of the disease are detected, the smaller the deformity of the foot, the more favorable the conditions for stopping the progression of flat feet and its correction.
Treatment should be comprehensive, aimed at relieving pain, strengthening the muscles and ligaments of the foot in order to stop the progression of the deformity and prevent the development of complications.
To relieve pain, drugs and physiotherapy are used.
The basis of treatment is a special therapeutic gymnastics, which must be carried out at home daily.
Therapeutic gymnastics is used to achieve a corrective effect (with the first degree of flat feet), trains the muscles, strengthens the ligamentous apparatus, corrects the vicious installation of the foot bones, and forms the correct walking stereotype.
There are various special sets of exercises. When choosing exercises, the following are taken into account: shape, position of the foot, complaints, age. An orthopedist will help you choose specific exercises, their intensity.
Special individually selected exercises alternate with regular exercises that strengthen the muscles of the foot and lower leg.
To improve blood circulation and normalize muscle tone, foot and lower leg massage, foot baths are useful.
A special role in the treatment and prevention of the progression of flat feet is given to orthopedic insoles, which are prescribed already at the first degree of pathology. They help relieve painful areas of the foot and correct the identified deformities during initial signs flat feet, return the foot to its normal position and take on the functions of a shock absorber.
They are made to order according to an individual cast of the foot after examination, taking measurements of the foot and determining the degree of flattening of the arch.
With a neglected form of flat feet, special orthopedic shoes are made in the form of boots with lacing, a solid sole and lateral support for the foot.
An orthopedic surgeon will help you choose all these simple devices.
With a strong deformity of the thumb, constant pain and the inability to pick up shoes, one has to resort to surgical treatment.
Equally important in the prevention of flat feet is the correct selection of shoes.
Undoubtedly, fashionable high-heeled shoes look very nice on the foot, but do not wear them everyday. Otherwise, it may happen that after a while you will be doomed to wear only orthopedic shoes.
The best shoes are made of soft leather with a flexible sole, a low heel (3-4 cm), a wide toe, no platforms, and a leather upper is a must. Sneakers - too (unless, of course, it's not a fake).
Do not wear shoes that are too wide and loose. It causes chafing, inflammation and calluses. But it is even more harmful to wear tight shoes - in addition to calluses, it leads to curvature of the fingers, impaired blood circulation and ingrown nails. Shoes should fit the foot like a second skin.
Unfortunately, now in our market there are a lot of low-quality, and even simply harmful products, brought to us from no one knows where.
Flat feet is a very serious and insidious pathology that accelerates the wear of almost the entire musculoskeletal system.
So be more serious about such a seemingly insignificant problem as flat feet. Do not delay with his treatment.
But for some reason, people generally pay little attention to the feet, forgetting that the health of the feet is the health of the whole organism, and most often they go to the doctor with complications of flat feet.
Conclusion
In the formation of correct posture, the main role is played by the spine and the muscles surrounding it.
The reasons that can lead to posture disorders (scoliosis) are numerous. The formation of posture is negatively affected by unfavorable environmental conditions, social and hygienic factors, in particular, a child's prolonged stay in an incorrect body position. As a result of incorrect body position, the formation of the skill of incorrect body positioning occurs. In some cases, this habit of improper body positioning is formed in the absence of functional and structural changes in the musculoskeletal system, and in others, against the background of pathological changes in the musculoskeletal system of a congenital or acquired nature.
Thus, only reasonable sports and physical culture bring a preventive and healing effect. And improperly organized physical exercises or those carried out without taking into account the anatomical and physiological characteristics and the state of the child's body lead to pathological deviations in the musculoskeletal system.
Prevention of the development of postural disorders and scoliosis should be comprehensive and include:
Sleeping on a hard bed in a prone or supine position;
Correct and accurate shoe correction: elimination of functional shortening of the limb, which arose due to posture disorders; compensation of foot defects (flat feet, clubfoot);
Organization and strict observance of the correct daily routine (time of sleep, wakefulness, nutrition, etc.);
Constant physical activity, including walking, physical exercises, sports, tourism, swimming;
Refusal of such bad habits, like standing on one leg, incorrect body position while sitting (at a desk, desk, at home in an armchair, etc.);
Control over the correct, uniform load on the spine when wearing backpacks, bags, briefcases, etc.;
Swimming.
Rhythmic gymnastics
To develop the correct posture and prevent its violations, it is necessary to systematically, at least 3 times a week, train the muscles of the back and abdomen.
Physical education should be systematic and regular. Only in this case, you can count on the maximum positive effect. In this case, it is necessary to take into account your capabilities, state of health, level of fitness and the recommendations of the attending physician. The health-improving effect of mass physical culture is associated primarily with an increase in the aerobic capacity of the body, the level of general endurance and physical performance. An increase in physical performance is accompanied by a preventive effect on risk factors cardiovascular disease: a decrease in body weight and fat mass, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, a decrease in LIP and an increase in HDL, a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Performing physical exercises has a positive effect on all parts of the motor apparatus, preventing the development of degenerative changes associated with age and physical inactivity. The mineralization of bone tissue and the calcium content in the body increase, which prevents the development of osteoporosis. Increased lymph flow to the articular cartilage and intervertebral discs, which is the best remedy prevention of arthrosis and osteochondrosis. All these data testify to the invaluable positive impact of health-improving physical culture on the human body.
