More than half of a person is made up of water. Doctors and nutritionists say that to maintain health, an adult should drink at least two liters of water per day. We are used to the fact that we cook food and brew coffee on bottled water - only the owners of deep wells will decide to drink water from the tap, and even then - after the conclusion of a special commission. Meanwhile, no one really thinks - how does water in one bottle differ from another, except for the label and price? And why is it considered that water in glass is better by default than in plastic?
Roskachestvo published on its official website some interesting data obtained after an examination of popular brands of bottled drinking water. The results are impressive: only nine of the 58 brands taken for research really fully correspond to the characteristics declared on the label. The samples were taken brands in plastic and glass bottles of Russian and foreign production and were evaluated by a number of indicators.
What does the category on the label mean?
Drinking water of the first category is water from any source, including from a water pipe. After mandatory filtration, useful microelements are artificially added to it. In other words, the main requirement for such water is to be as safe as possible for health.
Drinking water of the highest category is obtained from protected sources - artesian wells and springs. In addition to unconditional safety, it is also useful, that is, it contains a certain set of trace elements in an amount within the allowable minimum and maximum.
Important quality indicators
Microbiological safety
In simple words, how safe water is for humans, how well it was purified by industrial methods when taken from artificial or natural sources. In case of mineral water of natural origin, this indicator cannot be taken into account, since water from medicinal sources does not undergo such purification, because the filter will destroy, among other things, beneficial bacteria that have a positive effect on human health, which is why such water is prescribed by a doctor for various diseases. It is the set of bacteria and microelements that ultimately determines the taste of water, and completely purified - pure H2O - practically does not occur in nature. Moreover, distilled water is even harmful to humans: such water will draw salts out of the human body.
Hardness and softness
Water hardness is one of the key characteristics. Everyone knows that hard water tastes bitter, and when applied to the skin, it dries it noticeably. Almost all tap water is of increased hardness, therefore, even after cleaning with household filters, this indicator will become neutral at best, so it is better not to drink such water in any case, even if you do not take into account the level of microbiological safety. The fact is that Russia has not yet adopted a single standard for installing a powerful industrial filter for tap water. The simplest proof of this simple fact is the white coating that forms over time on the walls and bottom of the kettle in which we usually boil tap water. The hardness of bottled water, on the contrary, is carefully monitored within the “fork” acceptable for a person.
Benefits of water
Water in a bottle with any label is a unique and complex cocktail, the quality of which depends on the type of water source, the method of purification and the depth of the well itself. This mix consists of anions and cations (the so-called positively and negatively charged ions). On the label, these indicators are indicated as a percentage of substances: these are potassium, magnesium, iron, sulfates, fluorine and iodine. Particular attention should be paid to the content of calcium and magnesium in the water. These microelements can seriously affect the correct functioning of the cardiovascular system and the musculoskeletal system, especially for young children and people with serious illnesses, so deviations from the standard norm in the study were counted as a minus brand of water as a whole. Another important indicator is fluoride, which has a good effect on the condition of teeth and bones.
Glass or plastic?
It is believed that glass is not able to enter into a chemical reaction with the “cocktail” inside the bottle. Laboratory studies conducted by Roskachestvo did not establish a fundamental difference between samples made of glass and plastic bottles. Another thing is that water stored in a place unprotected from light can simply “bloom” - and such water with algae that has appeared inside will be frankly unsafe for humans, so you need to store water in any container in a dark place. When buying water in a supermarket, you need to carefully look at the color of the water - for this reason, it is more convenient for the buyer to control bottles made of transparent and non-colored materials.
Price
Talks solely about the greed of the manufacturer, the cost of production and distribution. It has no effect on the quality of the water itself, so you can safely buy brands of even low cost from the rating below.
Brands that fully comply with the declared quality standards
Russian brands "Volzhanka", "Lipetsk byuvet", "Novoterskaya", "Oh! Our Family”, “Simple Kindness”, ARCTIC, AQUANICA (5 liters), Bon Aqua and French EVIAN.
Water of other brands is determined by the results of research more or less corresponding to the data indicated on the label. Frankly harmful water, presented on the shelves, was not revealed by the study of Roskachestvo.
Experts: Valery Askerov, Head of the Marketing Department of the Analytical Center for Water Control of CJSC ROSA
Ekaterina Doroshina, environmental specialist at EcoStandard group
Georgy Shishov, psychotherapist, psychologist-consultant
RISK IS A NOBLE CAUSE?
Having passed the necessary processing at water treatment plants, the water receives a kind of “passport” of compliance with GOSTs and TUs. Then, cleaned and safe, it is sent to our apartments through water pipes, the condition of which often leaves much to be desired. Although the quality of tap water in Russian cities in most cases, quite decent, the risk is still there.
Now, city water treatment plants are using a new safe reagent - sodium hypochlorite, which has replaced liquid chlorine, which has been used for more than 80 years. This has increased the reliability and safety of drinking water production. The only negative is the smell, but it disappears if you boil the water or just let it stand.
TO DRINK OR BOIL?
According to Valery Askerov, he himself drinks tap water at home and does not use any filters. But this is a personal decision. Most people still boil water. By the way, this is perhaps the universal way of cleaning. Pros: disinfection - toxic microorganisms die, harmful organic impurities disappear. Cons: water is deprived of useful trace elements, especially salts. Therefore, it is not recommended to use only boiled water.
If there is water in the tap, then we have cause for concern. According to the research center "Romir", about 40% of urban residents think so today, who do not drink tap water, but use filters and other ways to improve its quality.
Meanwhile, an informative system for daily water quality monitoring operates on the Mosvodokanal website. Here you can learn about water in your home. There is also a special expertise. For analysis, you need to draw water into a container, preferably sterile, and try as quickly as possible (to preserve all the "flora and fauna" at the time of sampling) to deliver it to a certified laboratory. The cost of such an analysis is 1500-3000 rubles, depending on the number of parameters and the pricing policy of the company.
OWN WELL CLOSER TO THE BODY
Country houses, cottages and most dachas, as a rule, do not have a centralized water supply. Water in private properties comes from a well, which is perceived by many as an almost ideal source of clean water. It is not always so.
The quality of water in a private household is affected by many factors. Let's assume that the well was dug according to all the rules, but nearby (within a radius of up to 5 km) there is a burial place for household or industrial waste, agricultural land that is fertilized with pesticides. This proximity can cause toxic contaminants to enter aquifers. Ideally, of course, all these burials should be isolated, but in reality this is not always the case. Therefore, the deeper the well is dug, the less likely it is to pollute the water.
As soon as the well is drilled, hand over the water for analysis. The initial examination costs 8,000-10,000 rubles, depending on the location and the presence of unfavorable factors. If you do not notice changes in the taste, color, smell of water and no work has been done near your well, then you do not need to repeat a complete analysis annually. The risk of pollution increases after floods and snowmelt. During such periods, you can conduct a study on a number of relevant indicators (from 1300 rubles).
Another problem of own source of water supply is irregular use. In the city, water circulates through pipes constantly, but in a well, water can stagnate. This creates a favorable environment for the reproduction of pathogens. To protect country houses and cottages from microbiological hazards, an ultraviolet lamp is well suited as a filter. Its effectiveness against all harmful bacteria is 99.9%. This device very simply “cuts” into the plumbing system at home: it costs from 3,000 rubles, it consumes little energy, it lasts for six months.
DON'T GO INTO THE BOTTLE
A significant part of the bottled water sold in stores is made from ordinary tap water that has passed additional processing. In particular, all salts are completely removed from it, and then enriched with useful minerals. Sanitary regulations allow this. According to Valery Askerov, “the quality of bottled water on the shelves of Russian stores is generally satisfactory. Both domestic companies and Russian branches of the world's largest beverage producers turn to us for an independent examination. When advising consumers on which bottled water to choose, I would recommend buying well-known brands that have a strict multi-stage quality control system in place.”
Real natural, medical-table and medicinal mineral water is bottled from a well, it is not purified and does not change its chemical composition. It is believed that such water is the richest in useful substances. Medicinal table water can be drunk without restrictions. Therapeutic - according to the doctor's prescription. It is better to choose "native" brands of mineral water, because our body is used to the water of a certain region.
When buying bottled water, pay attention to the label. TU (technical conditions) - 9185, the water has retained all its natural properties. And if TU - 0131, then it has undergone physical and chemical processing. It will just be tap water that has been purified.
MAGIC SOURCE
Relying on the miraculous powers of a spring or a spring is rather irresponsible for health, since only the most famous of them, to which pilgrimages are massively made, are sometimes checked for compliance with the standards. But no one ever takes measurements of "healing" water on a daily basis. The two most dangerous periods for natural water are spring (splash of pollution due to snowmelt) and summer (the time of "blooming" of water, when microbiological excesses are noted). Other indicators of water quality in springs and springs also leave much to be desired.
Feeling that spring water tastier and more refreshing, due to the abundance of iron, which gives a peculiar metallic aftertaste, perceived as "freshness".
The fact that people attribute exceptional properties to springs is explained by psychologists as a belief in miracles. Water in this aspect is an ideal "solvent" of beliefs and legends. The autosuggestion mechanism is activated. A person is convinced that spring water contains some minerals and additives of natural origin that have a beneficial effect on the body. Some people do feel energized, but only those whose body lacks precisely those elements that this particular water contains. The rest either have no effect, or they end up in a hospital bed with an exacerbation of nephrolithiasis, food poisoning and other diseases.
THE POWER OF FAITH
The biggest irrational hopes and aspirations are associated with the so-called "holy" water. According to psychologists, a true believer, using such water, subconsciously sets up the psyche and, as a result, the whole body for an intensified fight against the disease. And in the case of non-severe diseases, this often works. Faith plays the role of an auto-training tool for activating the body's defenses. But this mechanism works only for devoutly believing people.
WATER RULES
There is the concept of "drinking mode". This is an approximate order of water consumption, recommended taking into account the age, health, nature of the work of people, as well as conditions environment. The rule of eight glasses common to all, widely advertised by experts today, is not entirely correct. It is based on the fact that most modern people do experience a chronic lack of clean water. In this situation, it is logical to promote the rate of water consumption in 8-9 glasses, based on the fact that the body can easily get rid of excess fluid.
In fact, the drinking regimen is an individual thing. Optimal - drink little and constantly. The desire to fulfill the daily norm in 2-3 approaches develops the habit of drinking a lot. Digestion with excessive drinking worsens. Massive absorption of fluid through the intestines significantly dilutes the blood, the number of red blood cells decreases. The increased volume of circulating blood puts additional stress on the heart and kidneys.
For the climatic conditions of central Russia, the amount of clean drinking water is 2.5 liters per person per day, and at high ambient temperatures - 3.5 liters. With an average physical activity(work, fitness) water consumption can reach 4 liters, and in a hot climate (at a resort) - 5 liters per day.
But the most important thing is to listen to your own feelings. If fatigue appears headache, insomnia, then 2-3 "extra" glasses a day can significantly improve the situation. Another sensitive indicator is the color of urine. Light indicates that you are drinking enough, yellow-brown indicates that you are on a strict “water diet” and it is high time for you to reconsider your drinking regime .
Something is wrong with drinking water if you have:
peeling skin,
Dry and brittle hair
gastrointestinal disorders,
peeling nails,
Bright yellow coating on teeth.
QUALITY STANDARDS FOR PACKAGED WATER, MG/L
|
Indicator |
Water packaged in containers (SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02) |
Mineral drinking waters (GOST 13273-88) |
|
|
Mineralization |
Not less than 1000 (with less mineralization, biologically active elements should be present) |
||
|
Strontium |
|||
––THE WORK IS GIVEN IN AN abbreviated form. FULL TEXT SEE AT THE LINK BELOW
INTRODUCTION
If you make a list of things necessary for life, then water, of course, will lead it. Without it, none of the known forms of life is completely impossible. Pure water does not exist in nature, it necessarily contains some impurities.
Water (H 2 O) is hydrogen oxide - one of the most common substances in nature (the hydrosphere occupies 71% of the Earth's surface). Water plays an important role in the geology and history of the planet. Living organisms cannot exist without water. Almost all biochemical reactions in every living cell are reactions in aqueous solutions.
The human body is approximately 75% water. It is believed that the brain consists of 85% water and is exceptionally sensitive to dehydration. The brain is constantly bathed in salty cerebrospinal fluid.
It is difficult to say with certainty that the role and value of water is completely determined for us. On all land, neither plants, nor animals, nor, nevertheless, man, are able to break all ties with the oceans, seas and rivers, because they cannot survive without water, without drinking water. What would become of us? In this case, life on our planet could not even appear. It is water that the planet owes the emergence and development of life, then, if it were not for it, there would be no us. In this case, not a single living organism would have survived, and life would not have arisen. If it were not for water, we would not know its structure, its properties, its value, its features, we would not have an idea of what life is.
It is said: there is no water - there is no life, there is water - there is life. The role of water is colossal for all living things. It’s even scary to think about what would have happened if there hadn’t been water: seas and oceans, lakes and rivers on earth. How would life appear on Earth then? In this case, life on our planet would not even have the ability to arise. Actually, the planet owes the appearance and development of life to water, which means that if it were not for it, we would not exist. In this case, not a single living organism would have survived, and life would not have appeared. Without water, we would not know its structure, its qualities, its significance, its characteristics, we would not know what life is.
Water is irreplaceable by any of the treasures of the world. From space, our planet looks like a huge drop of water, astronauts say that this is an indescribable sight when you contemplate the Earth from a window spaceship, which draws to itself with its native living blueness. So let's save this amazing masterpiece of space art. Let's learn to love water, save it, teach this to our children and grandchildren. And then our planet Earth, blue from water, will remain in good hands.
Water is the cradle of life, our planet Earth is directly obliged to water for the appearance and growth of all living things. Water is the primary source of life. That without which life is impossible. We will talk about drinking water and how to purify it, as well as how water contributes to maintaining health.
In the last academic year, I examined the tap water of the city of Novouralsk, my research showed that the tap water in the city of Novouralsk is suitable for life, but it is still better to carry out additional filtration, since there is secondary water pollution - these are pipes through which water enters us in Houses.
It follows from the results of the previous work that in our city it is necessary to clean (filter) tap water. I was interested in this question, and I decided to find out which method of post-treatment of tap water is the most effective?
The purpose of my work:
find out which method of post-treatment of tap water is the most effective?
Object of study:
tap water of the city of Novouralsk.
Subject of study:
human attitude to tap water.
Tasks:
Collect and summarize interesting information about water filtration.
To study how the residents of the city of Novouralsk carry out post-treatment, filtration and preparation of water.
Conduct experiments at home, in the gymnasium, laboratory.
Find out if there are enterprises in the city that deal with the post-treatment (filtration) of tap water in our city.
Research methods:
Gathering information about water filtration methods.
Interviewing.
Excursions to enterprises involved in the post-treatment of tap water in our city.
Laboratory studies of samples of final purified different ways water.
CHAPTER 1. WATER IS THE SOURCE OF LIFE AND THE GREAT MYSTERY
Water. Harm and benefit
Imagine that we received sterile water. In such water there are no harmful substances and microorganisms. Is such water complete for our consumption? It turns out not. Indeed, with water, the body must receive a whole complex of minerals, without which a person risks facing many troubles. Drinking water should contain not only fluorine and iodine, but also calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc. But that's not all. Mineralization of water (the amount of salts dissolved in water) is an ambiguous parameter. Research carried out in last years, showed an adverse effect on the human body of drinking water with a mineralization of more than 1500 mg/l and below 30-50 mg/l. Such drinking water does not quench thirst well, impairs the functioning of the stomach, and disrupts the water-salt metabolism in the body. Until recently, the high mineralization of water - hardness - was paid attention only because of its effect on the suitability of water for washing hair and laundry, as well as on the intensity of scale formation when water is boiled. Now, thanks to the scientific data obtained, it has become clear that water purification is necessary, because the hardness of drinking water is of great importance for maintaining health. For example, an increased content of calcium and magnesium salts in water contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, urolithiasis, causes a violation of metabolic processes. On the other hand, mortality from cardiovascular vascular diseases 25-30% higher among people who drink soft water containing less than 75 milligrams of calcium and magic per liter of water.
Green and brown smudges on the dishes - the presence of mineral acids in the water: sulfuric and hydrochloric.
Fishy, musty or woody smell - the presence of organochlorine compounds in the water.
The formation of dark spots on dishes and silver objects, the presence of yellowish, black spots on the surface of the sink - the presence of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in the water.
The smell of phenol - the ingress of industrial wastewater into water supply systems.
Salty taste - high content of magnesium and sodium salts.
Spotting on aluminum cookware - high alkali content.
Metallic taste - high iron content.
Darkening and corrosion of stainless steel sinks - high chloride content.
Reddish-brown sediment - the presence of oxidized iron washed out of rusty pipes.
Turbid water is either high air content due to a faulty pump or the presence of methane.
Water quality problem
One of the main environmental problems of mankind is the quality of drinking water, which is directly related to the state of public health, the ecological purity of food, and the resolution of medical and social problems.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) - 85% of all diseases in the world are transmitted by water. Every year, 25 million people die from these diseases.
Long-term use of drinking water in violation of hygienic requirements chemical composition determines the development various diseases at the population. The adverse biological effect of excessive intake of a number of chemicals into the body is manifested not only in an increase in general or specific morbidity, but also in a change in individual health indicators that indicate initial pathological or pre-pathological changes in the body.
A paradoxical fact: water is essential for life, but it is also one of the main causes of disease in the world. The danger of drinking poor-quality water can be microbiological: water in nature contains many microorganisms, some of which cause serious diseases in humans, such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis or gastroenteritis.
Water pollution can also be chemical. At the same time, the consequences of drinking dirty water can occur both immediately and after several years. In addition, the water should not only be clean, but also tasty. The conclusion is that without water our existence is impossible. And without good water, a good existence is impossible.
4,000 people die every day due to diseases caused by drinking poor quality drinking water. Such data are given in the published report of the World Health Organization, at the World Water Week, in Singapore in 2009.
“If the governments of the world's largest countries do not take the water problem seriously enough in the near future, major riots and mass deaths of people from thirst and infectious diseases are possible in a number of regions of the world,” writes RBC daily.
The task of governments is to invest in drinking water purification - last year more than 3 billion inhabitants of the Earth had access to piped water, but the quality of water - primarily bacteriological - is at an unsatisfactory level.
“We can see some improvement in the situation compared to previous years, but we have to admit that it is still difficult,” says one of the authors of the report, WHO water program coordinator James Bertram.
According to him, at present the problem of drinking water quality directly affects the interests of all countries, both developing and post-industrial ones.
The most difficult situation, according to the expert, is developing in Africa, where the local infrastructure is so undeveloped that no more than 30% of the population of countries located south of the Sahara desert can use high-quality water.
No less difficult is the situation of residents of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region - about 700 thousand people there do not have access to normal drinking water. In general, according to WHO experts, problems associated with insufficient quantity or poor quality of drinking water will cause the death of 1.6 million people this year alone.
Demand for water will only increase for the foreseeable future, the report says, creating an “unbearable situation” in water-poor countries. Therefore, WHO experts draw attention to the need to invest now in the development of installations for deep water purification - their work will save significant amounts of vital liquid.
Pure water. Drinking water. Is there a difference
Water is the most common in nature, but still not fully understood substance. It is necessary to replenish the water balance in the body (a person should drink up to 3 liters of water per day), mineral water treat diseases of the intestines and kidneys, dousing cold water helps to cope with diseases of the cardiovascular system, calm the nerves, and harden the body. The living natural water of the springs, not subjected to technological purification, causes admiration, a desire to quench one's thirst. Dead water flowing from our taps can only cause disgust. If the water is cloudy and rusty, then it is better to pass it through a filter for cleaning. And if the water is clean and clear in appearance? Is this a guarantee that it does not contain harmful impurities? Unfortunately no.
If you drink tap water, you should know that it contains organochlorine compounds, the amount of which after the procedure for disinfecting water with chlorine reaches 300 μg / l. Moreover, this amount does not depend on the initial level of water pollution, these 300 substances are formed in water due to chlorination. Of course, there will be no quick consequences from the consumption of such drinking water, but in the future it can very seriously affect health.
drinking water and pure water are not synonyms. Pure water, as opposed to drinking water, is an indefinite term. For a chemist, “pure water” is free from impurities; for the fisherman - the water in which the fish is found; for a microbiologist, it is water that bacteria can live in, and for a production worker, water that is suitable for production processes. Drinking water must always meet certain established standards and GOSTs.
There are several standards for drinking water:
Russian standard, determined by the relevant norms and GOSTs;
WHO (World Health Organization) standard;
US standard and European Union (EU) standard.
Russian GOST for drinking water has been in force since 1982.
On January 1, 2002, a regulatory legal act- Sanitary rules and norms “Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control” - SanPiN 2.1. 4.1074-01. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water for drinking and domestic needs are based on the principle of epidemiological safety, harmlessness in chemical composition and favorable organoleptic properties. As sources of water supply, city, village water pipes, and groundwater (wells, wells) are used. As a rule, in order for water to meet the requirements of SanPiN, it is necessary to carry out a purification procedure.
In accordance with current standards and norms, the term high quality drinking water means:
water with appropriate organoleptic characteristics - transparent, odorless and with a pleasant taste;
water with a pH of about 7 and a hardness of not more than 7 mmol / l;
water, in which the total amount of useful minerals is not more than 1 g / l;
water in which harmful chemical impurities either make up tenths to hundredths of their maximum allowable concentration (MAC) or are completely absent (that is, their concentrations are so low that they are beyond the capabilities of modern analytical methods);
water, in which there are practically no pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
CHAPTER 2. THE WATER WE DRINK
Water purification implies the release of water from suspended particles, turbidity, from unusual colors, smells and tastes, from excess salts and gases. Purification and disinfection of water is carried out by various means.
Filters - to purify water to the state of drinking
A water purification filter is a device that allows you to clarify water, that is, remove suspended particles. As a result of filtration, suspended impurities are deposited on the filter material and water is clarified. At the same time, household filters and cleaning systems allow processing of any natural waters and remove any chemical, radiological and bacteriological contaminants entering drinking water as a result of primary or secondary contamination.
They are divided into: autonomous, nozzles for a crane, stationary, table filters, main filters.
Autonomous - they do not need to be built into the water supply system, these include filter jugs. The most common filters in everyday life are jugs, such as: “Barrier”, “Geyser”, “Aquaphor”, “Spring”. The replaceable filter cartridge which is a part of the filter purifies water of many organic and inorganic connections and impurity, and also softens water. Main distinguishing feature filters of this type is the ease of use.
Faucet Filter Heads - If you don't want to mess around with containers and don't want to wait for the water to finally filter, then faucet heads can be a good alternative to pitchers. These are small filters that are screwed to the faucet spout and purify the water passing through them. The main convenience is that when there is no need to clean the water, for example, to wash dishes, the nozzle can be easily turned off. Such a filter will last an average of 4-6 months.
Stationary - in recent years, stationary filters built into the water supply have become especially popular. They cut directly into the pipe, as a rule, in the kitchen, the body itself is located under the sink, and a separate tap appears on the sink - only for clean water. These filters do not take up much space, have the fastest cleaning speed of any of the previous ones and the longest service life - up to three years.
Water purifiers for sinks (tabletop filter) - connected directly to the water supply. The filter is a portable device, it can be placed, for example, on the sink next to a conventional faucet or on a table. At the same time, he has his own faucet, from which clean water flows. It is very convenient to use this unit if you are going to filter water only for drinking and cooking, the rest of the time it can be easily turned off.
Trunk - are installed in the system at the water supply to the room.
Reverse osmosis filters are among the best cleaning systems. These systems are installed in the kitchen under the sink. The main cleaning element in them is not a carbon cartridge, but a membrane. In a simplified sense, it is a network with a pore size approximately equal to the size of a water molecule. Only pure water passes through the smallest membrane, and all unnecessary impurities remain on the other side of the filter. And most importantly: the membrane does not accumulate pollution in itself, since it works according to a completely different scheme - the incoming water flow is divided by the membrane into two parts: one part passes through the membrane, and we get clean water at the exit, and the second, contaminated part of the flow, washes the surface membranes and drained into the sewer.
Ways to purify tap water at home
There are 60,000 water pipes in Russia, and it is rather utopian to expect that money will be found in the near future to correct the situation with the replacement of outdated water pipes. What to do? Where to get clean water? There is only one answer to these questions: it is necessary to purify the water yourself.
Of the many cleaning methods at home, the most common methods are:
1. Settling. 2. Boiling. 3. Filtering. 4. Adsorption.
Settling: The settling procedure is long-term, in order to get rid of the sediment, it is necessary to drain it along with 1/3 of the water. This method can only get rid of mechanical impurities. After settling, the water must be boiled.
Boiling: Boiling only partially solves the problem of water purification. Evaporation of water takes place. The concentration of salts increases, they are deposited on the walls in the form of scale. This process requires additional financial costs (payment for the consumed electricity or gas), it is required to track the boiling time of water.
Filtration: The advantage of this method is its low financial cost. The water is quite clean in appearance, without impurities of mechanical particles. The process is not laborious, but it takes time.
Adsorption: The method is effective for any water pollution. Coal adsorbs and retains small particles of impurities. This method is applicable even in the field (for cleaning swamp water).
At home, I made a simple filter. Water purification on activated carbon is most often used at one of the last stages of purification and is one of the classic methods for obtaining drinking water. Such additional purification of water must be carried out in cases where it is required to eliminate minor violations of the color, taste and smell of water. Activated carbons are also used to purify tap water from chlorine and chlorine-containing compounds.
At the Gymnasium, I conducted a survey of students and their families. I asked the following question: What additional water preparation before drinking and cooking does your family do at home?
Stationary filter - 6 people.
Filter - jug - 12 people.
Boiling -20 people.
Standing up - 5 people.
Infusion (shungite, silicon) - 2 people.
According to the results of the survey, I concluded that the most effective ways water treatment at home, students of Gymnasium No. 41 and their families consider boiling and filtering through a filter jug.
Water treatment methods used by city residents
I got acquainted and met with the inhabitants of our city, who prepare tap water for drinking, cooking, and medicinal purposes in different and peculiar ways.
Pensioner Sanochkina Maria Konstantinovna told me about how she cleans tap water coagulant "Hyacinth" produced in Ukraine. One cap of a liquid cleaner is poured into a five-liter container, settled for a day, after which the “cap” (undissolved suspended particles) is removed, water is drained until a precipitate has formed - this water is used.
Coagulant "Hyacinth" is a high-tech household liquid water purifier, an actual means of individual environmental protection. Coagulants - substances (chemical reagents) capable of causing or accelerating the process of combining small suspended particles into groups (aggregates). "Hyacinth" allows you to clean and structure tap and other conditionally drinking water from all types of chemical, industrial, domestic pollution and radionuclides in any living conditions.
Coagulant "Hyacinth" meets the highest consumer requirements:
Effective: “Hyacinth” provides the best level of home water treatment - 92%
Versatile: "Hyacinth" equally effectively purifies water -
from all known sources of conditionally drinking water;
at any temperature;
in any living conditions.
Economical: 1 liter of fresh, pure spring water, prepared with the help of the coagulant "Hyacinth" costs 12-15 kopecks.
Reliable: Hyacinth coagulant is recommended for use by the Main Sanitary and Epidemiological Department of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.
Certified by the System of Independent Certification (SIC).
Badge of honor of consumer confidence “Duzhe good”, Ukrainian sign “Ecologically clean and safe” (emblem “Green Crane”).
In the Gymnasium, together with the students of my class, we cleaned the tap water with the Hyacinth coagulant provided by Maria Konstantinovna Sanochkina.
We made sure that when using the Hyacinth coagulant, it performs a comprehensive 3-stage preparation of drinking water:
Purifies: Once in contaminated water, the coagulant activates active processes self-purification, similar to the natural behavior of water in nature. At the same time, harmful contaminants take the form of undissolved suspended particles (coagulation process) and float or precipitate, taking dangerous microorganisms with them.
Preserves: The "Hyacinth" formula selectively binds (neutralizes) only substances harmful to a living organism, maintaining an optimal mineralization level for extracellular fluid up to 300 mg / l (the principle of the human kidney) and retains microorganisms and bacteria that are beneficial to humans.
Restores: By repeating the properties of natural clay, the coagulant carefully restores the original structure of the water, which frees the water from negative information and gives it additional healing properties.
Coagulant "Hyacinth" guarantees stable high quality each prepared portion of drinking water, regardless of the initial water quality and preparation conditions.
The operator of the 1st class of the information point of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post Zenterereva Veronika Valentinovna told that for many years she insists on tap water on shungite and silicon.
The active component of the minerals - silicon and shungite is the silicon dioxide - silica (SiO 2) that is part of them, which determines their healing effect.
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust after oxygen and accounts for about a third of its total weight. Every sixth atom in the earth's crust is a silicon atom. Sea water contains even more silicon than phosphorus, which is so necessary for life on Earth.
In our body, silicon is found in the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland. Its highest concentration is found in hair and nails.
Silicon has a special role in the life and health of people, as well as flora and fauna. Silicon is absorbed by plants in the form of dissolved silicic acids, silicates and colloidal silica. The lack of silicon adversely affects the germination, growth and yield of cereals, mainly rice, as well as sugar cane, sunflower, crops such as potatoes, beets, carrots, cucumbers and tomatoes. With vegetables, fruits, milk, meat and other products, a person should consume 10-20 mg of silicon daily. This amount is necessary for normal life, growth and development of the body.
A relationship has been found between the concentration of silicon in drinking water and cardiovascular diseases. Tuberculosis, diabetes, hepatitis, hypertension, cataracts, arthritis, cancer are accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of silicon in tissues and organs, or disturbances in its metabolism.
Meanwhile, our body loses silicon daily - on average, we consume 3.5 mg of silicon per day with food and water, and lose about 9 mg!
Preparation of silicon water (recipe from Veronika Valentinovna Zenterekova):
It is prepared as follows: take a jar, fill it with filtered water and put a piece (or several) of dark brown silicon (about 100 grams) into it. Before use, the stones are washed well in running water and dried in the sun.
Withstand water in a jar for 2-3 days. After that, the water is ready for use. Such water is saturated with silicon ions.
It is useful to use it for cooking - tea, soups, etc. You can drink silicon water without restrictions (normally 1.5-2 liters per day). If it is not possible, then at least 3-5 times a day for half a glass and always in small sips and preferably in a cool form.
Silicon water acts bactericidal and disinfectant, it is used for diseases of the intestines, stomach, genitourinary system, trophic ulcers, burns, wounds, anemia, alcohol addiction, skin diseases, food poisoning.
Shungite is an unusual carbonaceous rock. Shungite carbon is petrified ancient oil, or amorphous, non-crystallizing, containing certain regular structures, carbon.
Veronika Valentinovna brought shungite from Kizhi island. The only deposit of shungite rocks, Zazhoginskoye, is located in the Medvezhyegorsk region of the Republic of Karelia, 5 km from the navigable bay of Lake Onega. The production capacity of the enterprise for the extraction and processing of shungite is 200 thousand tons per year. Shungite reserves of the Zazhoginsky deposit amount to 35 million tons.
The healing properties of shungite have been known for a long time. In 1714, Peter I founded a resort in these parts, which was called "Marcial Waters". It is believed that the resort got its name, dedicated to the god of war Mars, because the wounded and sick soldiers of Peter were treated on the waters.
And filters for water purification based on shungite began to be produced relatively recently - in 1991. Water passed through a shungite filter has a general healing effect on the body, removes irritation, itching, rashes, restores hair shine, is effective in vegetative-vascular dystonia, in diseases gastrointestinal tract, kidney stones.
Scientists explain the unique properties of shungite by its unusual structure.
Preparation of shungite water (recipe from Zentereva Veronika Valentinovna):
Before the first use, rinse shungite several times with running water. Pour tap filtered water at the rate of 500 grams per 5 liters of water. Insist for 1-2 days. For infusion, you can use any dishes (glass, plastic, faience). Top up the water as you use it, leaving a part of the water covering the shungite. It is enough to insist again for 8-10 hours. Periodically wash shungite with water from settled plaque (1 time in 2 weeks)
It is useful to drink shungite water in small portions, drink at least 2-3 glasses a day, and also cook food on it, add it to the bath (5 liters of shungite water per 50 liters of ordinary water), water flowers. For diseases of the spine, joints, circulatory disorders in the limbs, use as a foot massage.
Honored Artist Russian Federation, artist of the Ural Operetta Theater, Vladimir Georgievich Rozin told me about how at home, with the help of a special apparatus, he receives “living” and “dead” water from tap water for medicinal purposes.
electroactivated water finds application in various industries - from wastewater treatment to food preservation. For example, the strength of concrete mixed with activated water increases by 30%. Scientists from the Ukrainian Institute of Water Management Engineers from the city of Rivne successfully used the electrical treatment of wastewater from various industries not only for their purification, but also for the extraction of various, often very valuable, substances from them.
Many traditional healers use water in their own rituals. In the modern folklore of many peoples, one can find numerous statements representing one or another attitude to water, to its role in life, the meaning that it has in itself. The energy of water in our time is successfully used in the rituals of healing a person from diseases. Based on many statements related to water: “a lot of water has flowed under the bridge”, “water will not muddy”, it can be assumed that earlier people knew more about water than we do and used its power for our own benefit.
In Russian folk tales, often evil, negative heroes unfairly, by cunning, kill good, positive heroes. To correct this injustice, the people came up with "living" and "dead" water. Not everyone knew where this water was located, only sorcerers, sorcerers, wise old men, a gray wolf ... It was difficult to get it, you had to travel far for it. But the water was worth it. If you pour “dead” water on bloody wounds, the wounds stop bleeding. Only after that it was necessary to pour "living" water, then the "dead" heroes came to life.
The widely known information about "living" and "dead" water, which came to us from Russian folk tales, has recently found its scientific confirmation: they learned how to obtain such water artificially; it turned out that "dead" is acidic, and "live" is alkaline water. True, such "living" water does not revive anyone, but it works very successfully in many diseases.
Preparation of "live" and "dead" water (recipe from the Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, artist of the Ural Operetta Theater, Rozin Vladimir Georgievich):
Pour filtered tap water into a dense canvas bag specially sewn from a fire hose, carefully placing the bag in a liter glass bottle, pour filtered tap water into it just below the edge of the bag. Place one electrode of the device in a bag, the other in a jar. Plug the device into the mains and wait until "scale" begins to form on the surface of the water in the jar (usually 5 - 7 minutes). In the bag you get "dead" water, and in the jar - "live".
So what is this water? Scientists check the state of the acid-base balance using the pH test of the liquid. "pH" is the level of acid-base balance. The pH scale has divisions from 0 to 14. Division 7 is called "neutral". Scores below 7 are acidic, and scores above 7 are alkaline. Litmus is used as an indicator to determine the reaction of the medium; litmus is red in an acidic environment, blue in an alkaline environment, and violet in a neutral environment.
I measured the acidity of water pH using a special litmus paper and determined the acidity using a table of tint colors. "Living" water is considered alkaline water with a pH of 11-13 units, "dead" - acidic water with a pH of 4-5 units.
Since alkaline water has biological activity, it means that it is “alive”, and acidic water has pronounced bactericidal properties, which means that it is “dead”. "Living" water has an alkaline taste; freshly prepared is like a liquid in which a few drops of milk are dissolved with suspended small white flakes. When settling, a white friable precipitate falls to the bottom. “Dead” has a sour taste, freshly prepared reddish flakes are weighed, and a rust-colored iridescent film and a dark yellow loose sediment appear in the settled one.
Do-it-yourself apparatus for "living" and "dead" water.
Apparatus for the production of "living" and "dead" water is now easy to find on sale. Previously, it was made by hand, especially since this requires very few materials, time, and our craftsmen - do-it-yourselfers do not take skills.
An enterprise in the city of Novouralsk engaged in deep purification of tap water.
From the city newspaper "Neiva" dated 28.09.11. (Yuri Doronin, article “Under the Sign of Inno”, dedicated to the exhibition “InnoNovouralsk-2011”, subtitled “Clean Water for Children”) I learned about the existence of the Electron company in our city, which is engaged in deep water purification.
“Neiva has already written about the developments of the Electron company (a repeated participant in the exhibition) - water purification systems. If even a couple of - three years ago, few people knew about their products at the regional level, today the situation looks different. As director of the enterprise Valery Zyryanov noted, there are a lot of applications for products.
But there is a problem - many of them run into a lack of funding. Great interest in purification systems was shown, for example, by Kirovgrad schools, in which the quality of water does not reach the required standards. And Yekaterinburg Vodokanal, which is particularly interested in deep cleaning installations. In addition, according to Zyryanov, the regional government is also interested in the developments of Electron, and now the issue of the possibility of the enterprise entering the Clean Water program is being worked out.
By prior arrangement with the director of the Electron company, Valery Vasilievich Zyryanov, our class visited the enterprise. The tour was conducted by the director of the enterprise. Here's what he told us.
“The lack of clean water in the Sverdlovsk region and in Russia as a whole is currently an intractable problem, especially in small towns, towns and villages. The Sverdlovsk Regional Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs during 2008-2010 conducted an analysis of the operation of water purification systems from many manufacturers. The water purification plants offered on the market are predominantly complex, inefficient and quite expensive. They require a large amount of consumables (cartridges, fills, etc.).
Our company has been successfully working in the field of liquid and gas purification systems for more than twenty years. The company is engaged in the development, manufacture and sale of filters. The cleaning method is based on the use of the latest achievements of powder metallurgy, when creating sintered filter cartridges from stainless steel metal powders, with a given pore size from 20 micrometers to 0.01 micrometers. Filter elements produced by powder metallurgy have a number of advantages over filters made from other filter materials.
They are more durable and ductile, resist sharp temperature changes well, are able to regenerate during operation, and better resist shock loads. Depending on the material used, it is possible to manufacture filters with the required corrosion resistance, heat resistance and thermal conductivity. Powder filters are excellent at retaining fine solids due to their tortuous and multi-layered pores and the rigid, fixed arrangement of metal particles.
A feature of the filters is durability, high, constant quality of cleaning (up to 99.9999%) for the entire period of use, regeneration, ease of use and installation, resistance to aggressive environments. In the process of using the filters, a reverse washing or blowing scheme is provided until the operability is restored, in case of severe contamination, regeneration is carried out with any solvent until the original characteristics are restored. Service life not less than 5 years.
Our systems are effective in cleaning:
water from rust, solid suspensions;
softening and disinfection of water;
purification of gases from water, smell, oil;
purification of air, industrial gases from fine suspensions and aerosols of SO 2 NO x ammonia, etc.
cleaning of pools of different types.
Drinking fountain "Crystal".
The use of a drinking fountain in educational institutions will help to avoid intestinal diseases associated with inadequate quality of drinking water in the water supply system. Also, thanks to the use of a drinking fountain (Crystal), the risk of mass infectious diseases among students is minimized if various pathogens of intestinal infections enter the water.
Drinking water through a drinking fountain offers an advantage over a conventional faucet in terms of basic hygiene.
Overall dimensions: height - 800/1060 mm, width - 300 mm, length - 300 mm, weight - 12 kg.
CHAPTER 3
Currently, there are five main conditional indicators of drinking water quality:
1. Chemical. They determine the composition and quantity of chemicals and elements that were formed after water treatment before it was supplied to water supply systems. In particular, the content of residual free chlorine, silver and chloroform in water is determined.
2. Organoleptic. This type of indicators is responsible for taste indicators: smell, color, turbidity.
3. Toxicological. With their help, the absence or presence in water of such dangerous substances as phenols, lead, aluminum, arsenic, pesticides is controlled within the limits of permissible norms.
4. Microbiological. They are used to determine the absence of dangerous microflora in the water.
5. General. With their help, such parameters as general hardness, absence of oil products, permissible limits for: iron, nitrates, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sulfides, pH level are determined.
To assess the quality of tap water, after post-treatment by various methods, the laboratory recommends determining the following set of indicators: pH, turbidity, color, odor, taste, total hardness, oxidizability (permanganate), total salt content, free chlorine, residual chlorine, total alkalinity, hydrocarbonates, (carbonates), total iron, manganese, nitrates.
An experienced chemist - laboratory assistant Natalia Ivanova, told and showed me how water is analyzed according to some indicators: color, turbidity, presence of residual chlorine, free chlorine, determination of the pH level. I was able to participate in this process. Then, with the help of my supervisor, Chupriyanova Marina Valerievna, we conducted a comparative analysis of samples of the cleaned different ways water.
I have found that pitcher filters handle water problems such as chlorine, inorganic iron, and hardness.
Water purifier - coagulant "Hyacinth" allows in any living conditions to qualitatively purify tap and other conditionally drinking water from all types of chemical, industrial pollution and radionuclides. It has a unique ability to bind and neutralize heterogeneous impurities and pathogens, turning them into insoluble complexes that precipitate into a stable precipitate.
Despite its miniature size, the faucet nozzle purifies water from chlorine, organic compounds, heavy metals, oil products and other impurities with the same quality as larger models.
Stationary filters with a separate tap - they are cleaned of rust in the first mechanical cleaning module, with chlorine and other impurities in the second. In the third module, conditioning and bactericidal cleaning takes place.
Desktop or wall filters purify water from both mechanical and chemical impurities (chlorine, salts of heavy metals, pesticides, oil products, phenol, benzene, etc.). Many, in addition to cleaning, soften water, others mineralize it.
Reverse osmosis provides highly efficient removal of the bulk of dissolved salts from water.
Boiling does not destroy even all microbes, not to mention heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, nitrates, phenol and petroleum products. Therefore, to purify water, boiling it, alas, is not enough.
Settling of water should be carried out for at least 6-7 hours and only after that drink. At the bottom of the dishes in which you will defend the water, chemical compounds harmful to the body, heavy elements, salts, bleach, etc. will settle. Therefore, when about one-third of the water remains in the vessel, it is usually poured out.
Installation UOK-1-50 deeply purifies water from mechanics, organics, iron, manganese, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide and other compounds required for removal, according to SanPiN. Removal of the above contaminants occurs without the use of reagents and catalytic sorbents. The operation of such installations allows saving significant volumes of vital fluid. I consider this method of purification of tap water the most effective for use in city schools, preschool institutions, and other organizations that care about the health of their employees and students. In my opinion, it would be great if such installations were placed in the schools of our city.
CHAPTER 4
As a student of one of the schools in the city, I am certainly concerned about the problem of the health protection of schoolchildren in Novouralsk. I decided to share the results of my research with the directors of the city's schools and find out their attitude to the problem.
I acquainted the school principals with my work, methods of post-treatment of tap water, with the latest developments of our city company Electron, which is engaged in deep water purification, and asked them to answer my questions:
Does your school have fountains approved for use by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, if so, please indicate the number?
Is this number of fountains enough for all students in the school?
Is it important, in your opinion, to clean tap water? Do you think that the purchase of installations similar to those manufactured by Firma Electron LLC will significantly improve the quality of water used by students and employees of the city's schools?
In general, the situation in the city's schools in terms of providing students and teaching staff with drinking water is favorable. Almost all schools are equipped with drinking fountains approved for use in children's institutions by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in sufficient quantities.
Principals of all schools in the city recognize that the problem of quality water exists, and they are ready to solve it. It is necessary to further purify tap water for students and employees.
CONCLUSION
Water is a colorless liquid, odorless and tasteless... The problem of shortage of drinking water was not born today. On planet Earth, it is already difficult to find water that, in terms of its qualities, would fully meet the definition: an odorless and tasteless liquid. Water has the ability to contain various elements, both harmful and beneficial.
There is a problem of clean water, and it concerns not only our city, but the whole country and even the world. Soon clean water will be as valuable as oil and gas.
My research has shown that there are many different ways of filtering, purifying, preparing tap water for various purposes: drinking, cooking, and medicinal purposes. The administration of the Novouralsky City District, the Administration of the Department of Education, all the inhabitants of the city understand the importance of the problem of high-quality drinking water. I found out that the inhabitants of the city of Novouralsk actively use most of the methods, and each of them is good in its own way, but not one of them, even the most perfect, has complete universality. Each of them has certain properties inherent only to it, and its ability to perform its task of purifying water.
For small organizations, such as, for example, a school, it is most expedient to use installations similar to those produced by our city firm Electron.
Novouralsk
MBOU "Gymnasium No. 41"
Autumn is the traditional end of the summer season. And at the same time, digging wells. Until it rains. Of course with advanced technologies any season is fine now. But what is still missing is the understanding that water needs analysis. We either forget about it, or we are greedy. Meanwhile, it's time to think: what do we drink?
And not only when we take water from an untested well or well. But even when we use tap water for drinking or buy purified water. It is important for everyone to know that the body needs to receive clean water, harmless in chemical composition and meeting sanitary standards. In reality, any water can be a source of potential danger and before you drink it, you need to be sure of its quality, especially if it comes from unverified sources.
What does water contain?
Water, of course, must contain salts, micro- and macro elements, which not only do not harm, but are also necessary for our body. Due to its composition and properties of water, our body successfully copes with its work, the work is regulated internal organs slow down the processes of aging and destruction.
Today, despite the objectively good quality of urban water, the presence of pathogenic viruses, bacteria and toxic compounds dangerous to human health cannot be completely ruled out. . According to WHO experts, water is the main source in 80% of infections.
Different regions of the country have their own characteristics of water pollution. Somewhere there may be a high probability of contamination by industrial waste, somewhere - organic compounds from nearby farms.
We carry out the initial water analysis ourselves
We ourselves can conduct a primary analysis for water quality: evaluate its turbidity, sediment, smell, taste. Such an examination is, of course, far from complete. laboratory diagnostics but still necessary.
Assess water quality in independent laboratories
According to the results of independent laboratories that assess the composition of water, as a rule, the main indicators are evaluated.
Enhanced Level may be in the water due to geochemical features in the soil, as well as due to corrosion of water pipes. Such water is of little use for drinking, as it is unpleasant in taste and causes irritation of the mucous membranes and allergies.
Water mineralization- high mineral content. Poorly soluble salts, calcium carbonate, iron salts may be present in water. They may be natural salts that enter the water through limestone layers. They precipitate and because of this the water is considered hard, the same white scale appears, from which you periodically have to clean the dishes.
Sometimes in manufacturing processes compounds of calcium and magnesium are used, which can also get into the water. These connections are dangerous...
Danger make up oil products, which may be present in the water if there are gas stations, oil refineries near the source, or if the well is, for example, along the side of the road. These impurities in the water have a toxic effect on the body and affect the cardiovascular and nervous system organism.
Presence of ammonia in water- indicates that there is domestic and domestic wastewater near the source.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Okhotnikovskaya secondary school"
Saki district Republic of Crimea
Research work:
What kind of water do we drink?
Completed by: 4th grade student
Abkelyamov Akim
leader: teacher primary school
Abduramanova N.Sh.
Okhotnikovo 2015
Water can have both positive and negative effects on human health. Now, due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, the problem related to water quality has become the most urgent. We care about what kind of water we drink and how it affects our health.
Objective: To get acquainted with the quality of drinking water and its impact on human life processes.
Tasks:
To study (color, smell, taste, transparency), chemical and biological indicators of water quality.
Find out how water quality affects human health.
Assess the quality of water used by the population for food purposes.
Find ways to purify water.
Object, subject and base of research:
Object of study: man.
Subject of study: drinking water is the basis of human health.
Study participant: 4th grade student, parents.
Research methods:analysis, survey, observation, collection of information from books, magazines, newspapers, experiment, work with Internet resources, practical methods.
Have you ever thought about what water is and what role it plays in our life?Water is an integral part of any cell, the liquid basis of blood and lymph. In the body, it performs a number of important functions: many chemicals dissolve in it, it actively participates in metabolic processes, and with its help, metabolic products are excreted from the body. Water is also vital for humans, as well as for our planet or for any living creature on it.Water is the most famous little-studied and the most mysterious substance on Earth, it is the basis of life on Earth and the basis for the existence of any living creature on the planet.
Therefore, the water that we consume must be clean, that is, moderately hard water without excess iron, fluorine, heavy metals, and in accordance with hygienic standards. If a person takes contaminated hard water, then he often gets sick. If you want to lead healthy lifestyle life, then with clean water you need to start first. The quality of water is determined by the presence of chemical inclusions in it. Already with the help of smell and vision, a person can determine the quality of water. Not pure crystal water and the suspicious smell of water already tells a person that it is not pure.
I noticed that the taste of water is different: in the cities it is not tasty, for example in Simferopol, but in the countryside it even seems tasty.
On January 12, I collected a three-liter jar of tap water and decided to see what the sediment would be like in 2 weeks.
After I drained the water from the jar, I noticed that a gray precipitate had formed at the bottom of the jar. When I wiped the bottom of the jar with a clean cloth, I found that there were yellow marks left on the cloth.
I took different samples of water: tap, settled, filtered, well.
I took bottled water "Bon-aqua" as a sample and decided to test the water for: 1. Taste 2. Color 3. Presence of impurities 4. Hardness
Experience 1. Add a strong solution of potassium permanganate to the water.
If the water stays pink for a while instead of brightening, then the water is relatively clear.
From experience it can be seen that filtered water and "Bon-aqua" have a saturated color, and the lightest water is well water.
Conclusion: well water most of all contains many different impurities.
Experience 2. Put a small drop of water on the mirror. Wait until the water evaporates. When the droplet dries, you need to look at the surface of the mirror - if it remains clean, then the water is most likely also clean. If spots have formed on it, that is, impurities
Experiment 3. Hardness - I checked the presence of lime and salts with a soap solution.
The amount of salts and lime is judged by the resulting flakes and precipitation in glasses of water
1. "Bon-aqua", 2. settled, 3. well, 4. Water supply
5.filtered.
I see from my own experience that the hardest water is well water, it has a lot of soap flakes.
Conclusion: the hardest water is well water, it contains many different chemical elements and she's salty.
Experience results:
Bon aqua
settled
Well
Tap water
filtered
1. Taste
5
4
3
4
5
2.Color
5
4
3
4
5
3. The presence of impurities
Experience 1
5
4
3
4
5
Experience 2
5
4
3
4
4
Experience 3
5
4
3
3
4
Rigidity
5
4
3
3
4
Outcome
30
24
18
22
27
1
place
3rd place
5th place
4th place
2
place
Where can you get clean water? There are several ways to purify water - boiling, settling, purification with activated carbon, filtration.
A water filter is an essential item in our kitchen. With it, crystal clear water is always available and in any quantity. The water that has passed through the filter contains only useful minerals necessary for health, without flora, rust, oil products and heavy metals.
1. In areas where there is little water, it should be drunk with a small amount of vinegar: 1 liter of water 12 teaspoons apple cider vinegar and honey, 35 drops of 5% iodine (in such an environment, microbes die in a few minutes).
2. Add a few drops of citric acid to it. This ratio is recommended: dissolve 1 g of crystalline citric acid in 2 liters of water. One spoon of the resulting solution per 2.5 liters of water is enough to kill the animal and plant microorganisms in it. The effect of this solution will have an effect in a few minutes: the water will become clean, and sediment (dead microorganisms) will appear at the bottom. Lemon solution should be prepared just before use. It is completely harmless to health and is not felt in the water. Ways to help improve the quality of drinking water if there are no filters at hand or in field conditions:
conclusions
1. Tap water is hard; therefore, I notice scale on the kettle, as well as a characteristic film on the surface of boiled water.
2. Tap water contains impurities, these are decomposition products of organic compounds. They pollute water where it is taken from large rivers and lakes, especially those whose banks are densely populated and surrounded by agricultural land.
3. In everyday life, you need to use filters, and on a hike, take special components for the disinfection of drinking water in natural conditions.
Used Books
1. "About everything in the world." Illustrated encyclopedia of knowledge.per. from eng. V.A. Zhukova and others.
2. "Where, what, when?". Encyclopedia for the inquisitive.per. from eng. Pokidaeva T.
3. Internet resources.
