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Gypsum
Modern original design of facades with stucco molding helps to achieve completely unique results of decor in the Empire, Art Nouveau, Rococo or Classicism styles. It is the stucco molding that gives the building a completely unique appearance, decorates and makes each building unique.
For the manufacture of stucco moldings on the facade of the building, a wide variety of materials are used, modern composite complex compositions have been developed, but gypsum continues to be the leader among them. The popularity of gypsum can be easily explained: it is very easy to work with this material, it is environmentally friendly and obedient, easy to work with.
A detailed video on how to create plaster moldings and more
Plaster is used for stucco molding both inside the building and for decoration of facades. It is from plaster that expressive figures are created to decorate buildings. Many works can be done by hand, giving each one an amazing new shape. There are many templates that you can use to create a finishing element for a building, however, each of them can be easily modified to make it unique.
Fiberglass concrete
Fiberglass concrete is a modern, very lightweight and durable material, penetrated through and through with fiberglass reinforcing dry cement mixtures. Thanks to these unique components, the strength is significantly increased and the weight of the material is significantly reduced. Fiberglass concrete has the following unique properties:
- Ability to withstand large sudden changes in temperature;
- Resistance to atmospheric precipitation;
- Good resistance to mechanical stress;
- Low cost price.
Textured glass fiber concrete products suggest any color. A dye is added to the mixture, due to which the figure immediately acquires the desired shade and does not require additional painting. Due to the lightness and simplicity of working with fiberglass, today it has become possible to replace the old decorations of the facades of buildings with similar, but lighter ones.
Polymer concrete
Polymer concrete is a composition of natural materials crushed (sand, granite chips, quartz flour). Special resins are the fastening element for polymer concrete. Among the main advantages of the material, it should be noted that it is light in weight combined with rather high strength characteristics. Externally, decorative elements made of polymer concrete most often imitate various types of natural stone.
Polyurethane
The facade decor made of polyurethane can be safely called the lightest in comparison with the above-mentioned materials. Due to its light weight, polyurethane stucco molding practically does not load the foundation and walls of the building. Such stucco molding is mounted on special glue, and after installation, it is painted in the desired color.
An example of a solution using polyurethane stucco molding
Assortment of decorative elements
To decorate buildings today, a wide variety of forms have been created, standard typical details for decorating facades are made, you can create stucco molding from ready-made forms yourself, which is quite simple. There are instructions for installing such details of facade decorations, it is proposed to use special glue on the walls prepared for installation.
Detailed overview of different types of facade decorative elements
Installation
In order to decorate a new building, you can use decoration elements such as cornices, pediments, sandriks, columns, consoles, balusters, bas-reliefs and high-reliefs. Each decoration has its own specifics, so choose the best for your building depending on what exactly you want to emphasize on the facade: entrance, windows or pediment.
- The cornice will decorate the facade of knowledge from above, it protrudes above the vertical of the facade, divides the horizontal of the wall and visually separates the roof.
- The pediment gives the building a complete look, it is located at the cornice, next to the roof slope.
- Sandriks are the most common window decoration elements. There are especially many options for such decorative elements, these are small cornices ending in pediments.
- The column was usually used for additional strengthening of the roof, but often this element is used as a decorative element that does not bear on itself mechanical impact... Modern architecture presupposes just such a vertical decoration of the facades of buildings.
- Console - used as a support for protruding parts of the facade, for example, a balcony. One end of the console is firmly fixed, the other supports the structural part.
- Rust - grooves of various configurations on the facade plaster. With the help of rustic materials, the facade is visually divided into different parts.
- A baluster is a series of low columns on stairs or balconies. You can call this design a balustrade.
- Bas-reliefs and high-reliefs - figures and images against the background of the facade.
The architectural details that adorn a private cottage in Tyumen define its classic features.
The architectural details of buildings influence the impression they make and become one of the hallmarks of the style. Consider the architectural details of a classical style building. The lower part of the facade - the basement - is often faced with slabs of marble, granite, sandstone, ceramics, finishing plaster with special fillers that strengthen the composition, decorative bricks, thermal panels, rusticated stone. The architectural details of the building include such elements as pilasters, cornices, panels, blades, brackets. Pilasters perform not only aesthetic functions, but are also stiffeners that strengthen the walls. Pilasters are made by different kind- smooth, with flutes along the entire height or partially. Often, a base is placed below the pilasters, and above - a capital corresponding to a certain order.
Pilasters adorn the facade of a house in the District.
Cornices are crowning, frontal, located on the upper parts of the walls, or interfloor. Panels are frames that surround a specific section of the wall. They are often positioned above or below windows. Decorate facades and shoulder blades - narrow vertical stripes, with a smooth or rusticated surface. Often, horizontal belts between the floors are made up of the shoulder blades.
Cornice on the wall of a country house.
Very important architectural details of a building that form its design and appearance are windows, doors, as well as niches, pediments, arcades, arches, columns, balustrades. Depending on the chosen style, window openings are made semicircular, oval, rectangular, round. The windows on the facade can form groups or be located separately.
Semicircular windows.
Door openings can also take different shapes, semicircular openings are especially popular. Doors and windows are decorated with platbands, cornices, sandrids, columns, pilasters.
Window openings of the mansion in Tyumen region trimmed with platbands.
Niches are recesses in the wall that can take different shapes. Sometimes statues and sculptures, flowerpots, paintings are placed inside niches or decorated with mosaics. The arcade is a repetitive semicircular openings, windows, niches. Balustrades are often installed on the roof, edging it around the perimeter, or on terraces, under windows and on balconies. Architectural details include parapets, crowning walls, and a fencing roof. Attic is architectural element over the cornice, which is often decorated with bas-reliefs, stucco, mosaic or fresco images.
Architectural detail of the attic on the pediment of the Bolshoi Theater. Moscow city.
Architectural details of the building of the Simferopol kenasa - the construction of the Karaites. 19th century
Balconies are an important architectural detail of a building; these outriggers, enclosed by handrails, are supported by outriggers or columns. Loggias can form part of the interior of the house, and their difference from the rest of the rooms will be in the absence of an outer wall. Or the loggias protrude relative to the facade and differ from the open balcony by the presence of walls and ceilings that cover them on three sides. Pediments - an element of the classical order - the upper part of the wall, usually of a triangular (or bow) shape, bounded by cornices. The field of the pediment can be filled with bas-reliefs, painting, sculptural compositions. At the corners of the pediment, at its top, on balustrades, acroters are often installed - pedestals, vases, statues, sculptures.
Akroters. Sketches of architectural monuments.
The vaults of window, doorways and niches can be decorated with caissons - recesses separated by straight-line sections, like honeycombs. The shape of the cells can be very different - multifaceted, square, round. The architectural details of the building, along with the pediments that demonstrate the style, are the columns of one order or another.
The pediment of a house in the Tula region, built on classical motives.
Stucco molding is also referred to as architectural details: rosettes, wreaths, moldings, mascarons, triglyphs, acanthus leaves, cartouches, garlands, as well as bas-reliefs and sculptural compositions.
Stucco molding on the facade of a mansion in the Tula region.
Architectural products for modern and renovated buildings can be ordered from lightweight polyurethane, which has characteristics that are in no way inferior to those of natural materials. Polyurethane architectural products are produced using the plastic properties of a material capable of transmitting the smallest detailing of the mold surface when pouring. This ability makes it possible to reproduce the decoration of historical architectural monuments. And resistance to moisture, temperature extremes, fungus, mold and mechanical damage preserves the appearance of the facade for many years. In addition, architectural polyurethane products can be painted and given the appearance of different materials: granite, marble, wood, metal. Decorating a house with polyurethane architectural details, you can create a beautiful facade design in one style or another, but also ensure its long service and unchanging appearance.
I came across such a link and thought that it would be useful to have at hand such material, where the illustrations clearly show the name of this or that part of a building or structure in various architectural styles. Unfortunately, the text on the link contained a lot of errors and misprints that had to be edited - like "antaMblement", or "naos (sang)" instead of "naos (cella)". It seems to have fixed everything, but if you notice something missing, write in the comments, please.
| Illustration | Symbols |
| A - Doric order: h - metope, b - triglyph, c - cornice, d - frieze, y - architrave, f - capital, g - column trunk, h - flutes, and - entablature. B - Ionic order: B - Corinthian order: G - plan of an ancient Greek temple: |
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| a - shed b - gable roof; в - hip (hipped) roof; g - half-hip roof; d - hip roof with a visor; e - mansard roof with a pediment; g - mansard hip roof; h - mansard roof with an additional slope; and - a barrel-shaped roof; k - shed roof; l - cross roof; m - folded cone-shaped roof; n - onion head; o - closed roof; and - round pitched roof; P - pyramidal roof; c - conical roof; t-domed roof; y - diamond-shaped roof; f - pitched roof with a bulb. |
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| a - cruciferous; b - phial; c - crab; d - gallery; d - vimperg; e - openwork window; g - the stem of the phial; h - console. |
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| A - cross vault; B - monastery vault; B - cylindrical vault; G - domed vault; D - closed vault; E - lancet vault; F - a groin vault; 3 - mirror vault: a - mirror, b - arch; I - sail vault: a - sail; K - Byzantine vault: a - sail; L - Gothic (star) vault. |
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| A - semicircular, or circular arch; a - keystone. B - gently sloping arch. B - circular flat (bow) arch. G - three-center (box) arch. D - raised arch. E - horseshoe-shaped arch. F, 3 - three-bladed arches. And - a pointed arch. K - lancet compressed arch. L - pointed toothed arch. M - keeled arch. |
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| a - window of the upper tier; b - triforium; c - scapula (lysene); g - arcade; d - impost; e - support pillar. |
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| a - ribs; b - flying buttresses; c - phial; g - pinnacle; d - buttress; e - support post; and - the central nave; к - side nave; l - base. |
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| a - transept portal; b - a crown of chapels; c - central apse; g - middle cross; d - central and side aisles of the transept; e - side aisles; and - portals of the western facade; к - central nave; l - choir with a bypass gallery. |
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| a - eastern towers of the choir; b - oriental choir; c - sacristy; d - transept; d - south nave; e - multifaceted completion of the chorus; g - tower above the cross; h - longitudinal nave; and - the western towers of the choir; k - western tower. |
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| a - western towers; b - longitudinal nave; in - a turret on a cross-section; d - transept; d - side nave; e - chorus; g - flying buttresses; h - gallery of the choir; and - choir chapel; k - yard; l - cathedral halls for the poor and pilgrims; m - buttresses. |
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| a - north tower; b - south tower; в - the tower of the middle cross; g - sound arcade tower; d - tower barrel; e - the gable of the choir; g - cornices of the apse; h - dwarf gallery; and - decorative arcade of the eastern (central) apse; k - northern apse; l - decorative arcade of the lower tier of the apses; m - base; n - tower with a rhomboidal roof over the choir; o - southern apse. |
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| a - dome of the middle nave; b - phial; c - gallery (bypass); d - window in the altar castle; d - radial chapels; e - chapel window; g - basement cornice; h - base; and - flying buttresses; k - buttresses. |
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| a - semicircular frieze; b - scapula; в - arches of the archivolt of the perspective portal; d - archivolts with ornamental and sculptural decorations; d - lunette or tympanum; e - impost cornice; g - portal column; h, l - columns with crowning sculpture in the ledges; and - portal steps; k - portal doors; M - basement cornice; H - base. |
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| a - cruciferous; b - openwork frieze; c - wimperg with openwork filling; g - buttress; d - crabs; e - sculpture console; g - statues of the door frame; h - base; and - portal steps; k - a window with a cruciferous flower; l - phial spire; m - the stem of the phial; n - archivolts of the Gothic portal; o - phial canopy; P - tympanum; p - door lintel; c - door grill. |
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| Facade of an ancient Russian temple: a - head; в - drum windows; d - drum base; d - apse; f - ornamental archivolts of the prospective portal; g - promising portal; h - arcature-columnar drum belt; and - zakomaras; k - spindle; l - window; m - arcature-columnar belt; n - brackets of the arcature-columnar belt; o - profiled blades with half columns. |
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| The plan of the cross-domed church: a, b, c - apse; d, e, g, f - branches of an architectural cross; and - southern portal; h - north portal; (u, h - side portals); k - scapula with a half-column; l - pillars; m - the main, western portal. |
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| a - head; b - carved ornamental drum belt; в - belt of kokoshniks; g - keeled zakomaras; d - a window with a keeled frame; w - sprinkled; h - carved perspective portal; f - carved ornamental three-strip belt; and - the drum of the head; k - drum windows; L - scapula with semi-columns attached to them; m - base; n - archivolts of the prospective portal. |
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| a - the crowning ball; b - dome lantern; в - dome; d - attic of the dome; d - dome drum; e - side dome; g - the roof of the middle nave; h - attic; and - columns of a large order; k - the ribs of the dome; l - pediment. |
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| a - cruciferous; b - crab; c - phial; d - a parapet with openwork carving; d - multifaceted tower; e - triangular pediment; g - interfloor cornice; h - window with openwork carving; and - arcature; k - frieze; l - vimperg; m is a promising portal. |
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| a - crowning cornice; b - double semicircular windows with a middle split column; c - window sill cornice; g - window sill cornice; d - square masonry of hewn stone (rustication); e - arched portal; g - the entrance to the palazzo. |
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| a - hip roof; b - attic cornice; в - attic floor; d - attic base; d - crowning cornice; e - corner sculpture; g - balustrade; h - interfloor cornice; and - relief slab; k - corner pilaster; l - ground floor; m - base; n - the base of the pilaster; o - pilaster of a large order; n - the entrance to the palazzo; p - entry steps; c - rustication. |
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| a - frieze; b - keystone; c - garland; g - scallop; d - impost; e - pilaster; g - crossbars of window coverings; h - cornice of the window sill parapet; and - the field of the window sill; k - basement cornice; l - console with a supporting sculpture; m - pilaster base; n - console with mask and acanthus leaves. |
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| a - drum colonnade; b - stepped drum base; в - corner tower; g - portico; d - dome of the lantern; e - lantern; g - dome; h - dome cornice; and - attic of the dome; k - drum cornice; l - crowning cornice; m - corner tower; n - semicircular window; o - cornice belt; n - the pediment of the portico; p - base. |
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a - frieze; b - console; c - Venetian shell; d - crowning element; d - cornice; e - half-column; g - pilaster; h - window pillar with herme; and - outside window sill; k - a niche for sculpture; l - jumper. |
| a - completion of the tower; b - tower lantern; в - the roof of the tower; d - room in the upper tier of the tower; d - tower gallery; e - tower clock; g - tower barrel; h - pyramidal roof; and - transverse pediment; k - crowning cornice; l - round side bay window; m - spiral staircase window; n - paired columns; o - the main entrance. |
Note: it should be borne in mind that these illustrations are good for an initial acquaintance with the architectural details, that is, not everything is indicated. In general, it will then be necessary to make another selection of illustrations about the same as below, and also rummage through my English-language sources ...
In different epochs, architectural forms corresponded to their own artistic methods of design, which changed with a change in the level of development. technical means and aesthetic ideas, i.e. value relationship between nature and human activity.
Architecture and construction - the art of erecting buildings and structures designed for the convenience and welfare of man - have a valuable historical heritage from classical forms Ancient Greece up to modern compositions (buildings) and architectural transformations (changing volumes of structures), interior.
All over the world, in many buildings and structures, classical architectural forms have acquired a clear artistic system of combination of architectural and constructive solutions, the harmony and proportion of the building, its details, the functionality of the interior (interior view) and the aesthetics of the exterior (exterior) of the building or ensemble (group of buildings). Even in the ancient period of Greece, three such classical combinations were formed: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. These combinations are called "order". The main structural scheme of all orders is a rack-and-beam structure, which includes racks (columns) and beams (architraves) resting on them. In the artistic interpretation of the constructive scheme, distinctive features orders. The lower load-bearing part - the stylobate - serves as the base of the building, in particular, the foot of the columns. The next bearing part of the order - the column - is one of the defining artistic elements. The columns hold the upper horizontal part of the order - the entablature. Each of the named parts consists of smaller elements, the decorative richness of which grows from bottom to top.
The column is composed of three main parts. The lowest - the base - is a support cushion that transfers the load to the stylobate. From the base, a fust grows - the trunk of the column, which becomes thinner upward along a curved curve. This thinning is called entasis. A capital is a detail that crowns the column and takes on the load of the entablature. The entablature also has a threefold structure: architrave, frieze, cornice.
It is possible to evaluate the richness of the decoration of orders only by getting acquainted with the individual architectural forms that make up the details of the orders. It is these classic images of architectural forms that the master of restoration construction work will have to create.
Artistic compositions of architectural details of orders are composed of various combinations of the simplest decorative elements with a geometric shape of the profile, called breaks.
Rice. 1.16. Architectural order and its parts
Differences in the construction and artistic elaboration of details are manifested in architectonics (connection and interdependence of the elements of the whole), detailing of columns and entablatures. The difference in order systems is mainly determined by the proportions, the rhythm of constructive articulations of architectural forms and details. The proportions express the ratio of the dimensions (length, width, height) of the structure itself and its parts; they are measured in units. The lower radius of the column is taken as the module. Rhythm reflects the repetition rate of architectural details.
The horizontal divisions of the facade include: base, cornice (crowning and intermediate), architrave, frieze, belt, sandrick, parapet. Vertical articulations, which can also include supports, are: protrusions, columns, pilasters, pylons, pillars, semi-columns, antes, caryatids, atlantes, shoulder blades. The use of mixed forms takes place in structures such as a balcony, loggia, bay window, pediment, arcade, portico, colonnades, portal, window and doorways.
Plinth- the horizontal ground part of the wall, starting directly from the foundation and slightly protruding outward beyond the face of the wall. The plinth is made of extra strong and waterproof materials. To emphasize the importance of the base and to distinguish it from the wall standing on it, it is decoratively processed. This is achieved by the large size of the facing stones, the texture of the finish and other means. The purpose of the plinth is to give the structure an impressive and stable look. A building without a plinth seems to be devoid of a solid foundation. The decoration of the plinth is extremely varied and should always be associated by design with the finishing of the entire facade. Its upper part is a sectional shape of a fillet, jib, heel or other profile. The basement may have not one protrusion from the face of the wall, but two or three, separated from one another by wide planes.
In some cases, when it is required to emphasize the monumentality, the basement is made higher and more massive. If the building is built with a basement, windows are arranged in the basement. It is often used for facing with granite or other hard rocks with different ways finishes (polishing, grinding). The plinth is also processed with large, roughly hewn stones, laid in horizontal rows. If its height is high enough, then thick stone slabs, quadras are used for facing the basement, which are cut along the contour in the form of a narrow ribbon, as well as smaller stones of the same shape and size with rustic stones.
Stylobate- the ground part of the building in the form of separate powerful platforms, laid one on top of the other and expanding downward in stepped ledges. Additional stones are laid on the platforms of the stylobate, forming the steps of the stairs to enter the building.
The cornice crowning the building forms a constructive transition from an inclined (in most cases) roof plane to a vertical wall and serves to protect the upper part of the wall from getting wet when water flows from the roof. Decorative cornice, being one of the most important elements of the architectural expressiveness of the building, completes it.
For the most part, the cornice is made of the same material as the walls, namely: brick, wood, etc. In many cases, stone multi-storey buildings have cornices made of reinforced concrete or of stone and concrete prefabricated elements, superimposed one on top of the other and forming a stepped profile, or drawn, plaster and stucco cornices, made on a steel frame and mesh. The removal of the cornice or its greatest indent from the wall is made different depending on the architectural design of the building. Intermediate, interfloor cornices have a double purpose: first of all, they protect the walls from the flow of rainwater, and also serve as a means of horizontal division of the facade wall.
Pillar- a separate support of the most diverse cross-sectional shape (circle, rectangle, polygon, cross), used to support floor beams or vaults. The pillar has the same thickness (section) along its entire height, in the lower part there is a base or base, and in the upper part there is a cornice or capital. Pylon - a powerful pillar of square or rectangular cross-section (Fig. 1.17) usually supports the vaults. A column-pillar of a round, less often square or other shape of section has a lower part - a base, and an upper part - a capital. The column narrows upwards, which is what differs from the pillar.
The construction of the column is carried out strictly according to the rules of the order of this style, observing the forms, proportions and sizes inherent in this order.
Rice. 1.17. Pylon
Rice. 1.18. Pilaster
Column- a decorative element of vertical division. Precise, rhythmic (at the same distance from each other) installation of a row of columns and their external finishing require exceptional attention and meticulousness of execution. The column, like the pilaster (Fig. 1.18), has both decorative and constructive significance.
Arcade- these are several completely identical arches resting on a row of columns, less often on piers. The semi-column, like the pilaster, protrudes from the solid wall up to half its thickness. The rules for its construction are the same as for pilasters and columns. Less common are three-quarter columns protruding from the solid wall by 3/4 of their thickness.
The most characteristic detail of the column, which determines the difference between orders, is the capital (Fig. 1.19).
Rice. 1.19. Capital of architectural orders: a - Doric; b - ionic; in - Corinthian
Doric order (see Fig. 1.19, a). A massive Doric column does not have a base, its fust (trunk) necessarily has flutes - vertical grooves on the column's trunk.
Ionic order (see Fig. 1.19, b). Main features: slimmer column; has a developed base and capital.
The pillar of the column is decorated with deeper flutes than in the Doric order, with narrow intervals. The flutes at the base and the capitals end in semicircles. Thinning of the column is little noticeable and begins at 1/3 of its base. An indispensable base accessory is the shaft and fillet.
The most characteristic part is the capital with curls (volutes), the upper part of which is made up of an abacus in the form of a slab with a heel profile. Ionic are located between the two curls. The entablature consists of an architrave, a frieze and a cornice. At the same time, the architrave is decorated with an ornamented profile. The frieze is used for a variety of sculptural compositions. The cornice has croutons.
Corinthian order (see Fig. 1.19, c). Characteristic difference Corinthian order - a thinned column with a richly ornamented capital.
In the capitals, an abacus is distinguished in the form of a slab with a shelf and a quarter shaft with sides slightly pressed inward. Under the abacus there are volutes supporting its corner overhangs, while other, smaller curls converging along the depressed parts of the abacus support the rosette placed in this place. Under the curls, acanthus leaves, large and small, are arranged in two tiers.
The architrave is arranged in ledges with the introduction of small profiles, the frieze is smooth with a relief ornament. The cornice contains the following elements: a heel, a row of teeth and a quarter shaft. Above, there are modons in the form of lying brackets supporting the tearstone.
The main purpose of individual elements of architectural orders is to embody the principle of proportionality.
Each new stage in the development of society led to new styles in construction and architecture. The architectural environment created by man reflects the reality, which has its own concepts of beauty.
Comparing works of architecture in time, historians classify the following periods: Ancient Greece and Rome; Middle Ages; Romanesque period; Gothic; Renaissance; baroque; classicism; architecture of the XX century. (modern, constructivism, eclecticism).
Roman architecture represents the last and most progressive stage in building and architectural development
Rice. 1.20. Cathedral of San Marco in Venice
ancient slave society. Monumental Roman buildings in Europe were inherited by the young states - Byzantium, Italy, Spain, France.
For example, the Cathedral of San Marco in Venice (1095) reveals the desire of builders to imitate ancient architecture (Fig. 1.20). The church was built over the course of a century.
Such a Byzantine dome system with a Greek cross served as a prototype for Old Russian Orthodox architecture.
Romanesque style (fig. 1.21). The architectural structures of the Romanesque period (XI-XIII centuries) are massive geometric volumes, the surfaces of the walls are cut through with small windows. The ornament is uncomplicated, rarely used. In this style, a strong influence of Roman antique architecture is noticeable in large details (semicircular arches), the general silhouette and proportions of the columns are preserved. Romanesque architecture, in comparison with other architectural periods, is rather poor in decorative forms. Column capitals, initially approaching antique forms, then simplified to simple chopped geometric shapes.
Rice. 1.21. Roman style:
a - frieze of semicircular arches; b - double arched brick frieze; в - cubic capital; g - capital of palmette
Gothic. In the XII-XV centuries. the new architectural style was named Gothic. A characteristic feature of the Gothic style is the lancet vault, consisting of two intersecting segmental arcs (Fig. 1.22).
As a result of its variability, the lancet vault was superior to the semicircular vault in many positions. The massive stonework of the early Middle Ages was replaced by openwork stone structures. Vertical supports and columns, as well as inclined stone structures (flying buttress, buttress) transfer the static loads collected in a beam to the foundation (Fig. 1.23). In the early Gothic period, the form of the basilica prevailed. Over time, the hall form of premises became the most widespread, the equal-sized naves of which merged inside into a single space.
Rice. 1.22. Entrance to the Catholic Cathedral (Gothic)
Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries). The French word renaissanse (revival) is traditionally used to denote the period of the rise of Italian art (1450-1550), as well as the art of European countries since 1500, which was greatly influenced by Italy.
Rice. 1.23. Gothic vaulted basilica
In the architecture of the Renaissance, post-Gothic tendencies were picturesquely intertwined with romantic forms that came from Italy. In contrast to the Gothic complication of the wall, with an accentuated masonry skeleton. The Renaissance again turned to massive and visually stable architectural objects, the outer walls of which were decorated with ornaments in imitation of ancient forms; the risalits were varied in shape and size (Fig. 1.24).
Rice. 1.24. Palazzo (palace-mansion). Arch. A. Palladio (1566)
Talented master artists, architects and builders worked on the creation of architectural structures. Thus, a material environment arose that favored secular life, arts, literature, and music.
Baroque (XVI-XVII centuries). The Italian Renaissance inherited its architectural forms from the Baroque style (barocco - whimsical), which surpassed it in complexity, diversity and picturesqueness. The facade of the building is characterized by an abundance of profiled cornices, pilasters, complex sculptural details, where everything is subordinated to a single architectural concept - vortex, movement, symmetry - “stone symphony” (Fig. 1.25). The asymmetric ornament of this period - the ornament of shells and curls - gave the name to another style - rococo (Fig. 1.26).
Classicism (XVIII-XIX centuries) - a trend in art that turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model, on the ideas of philosophical rationalism, on ideas about the reasonable regularity of the world, about a beautiful ennobled nature, the desire for strict organization of logical, clear and harmonious images.
Rice. 1.25. Window. Baroque style
The desire to translate in modern construction the noble simplicity and calm grandeur of ancient art sometimes led to a complete copying of ancient buildings (Fig. 1.27). Russia, Germany, England and other countries became centers of construction in the style of classicism.
Architecture of the XX century. The end of the ХГХ century. characterized by intensive construction activities, incomparable with previous eras. Residential and industrial buildings, transport structures, administrative complexes arose in huge numbers.
Rice. 1.26. Ornament. Rococo style of indolence and the congestion of the worker
19th century architecture focused on the forms of the past. And if during the period of classicism they returned to antiquity, then in late XIX v. there was a noticeable gravitation towards medieval architecture, the Renaissance, neo-baroque.
Rice. 1.27. Rotunda. Interior interior
This architectural-retrospective pluralism led to a mixture of styles (eclecticism), from which two new movements were quite clearly formed: modern and constructivism. In an effort to overcome eclecticism, the representatives of Art Nouveau used engineering and design tools and free planning to create unusual, emphatically individualized buildings, the elements of which obeyed the ornamental rhythm and figurative-symbolic design (Fig. 1.28).
Rice. 1.28. Art Nouveau balcony
The main problems of architecture of the XX century. concentrated in the social and social sphere. As a result of social development, the rapid growth of material and spiritual needs, a shortage of organized and built-up architectural space has arisen.
Rice. 1.29. Interior of the conference hall of the UNESCO building. 1957 g.
The technologies developed for the rational mass production of building structures for residential and industrial buildings from unified elements provided for strict standardization and led to a new style - constructivism. Constructivism managed to create simple functionally justified forms, expediently combining the optimality of design solutions and the liberation of architectural volumes (Fig. 1.29).
Abacus (abacus)- (Latin abacus 'board') - a plate that makes up the upper part of the capital of a column, half-columns, pilasters and has a simple quadrangular shape in the Doric, Ancient Ionic and Tuscan orders, and in the New Ionic and Corinthian orders, as well as in the Roman composite - the shape of a quadrangle with truncated corners and sides concave inward, of which a sculptural ornament is placed on each in the middle, usually in the form of a stylized flower.
Entablature- (fr. entablement from table - table, board) - girder span or end of the wall, consisting of architrave, frieze and cornice.
Entablature - upper, carried part architectural orders. The structure of the entablature is different in three architectural orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. In Roman and Renaissance architecture, the height of the entablature is usually about 1/4 the height of the column.
| Arch - architectural element, curvilinear overlap of a through or blind opening in a wall or a span between two supports (columns, bridge abutments). Like any vaulted structure, it creates a lateral strut. As a rule, arches are symmetrical about the vertical axis. Arches covering a blind opening are called blind. One of the goals of this is to increase the strength of the wall while saving material. In ancient times, a technique is known when arch was done to facilitate, for example, when the overlap of the opening in the wall was made in the form flat arch, for the unloading of which a blind arch was made over it. |
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| Flying butan- (fr. arc-boutant) - one of the types of buttresses used in church architecture in the form of an outer semi-arch, transmitting the horizontal thrust force from the vaults of the building to the support pillar and located outside the main volume of the building. The use of flying buttresses can significantly reduce the size of internal supports, free up building space, increase window openings, as well as the spans of arches. Traditionally, flying buttresses are associated with Gothic architecture, although in disguised form they were used in Byzantine and Romanesque buildings. However, in the 12th century, flying buttresses, still performing the function of distributing the load, turned into a specially exposed decorative element and were used in such famous buildings as Chartres Cathedral, Notre Dame Cathedral, Beauvais Cathedral, Reims Cathedral, etc. |
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| Architrave- or epistelion (Italian architrave, from the Greek ἀρχι, "archi", over-, main and Latin trabs beam) - architectural term, which has a threefold meaning. Firstly, an architrave or architrave covering is generally called any rectilinear crossbeam that bridges the gap between columns, pillars or jambs (in windows and doors). Secondly, this is the lower part of the entablature, which directly rests on column capitals; in the Tuscan and Doric orders the architrave is made simple and smooth, and in the Ionic and Corinthian it is horizontally divided into three parts. Thirdly, architrave is the type of tiles used for facing Dutch stoves. |
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Attic- (from ancient Greek ἀττικός) - decorative wall, erected over the crowning structure cornice... For the first time, the attic was used in the ancient Roman triumphal arch, as its architectural completion. The attic is often decorated with reliefs or inscriptions.
In neoclassical and art deco architecture, an attic is a low floor or a blank high parapet above the main cornice of a building.
In 19th century French architecture, an attic was also used to refer to the residential floor located directly under the pitched roof of the building.
Drum- the cylindrical part of the building that supports the dome.
Eyebrow- in Old Russian architecture decorative detail above the window in the form of a roller.
| Stained glass- (fr. vitre - window glass, from Latin vitrum - glass) - a work of decorative art of a fine or ornamental nature made of colored glass, designed for through lighting and intended to fill an opening, most often a window, in any architectural structure. For a long time, stained glass has been used in temples. In an early Christian church, the windows were filled with thin transparent plates of stone (alabaster, selenite), of which the ornament was made. Stained-glass windows appeared in Romanesque churches (France, Germany). Multicolored, large-sized stained-glass windows made of glass of various shapes, fastened with lead bridges, were a feature of Gothic cathedrals. Most often, Gothic stained glass windows depicted religious and everyday scenes. They were housed in huge lancet windows, the so-called "roses". During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as a painting on glass, using the scraping technique on specially painted multi-colored glass. In Russia, stained-glass windows existed as early as the 12th century, but they were not a characteristic element of the decoration of the interiors of Russian houses. |
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Denticles (teeth)- (from Lat. denticulus - tooth), or "order croutons" - a series of small rectangular protrusions arranged in the form of an ornament on eaves of the building and serving as decor... They are found in the Ionic, Corinthian order, as well as in the Roman version of the Doric order. The prototypes of the denticles were the ends of the often located transverse wooden beams of the flat adobe floor in the architecture of Ionia.
Denticles are found as in architecture Ancient Greece, and its later interpretations of the times of classicism and neoclassicism.
Impost- in the classic architecture horizontal rod in the form of a cornice or ledge that serves as a support for the crowning wall arches... In ancient Russian architecture, the upper part of the scapula, which performs the function capitals.
Ionic- in the classic architecture element ovoid, pointed downwards. Ornamental belts were made from ionics.
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Flutes- (fr. cannelure) - vertical groove on the trunk pilasters or columns(such columns are called fluted, as opposed to smooth), as well as horizontal grooves based on the column of the Ionic order. Appeared on half-columns and columns in Egypt (late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BC, 8 or 16 flutes per column) and were further developed in ancient architecture. Flutes running parallel from base to top may be covered columns any of the five orders of classical architecture other than the Tuscan. In the Doric order, no more than 20 flutes are used per column, in the Ionic order - 24 flutes. Sometimes flutes were applied to the body of ceramic vessels. At the end of the 19th century, Otto Wagner used shallow parallel flutes to vertically divide the planes of the walls and pilasters. Wagner's flutes always break off before reaching the ground; their lower ends usually form a downward-facing triangle. This detail was widely used by the masters of St. Petersburg Art Nouveau. Furniture legs are often decorated with flutes. This technique is used mainly in the manufacture of classic furniture. |
| Small caps- (from Lat. caput - "head") - crowning part of a column or pilaster... The upper part of the capital extends beyond the column, providing a transition to the abacus, which is usually square in shape. Small caps in architectural orders. Used in many architectural styles dating back to ancient Egypt and antiquity. The capitals of Egyptian columns were usually decorated with stylized flowers or papyrus buds. There were also lotus-shaped capitals and columns with capitals in the form of stylized palm leaves. |
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Cornice- (from Greek κορωνίς) - protruding element of internal and external decoration of buildings, premises, furniture. V cornice architecture separates the plane of the roof from the vertical plane of the wall, or divides the plane of the wall along the selected horizontal lines. In the architecture of the order, the cornice is the crowning part of the entablature, located above the frieze and architrave. The order cornice protrudes sharply forward and hangs over the rest of the entablature, protecting them from precipitation. The outrigger plate serves as the basis of the cornice. The lower part of the slab is equipped with rectangular protrusions - mutulas. Architectural detail in the form of a small cornice or cornice with a pediment of various shapes (triangular, oval and complex compositions) above a window or doorway is called a sandrik. The profiles of the cornices are different in different furniture styles as well as in architectural styles. So, in English classicism, it was customary to decorate furniture cornices with leaf ornaments. Eaves are also called strips of various shapes used to hang curtains. |
| Caissons(fr. caisson - box) - cassettes, square or polygonal d decorative recesses in the ceiling vault or on the inner surface of the arch. The ceiling, trimmed with caissons, is called coffered or lacunar (from Latin lacuna - "depression", "lacuna"). The ancient Greeks were the first to use caissons in construction. At that time, the caissons performed an exclusively practical function, reducing the mass of the vaulted slab, removing some of the load from the beams. Nevertheless, even then they tried to decorate the caissons: they were decorated with stucco or pattern. Later, when concrete was used in the construction of buildings, constructive reinforcement of the vault or ceiling was provided by means of caissons. Since the system for constructing vaults and ceilings has changed over time, the caissons have lost their practical value and have passed into the category of decorative elements. Coffered ceilings were sometimes made of wood and were often used to decorate the interiors of Renaissance palaces. In Italy, during the Renaissance, artists painted caissons with subjects, as a rule, on mythological themes. |
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Console- horizontal structure protruding from the wall and supporting other protruding parts of the building: balcony, cornice, bay window... V interior console - a shelf or table attached to the wall.
| Buttress - Counterforce(fr. contre force - "opposing force") - a vertical structure, which is either protruding part of the wall, a vertical rib, or a free-standing support connected to the wall with a flying buttress. Designed to strengthen the load-bearing wall by taking on the horizontal expansion force from the vaults. The outer surface of the buttress can be vertical, stepped or continuously inclined, increasing in section towards the base. Story: Buttresses became widespread in the Middle Ages, they became important element Romanesque style architecture... Buttresses were erected around the entire structure, in the form of abutments adjoined to the walls from the outside and located at some distance from each other, opposite those places where the supporting arches of the vaults abut against the wall. Buttresses acquired even more importance in the architecture of the Gothic era. The architecture of this period is characterized by high walls with a relatively low load-bearing capacity due to the large window openings... Therefore, buttresses became a prominent element of the buildings of this period. At first, they were erected in the same way as in Romanesque buildings, close to the wall. Subsequently, with the development of architecture, they began to be erected somewhat retreating from the walls, but connecting them with flying buttresses. The cut of the buttresses received a polygonal shape, the surface was an architectural decoration consistent with the general ornamentation of the building, and the top was crowned with pinnacles. With the return of art, in the Renaissance, to antique forms, buttresses almost completely fell out of use in architecture: they were replaced, in the meaning of wall supports, groups of columns or wall ledges decorated with semi-columns. The use of buttresses in their original, not disguised form was retained almost exclusively in the art of engineering. Other types of buttresses Corner buttress - the extension of the walls outside the building at the corner. Thus, this section in the horizontal section was a cross. Diagonal buttress - a support erected at the corner of the building so that it forms an angle of 135 ° with the walls. |
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Koncha element ancient Byzantine temple architecture, which is a semi-dome-shaped ceiling over semi-cylindrical parts of buildings, such as an apse or a niche.
In temples built in ancient Byzantium, as well as in Russia in the late 19th - early 20th centuries (neo-Byzantine style), conchs, as a rule, played the role of small domes, as if supporting the volume of the central dome from below. Their drums protrude from the building in the form of apses. Below the conchs, as a rule, were supported by porches to the building of the temple. Most often, four conchs are located around the central dome of Byzantine-style temples, and the temple is thus crowned with a five-domed one. Conch drums are usually surrounded by the same window arcade as the main drum.
| Crucifer- (German Kreuzblume), fleuron - common in architecture Gothic decoration in the form of a stylized flower, usually formed by four crab branches from a vertical rod. Serves decorative finish phials, wimpergs, tongs. Strictly speaking, the term "cruciferous" (German Kreuzblume) accurately defines only one, the most common, form of this decorative element... As a more general name, the term "fleuron" is used (French fleuron from French fleur - flower), since in some cases the flower does not have a cruciform shape. However, ubiquitous in decoration Gothic temples received precisely the cruciform shape, which carries a certain symbolic meaning and represents in the profile, from wherever the viewer is looking, the shape of the cross. |
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Dome - Kupol(Italian cupola - dome, vault, from Latin cupula, diminutive of cupa - barrel) - a spatial supporting structure of the covering, in shape close to a hemisphere or other surface of rotation of a curve (ellipse, parabola, etc.). Dome structures cover predominantly round, polygonal, elliptical rooms in terms of space and allow large spaces to be covered without additional intermediate supports. The generatrix forms are various curves convex upward. From the vertical load in the dome structures, compressive forces arise, as well as a horizontal thrust on the supports. The history of domes dates back to prehistoric times, but technologically complex and large domes began to be built during the Roman architectural revolution, when domes were used in the construction of temples and large public buildings. It is believed that the oldest dome in existence is located in the Roman Pantheon, erected around 128 AD. Later, the tradition of dome building was adopted by Byzantine religious and cult architecture. The culmination of this period was the use of revolutionary sailing technology in the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. After the Muslim conquest of the Sassanid Empire and the Byzantine Middle East, the dome also became part of Muslim architecture. In Western Europe, domes gained popularity again during the Renaissance, and reached their heyday at the beginning of the 18th century in baroque architecture... Reminiscent of the Roman Senate, domes began to be used in the construction of state buildings in the 19th century. V construction of houses domes were rarely used, being an attribute of only the largest buildings and palaces during the Baroque period. |
| Kurdoner- (FR. cour d "honneur - courtyard of honor; in Russian, the form of courdoner is also used) - a ceremonial courtyard bounded by the main building and side wings. palace architecture XVII - 1st half of the XIX centuries (in Russia since the beginning of the 18th century). As a reception of ceremonial spatial composition, the courtier is sometimes used in modern architecture... Shovel - in Old Russian architecture vertical flat and narrow ledge on the wall without base and capitals(Unlike pilasters). |  |
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bracket(German Kragstein - console) - a cantilever support piece or structure that serves to mount on a vertical plane ( wall or column) parts of machines or structures protruding or protruding in the horizontal direction. Structurally, the bracket can be made in the form of an independent part or a multi-part structure with a brace, as well as in the form of a significant thickening in the base part. The mechanical principle of action is the resistance of the material to chipping and shear. A bracket in technology is used mainly for fastening parts and assemblies of machines and devices (for example, bearings) to vertical planes. Brackets are also used for fastening trolley wires, cables, antennas, etc. Bracket in architecture, as a rule, is a supporting element of protruding parts of a building and is a protrusion in the wall, often profiled and decorated (with decorative curls or other decorations). Similar brackets apply primarily in architecture using order elements, and is used to support balconies, strongly protruding decorative and / or functional cornices etc. Brackets are also used for fastening cladding masonry in the construction of buildings and structures. So, there is a technology of the so-called ventilated facade... The bracket is attached to the monolithic floor, a front brick is placed on it ( facing brick) or other piece masonry element. The result is a multi-layer structure: a supporting base, insulation, an air gap, facing masonry. Usually every two floors or 7 m, the maximum masonry height can be 12 m. The material of the brackets is stainless steel (A4, DUPLEX). In the intervals between the belts of the brackets, special flexible ties are installed. Examples of buildings where this technology was applied can be such buildings as the Ritz hotel on Tverskaya, a residential complex on the street. Pudovkin, st. Stanislavsky, 11. The bracket in the automotive industry is one of the most common parts, since it is with the help of the bracket that standard and additional equipment is attached to the car body (examples are the most different kinds brackets: for attaching horns, lights, license plates, etc.). |
Bow pediment - completion of the facade buildings with an arched line (in the form of a stretched bow). Often decorated with relief or painted.
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Lucarne(fr. lucarne, from lat. lux "light") - window opening in the roof slope, usually an attic, or dome, with a vertical frame closed at the sides and top. The frame of the window opening usually stands in the same plane as the wall of the facade, and often continues facade wall or located in a plane parallel to it. Lucarne, in addition to utilitarian functions, has a decorative value and is usually decorated on the outside platbands, stucco frames and other decorative elements. In European architecture of the late Gothic period and in the early Renaissance, a type of roof windows appeared in the lucarnes, from the side facade which is a continuation of the wall made of bricks. Such windows were often decorated with lush stucco moldings using stucco. In England and Scotland, during the reign of the Tudor dynasty (XV-XVI centuries), such windows became widespread in buildings with gabled roofs. In France, since the time of Louis XII, similar windows have been built on the roofs of castles. Lucarne was a characteristic element baroque architecture. |
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Molding- overhead convex strip with cross-sections. Is used for decorating various surfaces: walls, ceilings, doors, fireplaces, arches, giving them a more expressive, complete and neat look. Also, the molding can serve as frames for mirrors, medallions and platbands. In addition to decorative, moldings are also functional in nature, in particular, they are used for: For the manufacture of moldings are used the most various materials: gypsum, marble, metal, wood, plastic (rubber is added to the plastic to make the molding flexible), polystyrene, polyurethane. |
| Naos(from the Greek ναος - temple, sanctuary) central part christian temple, where during the service are the worshipers who have come to the temple. From the east, an altar adjoins the naos - the most important room of the temple, where the throne is located and the liturgy is performed. The altar in Orthodox churches is separated from the naos by a curtain and an iconostasis. From the west, the narthex, or narthex in Greek, joins the naos. In some Russian churches, the vestibule is absent and Entrance door The temple leads directly to the naos.In early Christian temples of the 6th-7th centuries, built in the form of a basilica, the naos had a longitudinal shape and consisted of naves. However, already in the 5th century, centric domed temples arose. In them, the naos could have a square, round, faceted or cruciform shape. The shape of the naos was complicated by bypass galleries and choirs, which could bend around the room from all sides, except for the altar. In mature Byzantine art, since the 9th century, the cross-domed type of temple has become ubiquitous. In it, the naos had a square or nearly square shape. The naos contained four columns that supported the arches, vaults and the dome. There were temples without supporting supports in the interior. In them, the corners of the square naos were overlapped by trumpets that supported the wide dome. There were temples with a naos in the shape of a cross or three or four leaflets. The latter are usually called trikonchs and tetraconchs, since their semicircular ends were overlapped by half-domes-konchs. This architectural type is widespread in the architecture of Armenia and Georgia. In Serbia, the side parts of such temples are usually called singers. In ancient Russian architecture, the type of temple with pillars-pillars (which replaced the Byzantine columns) was widespread. The naos of Russian churches of the XI-XIII centuries had a rectangular shape and were divided by pillars into three or five naves. From the west, there were usually choirs, and the compartments located below them stood out like a narthex. This type of temple existed throughout the entire ancient Russian art. Choirs disappear from the temples only since the XIV-XV centuries. In the XVI-XVII centuries, pillarless temples, covered with a tent, cruciform or closed vaults, spread. The naos in them has acquired an extremely simple rectangular shape. On the sides of the naos, side-altars were often adjoined - small temples that had a similar shape. From the west, a low longitudinal part, the so-called refectory, began to adjoin the naos. In many later churches of the 18th-19th centuries, the interiors of the side-chapels and the refectory merged into one, separated only by pillars. Interesting forms of naos are found in Russian churches of the Baroque and Classicism periods. There are round-shaped churches in the classicism style, that is, rotundas. In the middle of the second half of the 19th century, during the period of eclecticism, some forms of Russian churches of the 17th century and earlier were revived. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, many churches and cathedrals were built, repeating many forms of Byzantine architecture. In them, the space of the naos again received a complex and expressive form. |
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Rib- (fr. nervure - vein, vein) - a protruding edge of a Gothic frame cross vault. The presence of ribs in conjunction with a system of buttresses and flying buttresses makes it possible to lighten the vault, reduce its vertical pressure and lateral expansion, and expand the window openings. The rib vault is also called fan vault. The system of ribs (mainly in Gothic architecture) forms a frame that facilitates the laying of the vault. Rib in aircraft construction is an element of the transverse strength set of the wing frame, empennage and other parts of the aircraft, designed to shape them into a profile. Ribs are attached to a longitudinal strength set (stringers, side members) and are the basis for fixing the sheathing. |
Order- in the classic architecture the order of the ratio of the bearing and the bearing parts of the building: columns and entablature... In Ancient Greece, the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders were formed.
Sail- in Old Russian architecture triangular concave surfaces formed during the transition from a rectangular under-dome space to a round drum of the dome. In one-domed churches, images of the evangelists are placed in sails.
Peripter- (from the Greek.perípteros - surrounded columns, from perí - around and pterón - wing, side colonnade) - a type of ancient Greek temple in antae, around which on all sides there is a Doric order (most often), columns in one row. The peripter is a rectangular building, framed on four sides by a colonnade, the distance from which to the walls of the naos is equal to one intercolumnium. Inside, the Peripter usually consisted of a pronaos and a naos (Latin cella), behind the naos it was often arranged as an opisthode. The peripter took shape by the beginning of the 7th century. BC e. and was the most common type of temple in the archaic era
The concept was introduced by Vitruvius, who gave the typology of ancient Greek temples (megaron, prostyle, amphiprostyle, peripter, dipter).
| Pilaster- (also pilaster, Italian pilastro from Latin pila "column", "pillar") - vertical wall ledge usually having (as opposed to the scapula) base and capital, and thus conventionally depicting column... The pilaster often repeats the parts and proportions of the order column, however, unlike it, it is usually devoid of entasis (thickening of the trunk). In terms of plan, pilasters are rectangular, semicircular ( half columns) and complex shapes (for example, "beam pilasters", " pilasters with half columns»). Pilasters were widely used in order architecture serving as decorative(for vertical division of the wall plane) and a structural element (for wall reinforcement). Since the Renaissance, the pilaster can also be found in furniture, where it is located mainly on both sides of the cabinets, and plays the role of a support. |
Portal - architectural design of the entrance into the building. In ancient Russian architecture and in the Gothic style, archivolts, in ancient architecture and in modern times - pediment, pilasters etc.
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Portico- (lat.porticus) - a covered gallery, the ceiling of which rests on columns supporting it either directly, or with the help of the architrave lying on them, or by means of arches... The portico, open on one side, is bounded on the opposite side by a wall - either blank or with doors and windows. Portico introduced into architecture by the ancient Greeks and was borrowed from them by the ancient Romans. In ancient buildings, it served as a place where you could sit and walk, sheltered from the scorching rays of the sun or from the rain. This kind of buildings survived in the architecture of the Middle Ages (cloister cloisters) and the Renaissance. In modern times, porticoes were widely used in architecture classicism of the XVIII - first third of the XIX century. |
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Power socket, rosette (from the French rosette, literally "rosette") in architecture- the motif of the ornament in the form of petals of a blossoming flower or several leaves, identical in shape, arranged symmetrically and radially diverging from the core, similar to a botanical rosette. Floral ornaments of this type have been used since the days of Ancient Egypt, where most widespread got motifs based on the stylized lotus flower seen from above. In Ancient Greece, burial steles were decorated with rosettes. Later, it was adopted by the Romanesque style and the Renaissance, during which, in imitation of ancient Roman interiors, relief and painted rosettes were placed in the middle of the caissons, into which the ceilings and vaults inside buildings were broken. Subsequently, this technique spread to Central Asia and even in India. Rosettes are embossed, stucco, as well as flat, imitating volumetric, in the technique of monochrome painting. Flat rosettes have been used since ancient times; in Gothic, the ornament took the form of a round window rose, which became a hallmark of Gothic architecture. Sockets are often combined with others decorative elements- geometric, spiral and leaf-shaped. |
the Rose- in the Gothic style, a large round window of the main facade of the temple. The symmetrical pattern of the stained glass makes it look like a flower.
Sandrik- small cornice over the trim window or doorway.
Facade- (fr. façade - in the drawings it is like a photograph of the outer wall of a building) - external, front side of the building.
Also called a facade is a drawing of an orthogonal projection of a building onto a vertical plane.
Shapes, proportions, facade decor determined by the purpose architectural structure, his design features, stylistic decision of his architectural image.
Phial- in the Gothic style, a spire decorated with crucifers and crabs. Crowned by a pinnacle.
Frieze- the middle part of the entablature between the architrave and cornice... In the Doric style, it is decorated with alternating triglyphs and metopes, in the Ionic style - with reliefs forming a solid, continuous ribbon (the so-called zophoric frieze). Later, any horizontal pictorial or ornamental composition was called a frieze.
Gable- (fr.fronton, from Latin frons, frontis - forehead, front of the wall) - completion (usually triangular, less often - semicircular) building facade, portico, colonnades bounded by two roof slopes on the sides and cornice at the base.
The narrow sides of ancient temples always ended at the top with a low pediment, the triangular field or tympanum of which was sometimes decorated with sculptural figures, and the side cornices carried the edges of the gable roof of the structure. In the last time of Roman art, pediments of a different form appeared, which later passed into the architecture of the Renaissance, namely those in which inclined cornices are replaced by one continuous arcuate cornice, so that a tympanum is formed in the form of a segment of a circle. In a later time, the shape of the pediments diversified even more: pediments appeared in the form of a trapezoid, with side cornices that did not converge at the top, in the form equilateral triangle and others. Such pediments are arranged mainly not above the facades, but above the windows, doors and porches.
Main types
Keel-shaped- resembling an inverted keel of a ship, characteristic of ancient Russian wooden architecture.
Luchkovy- arched, reminiscent of a drawn bow. With an increase in the segment of the circle, the pediment becomes circular.
Semicircular- with a semicircular end.
Interrupted- with a horizontal cornice, interrupted for insertion, for example, a window. If the cornice is almost completely absent and the pediment rests, for example, on only two columns, such a pediment is called a half-front. When the cornice disappears completely, the pediment turns into a gable, or, in Gothic architecture, into a vimperg.
Torn- with not converging at the top and leaving between their upper ends (sometimes turning into volutes) free space for placing a pedestal for a vase, bust or some other decoration.
Unfastened- with parts protruding forward - unclamping (see: Unclamped order).
Male- made of logs as a direct triangular continuation of the crown end wall.
Stepped- in the form of steps, decreasing in size upwards.
Trapezoidal- in the form of a trapezoid.
Triangular- in the form of an isosceles triangle.
Fust- column trunk from base to capital.
Plinth- (Italian zoccolo, literally a shoe with a wooden sole) is a polysemantic term:
Plinth in architecture- the lower, usually slightly protruding, thickened part of the outer wall of a building, structure, monument or column lying on the foundation. The plinth usually receives a decorative finish.
Tong -
in architecture, the upper part, mainly the end wall of the building, bounded by two roof slopes and not separated from the bottom by a cornice (unlike the pediment). The name is usually applied to structures with a steep gable roof, forming an acute-angled gable that sometimes completes the main façade of a building. In Gothic architecture, the pointed gable is also called wimperg.
Edicula- in antique architecture small temple. Later, a decorative building or detail, in miniature repeating the composition of a large building, for example, a niche in the form of a portal with columns and pediment.
| Bay window(German erker) - a closed part of a building of a round, rectangular or multifaceted shape, protruding from the plane of the wall. Usually equipped with windows, it can be glazed along the entire perimeter. They can be either single or multi-storey. Supporting beams for bay windows are cantilever beams or stones, less often risalit. The upper part of the bay window is made in the form of a slope, sometimes even several. There are also bay windows "turrets" that rise above the main cornice of the building. With the help of bay windows, you can slightly increase the interior space of the premises. Bay windows also help improve sunlight penetration and visibility. The glazed protruding parts of some cars, designed to increase visibility, are also called bay windows. For example, bay windows are installed on special railway track measuring cars or dynamometric cars. |
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